Before the Northern Song Dynasty, Wei, Shu and Wu were written separately. Historical Records and Old Tang Book take Shu Wei as the official history and belong to Shu Shu and Wu Shu. The classification is extremely unscientific, but it can prove that the three books are independent of each other. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the three books were combined into one. The earliest extant engraving is imperial academy engraving in the sixth year of Xianping in the Northern Song Dynasty (1003).
There is no table or record in The History of the Three Kingdoms, which has been supplemented by many scholars since the Qing Dynasty. Although the information is basically not included in the original book and Pei's notes, it is particularly useful to have a discerning person after classification and comparison, and it is particularly useful to record geography and official positions. Most of these supplements are included in Supplement to Twenty-five History of the Late Han Dynasty and Supplement to Thirty Kinds of Records of the Three Kingdoms.
There are 65 volumes of the Three Kingdoms, including 30 volumes of Shu Wei, 0/5 volumes of Shu Shu/Kloc and 20 volumes of Wu Shu, which mainly record the history of the tripartite confrontation between Wei, Shu and Wu.
Chen Shou (233—297) was born in Han An, Brazil (now Nanchong, Sichuan) in the Western Jin Dynasty. He is not very studious, so he is very interested in the cause of history, and has in-depth research on such historical books as Shangshu, Three Biographies of the Spring and Autumn Period, Historical Records and Hanshu. Qiao Zhou, a scholar studying in the same county, was appointed as a court official of Shu Han. At that time, eunuch Huang Hao was authoritarian, and his ministers followed suit. Chen Shou was repeatedly dismissed because he refused to give in to Huang Hao. After entering Jin, he served as a writer, scholar and suggestion. In 280, the gold was destroyed, ending the separatist situation. Chen shou was forty-eight years old and began to write the reflection. Before Chen Shou wrote the History of the Three Kingdoms, there were already some historical works about Wei and Wu, such as (? -266) Shu Wei, Yu Qian's Wei Lue, Zhao Wei's Wu Shu, etc. Shu Wei and Wu Shu in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are mainly written according to these historical books. The regime of Shu did not set up historians, and there was no special person responsible for collecting materials and compiling the history of Shu. Shu Shu's materials were collected and edited by Chen Shou. Chen Shou's writing time is close to the Three Kingdoms, and there are not many achievements for others to learn from. In addition, as a private writer, he has no access to a large number of documents and archives. When we read the History of the Three Kingdoms, we will find that Chen Shou has the difficulty of lacking historical materials and the content is not sufficient. Chen Shou didn't keep a diary. If you want to understand the system of laws and regulations in the Three Kingdoms period, you have to turn to the Book of Jin. Chen Shou also wrote Lu Bu Biography, Ancient Country Records and other books, and edited Zhuge Liang Collection. It's a pity that these books were lost later.
The History of the Three Kingdoms was well received at that time because of its good narrative, concise writing and proper tailoring. Xiahou Zhan, who was writing Shu Wei with Chen Shou at the same time, saw the History of the Three Kingdoms, and thought it unnecessary to write a new history, so he ruined his work. Later generations even admired it, believing that Chen Shu, the only one in the history books that recorded the history of the Three Kingdoms, could be compared with Historical Records and Hanshu. Therefore, the chronicles of the Three Kingdoms of other schools have been lost in obscurity one after another, and only the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms has survived to this day. Liu Xie, a person from the Southern Dynasties, said in the article Wen Xin Diao Long Historical Biography: "Wei Sanjie, who passed on history to each other, belongs to Wei Lue and Jiang Biaoyu, and either dares to resist difficulties or is sparse. Only Chen Shou's "Three Stories" is outstanding in literary quality, and Xun (Xu) and Zhang (Hua) are more moving and solid than Sima, and they are not worthy of the name. " In other words, those similar history books are not extreme and lack of basis; It's just that the style of writing is sparse and irrelevant. Only Chen Shou's works have achieved the unity of content and written expression.
Chen Shou was a minister of the State of Jin, who succeeded Wei and won the world. Therefore, The History of the Three Kingdoms respects Wei as orthodox. In Shu Wei, Cao Cao wrote a biography, while Shu Shu and Wu Shu just passed it on without discipline. Liu Bei is called a great master, and Sun Quan is called a great master. This is an example of compiling history books to serve politics, and it is also a feature of the History of the Three Kingdoms.
Although Chen Shou respected Wei as orthodox in name, in fact he wrote a Book of Wei Shuwu, which truthfully recorded the tripartite confrontation between the three countries, showing that they were independent, not subordinate to each other and had equal status. As far as the recording method is concerned, Biography of the First Master and Biography of Wu are also the same as chronology, but they are not called chronology. This way of dealing with Chen Shou was in line with the actual situation at that time, showing his outstanding knowledge and originality. Generally speaking, the history of the Three Kingdoms is relatively simple, which may be related to the quantity of historical materials. Chen Shou, a native of the Three Kingdoms, was thirty-one when Shu died. The History of the Three Kingdoms edited by him belonged to modern history at that time, and many things he personally experienced, heard and saw were quite true, so it was speculated that he had the conditions to collect historical materials. However, because of the recent years, many historical materials have not been made public; At the same time, due to the lingering grievances, it is difficult to be fair, which also brings certain difficulties to the selection of materials and the revision of history.
Comparing the three books of Wei, Shu and Wu, there are only fifteen volumes, which is simpler than Wei and Wu. This is probably the reason why Wei and Wu have more historical materials than Shu. When Chen Shou wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms, Wei had it and Wu had it, which provided great convenience for Chen Shou to collect historical materials. However, there are neither historians nor ready-made historical books to learn from in Shu and Han dynasties, so it is very difficult to collect historical materials. Chen Shou worked hard and even paid attention to searching for some fragmentary articles. Shu Shu only got fifteen volumes. The deeds of many important figures in Shu Shu are recorded very briefly, which shows that the historical materials of Shu Han are quite lacking. In addition, for political reasons, Chen Shou may have abandoned some materials, such as some disgraceful things involving Sima Yi, which is inconvenient to write and has to be abandoned.
The History of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou, like the first three histories, is also a private history book. After Fan Qi's death, Shang said in the above table: "Chen Shou wrote The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, in which there are many exhortations, which are conducive to weathering. Although the elegance is not the same, the quality is straight and I am willing to record it. " It can be seen that the History of the Three Kingdoms was well received by people at that time after it was written. Chen Shou's narrative is short, the three books are rarely repeated, and the notes are informative. He is also very cautious in the selection of materials, which is valued by historians of past dynasties. Historical Records, History of Han Dynasty, History of Later Han Dynasty and History of the Three Kingdoms are collectively called the first four histories, which are considered as biographical historical masterpieces.
The history of the three kingdoms is carefully selected. There are as many as 20 imperial edicts in Pei Songzhi's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms. In the History of the Three Kingdoms and Emperor Wendi, Chen Shou wrote this great event in only one book with the word 173. For the death of Sun Ce, I abandoned the false birth legends in Search of Ji Shen and other books, only remembering that Sun Ce was killed by Xu Gong's assassin. All these reflect his attitude of careful revision and careful selection of historical facts.
The reflection is concise and clean. It often writes vivid characters with concise pen and ink. Biography of the Ancestors records the heroic theories of Cao Cao and Liu Bei. Cao Cao said at that time:
"Heroes in today's world, only you and fuck your ears. At the beginning of the book, when there were not enough disciples, the record of "eating first, losing the dagger and chopsticks" made Liu Bei's mood of keeping a low profile stand out from the paper.
Cao Cao heard that Liu Bei occupied Jingzhou, which was recorded in the Biography of Zhou Yu, Lu Su and Monroe. He wrote a book and put pen to paper, which vividly set off Liu Bei's position in Cao Cao's mind and the situation at that time. The elegance of celebrities, the strategy of counselors and the ferocity of military commanders in the book are mostly vivid.
In this book, Chen Shou shows the author's interest. He said that Liu Bei was a hero, Cao Cao was an outstanding figure, Sun Ce and Sun Quan were heroes, Zhuge Liang, Zhou Yu and Lu Su were wizards, Pang Tong was, Cheng Yu, Guo Jia and Dong Zhao were wizards, Dong He and Liu Ba were scholars, He Shen and Chang Lin were beauties, Xu Miao and Hu Zhi were celebrities, RoyceWong and Fu Qin were intellectuals, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei.
Chen Shou can also conceal the truth in his narrative without losing records, and promote beauty without concealing shortcomings. In the era when Chen Shou lived, all kinds of political relations were complicated, and historical issues and practical issues were intertwined. Chen Shou tried to reflect the historical truth in a tortuous way. The History of the Three Kingdoms is somewhat secretive about the relationship between the Han and Wei Dynasties, but the wording is slight and true, and some real situations are revealed elsewhere. For example, in the first year of Jian 'an (196), Emperor Xian of Han moved the capital to Xuchang, because Cao Cao wanted to be the emperor. Chen Shou doesn't need to write clearly Cao Cao's political intentions here, which is taboo. But when it comes to moving the capital, it is not called the son of heaven, but it is said that Dong Zhao and others advised Mao Shi, which is a complaint. In addition, he also revealed the real situation at that time in Biography of Yu Xun, Biography of Dong Zhao, Biography of Zhou, Biography of Su and Biography of Monroe. Although Chen Shou cherished the feelings of the old country for Shu Han, he did not conceal the faults of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, but wrote down the personal hatred of Liu Bei for killing Changyu and Zhuge Liang for misusing Ma Su. This is also a manifestation of good historical talents.
The Biography of Chen Shou in the Book of Jin written by Fang and others in the Tang Dynasty, while acknowledging that Chen Shou is "a good narrator with a good history", thinks that Chen Shou was expressed in the book out of personal grievances. It is said that "Ding Yi and Ding Kun are famous ministers of Wei, and their longevity refers to their son's saying: You can find a kilometer to meet and make a good biography for respecting the public. Ding didn't cooperate with him, but he didn't make a biography. Records of Ma Su joining the army were condemned by Zhuge Liang. Records also sat beside the quilt, Zhuge Zhan suicide. Life is the spread of light, which means that the light will be a little longer, and no one can meet the enemy; It is an exaggeration to say that only words and deeds are examples. There are few discussants. "
Only a few historians, such as Liu Qiu in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and Liu Zhiji in the Tang Dynasty, believe this historical material about Chen Shou's secret in the Book of Jin, but most historians think it is untrue and false. Pan Mei, a Qing Dynasty scholar, pointed out in Textual Research on the History of the Three Kingdoms: "Ding Yi and Ding Kui, the officials just stabbed and raped Huang Menfu, but they didn't have the power to destroy the front and meet the challenge, and they didn't have the effect of capturing the temple inside. In the hands of Wang Chen, the party shook their heirs and angered their flesh and blood. If they fail, they will be punished and have committed the crime of Wei, so they can't make a biography. " "Book of Jin" said that Suomi wanted to make a biography, which is the most ignorant statement. Zhao Yi also pointed out in the Notes on the Twenty-two Histories: The Book of Jin said that "Shoufu joined the army for Ma Su, was slandered by Zhuge Liang, and was killed, so Shoufu was named Legend of Light, which means that Shoufu will be slightly inferior. This is really ignorance. You don't have to be good at fighting where the light can't reach. Guan Shou revised Zhuge Ji, indicating that science and education are strict, rewards and punishments must be believed, no evil is not punished, and no good is not shown. As for officials, rape is not allowed, and people are motivated. Today, the people of Liang and Yi, although some are the sons of Gan Tang and Zheng, are beyond reproach. Post-evaluation of The Legend of Light: Light is rule, sincerity, justice, goodness without reward, evil without fiber without degeneration. Finally, those who are afraid and love in the national territory, although the criminal law is severe and there is no evil resentment, but they exhort with their hearts. Its praise for the hole can be said to be unique. "Thus, Chen Shouzhi's derogatory remarks in the Book of Jin are really untrue and unreliable.
There are some fair words in the "History of the Three Kingdoms": "In truth, (Chen's) life fallacy has no words; As far as potential is concerned, it is easy for the emperor to cut his teeth, but it is difficult to live long. By the time Gai chiseled his teeth, Jin had crossed the south, similar to Shu, striving for orthodoxy for the partial, which was beneficial to contemporary theorists; Shou is a minister, who inherited the unity of Wei, and the pseudo Wei is the pseudo Jin. Can be used in the contemporary era! Song Taizu usurped power near Wei, the Northern Han and Southern Tang Dynasties also approached Shu, and Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty avoided Wei. After Emperor Gaozong, the left side of Anjiang was close to Shu, while the Wei land in the Central Plains was in Jin. So Confucianism rose in the Southern Song Dynasty and became the emperor of Shu. This is all about the world, it can't be a rope. " The orthodox debate since the Eastern Jin Dynasty seems to have a realistic purpose and an intention to serve the contemporary regime. People who know the world and world history are very important, and there is no eternal standard.
Another drawback of Chen Shou being criticized by later generations is that there are many songs and pens in the book. Liu Zhiji said in "Shu Pian of Shi Tongzhi" that "Yi, after the beginning of the first century, Cao and Ma fought, or set up camp, saw Qu Wuhou, or attacked Yuntai, and was injured, Chen Shou and speechless." People criticized Chen Shou and Wang Yin because they kept silent about the scandals of the ruling figures Cao Cao and Sima Yi when compiling history. We really didn't see the content of Liu Zhiji's theory in the reflection of Wei. In this regard, Zhao Yi wrote in the sixth volume of "Notes on the Twenty-two Histories" that "the reflection of the reflection is more protective":
"Spring and Autumn Annals" was written in Heyang. He didn't say it was called by the Hou of Jin Dynasty, but thought that the son of heaven had already started the method of hiding people's eyes and ears, but it was only taboo for the venerable. As for the child's father, the book is correct, and so on, Zhao Dun, and so on, refused to borrow a word, so they are sincere and just. Because Chen Shouzuo's "Wei Benji" was repeatedly observed, when the two dynasties changed hands, he acceded to the throne to seal the country, gave the sword shoes, added nine tin, meditated and made some calligraphy. Later, I took the books of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen as a formula and thought that the method of making history should be like this. However, some people are not safe to go back to protect themselves.
When reviewing the phenomenon of "back protection" since Spring and Autumn Annals, Zhao Yi thought that Chen Shou had not done well in this respect. So Zhao Yi gave some examples. For example, after Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty abdicated, Wei called him the goat male, and after his death, posthumous title became the goat male. Chen Shou went to Wang Cao to usurp the throne of the Han Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor, sealing the mountains and honoring the public. In Wei Ji, he is only known as Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. Similarly, he often abdicated as Chen Liuwang, and only chased Yuan Di after his death, but Chen Shou also concealed it. Sima's family abolished Qi, and Wei Lue recorded: "(Sima's family) sent Guo Yizhi to the palace to play chess with the later emperor, and said,' The general wants to abolish your majesty.' The queen mother was unhappy when the emperor got up. Zhi said, "The general has made up his mind, and the queen mother should follow it." The queen mother said,' I want to see the general.' Zhi said, "How can a general see evil?" The queen mother paid a seal to slow it down. Even if the king of Qi was abolished, Sima Shi's idea came out, and the queen mother didn't know it. Wei Ji by Chen Shou reversed the life of the Empress Dowager, saying that the King of Qi was heartless and unfilial in order to see its abolition. He falsely accused the King of Qi of being in close contact with the Sima family of the Party. And so on.
The most serious piece of music is The Murder of a Noble Country Duke. According to the records of Hanshu Chunqiu, Wei Chunqiu, Tales of the World and Biography of the End of Wei Dynasty, Cao Mao, a noble township official, was unwilling to see hegemony and despotism. "He sent an armored soldier to Lingyuntai to kiss Si Mazhao. Si Mazhao asked Jia Chong to refuse, but the government soldiers still dared not move. Jia Chong immediately asked Cheng Zu and Ji Cheng to say, "Today you have been saved and resurrected." Ji Cheng made a mistake and the blade fell off his back. "And Chen Shou's" Wei Zhi "is a well-known township public pawn in Zhongshu, twenty years old", and he will never see the trace of being killed again. The Queen Mother reversed her life, saying that the noble rural public should be punished and buried with Shu Ren's gift. Zhao Zhao said, "The soldiers who died in public made a request to me, that is, I told my soldiers not to harm them. Ji Cheng, Cheng Zu's brother, rode through the ranks of soldiers and hurt the public. He died. I didn't need to collect money or pay Ding Wei to complete his crime. " ..... In this way, Zhao Yi sighed: "That's it, and there is no biography about it. This is especially true. But this is still an official in the state of Jin, and I dare not avoid it. Why bother when Cao Wei leaves the DPRK? "
Zhao Yi's criticism is sharp and profound, and there are many examples, such as Cao Cao's killing of innocent people when he levied Tao Qian. He wrote that the battle between Cao Wei and Shu was "aimed at avoiding defeat and boasting victory as appropriate". Finally, Zhao Yi thinks that Chen Shou not only involves the discipline of the ruling rulers, but also is a taboo in biographies. Zhao Yi was puzzled by this protective musical pen: "Why should history be the way?" ? It turns out that the history of the country where life is suppressed has always been taboo and not written, so it is still old and not revised. "
The style of writing and its protection in Chen Shou's revision of history exist. Obviously, he was the way to avoid disaster during the alternation of Cao Wei and Western Jin dynasties, and he tended to hide evil and abuse beauty from the powerful rulers and serve them. As a history book of feudal times, it is necessary to protect those in power, which is an insurmountable potential rule and should be respected. Even Zhao Yi sure Dong Hu and heather can't stand scrutiny. The so-called "Zhao Dun regicide" (Zuo Zhuan Gong Xuan Two Years) is also a conclusion that black and white are reversed and right and wrong are confused. The reason for their argument is that Zhao Dun's "righteous words, don't cross the line, don't count thieves" failed to do his duty as a courtier.
Of course, Zhao Yi also made a historical textual research on Chen Shou's Qubi, pointing out: "Gaishou's calligraphy was written in the Jin Dynasty and had to be protected because of the changes in Wei and Jin Dynasties. And Wei Chenghan, Jin Chengwei, one also. If you want to protect Jin, you must protect Wei first ... Of course, it is also possible that Chen Shou's reference to the Wei and Jin Dynasties was originally recorded in this way, but Chen Shou did not modify it! He dare not touch it. Put yourself in Chen's position, objectively analyze the specific historical environment, and think that it is understandable for historians to pay more attention to the realistic background when changing dynasties.
Undoubtedly, compiling history is a principle that historians must abide by, that is, truth and beauty are not enough for training. It should be noted that Chen Shou's narrative is accurate and credible except for sensitive issues and those in power in Wei and Jin Dynasties. We don't have to deny Chen Shou's writing style, nor can we doubt the value of The Three Kingdoms. Qian Daxin said: "However, I care about the credibility of the narrative. Guy Chen Shi started writing, but after a long time, speaking of Gong Yi, what he saw and heard on earth would be accurate. The introduction of the three kingdoms between Han and Jin dynasties lasted for a hundred years. Those who violate these two histories often rely on this book is correct ... I like history, so I pushed this book out, feeling too fan (Ye) and Ouyang (Xiu). " Preface to the Debate on the Three Kingdoms)
However, the History of the Three Kingdoms also has some shortcomings, which can not be ignored. In narration, apart from contradictions in some biographies, its biggest shortcoming is that it pays more attention to Cao Wei and Sima Shi, which has been criticized by historians in past dynasties. In addition, the book only has history and biography, and there is no ambition and table, which is a great shortcoming. After the Three Kingdoms was written, the narrative was too brief. When Emperor Wendi of the Southern Dynasties came, Pei Songzhi, a famous historian, made notes for him and added a lot of materials.
Pei Songzhi (372-45 1) was born in Song Dynasty and Hexi (now Wenxi, Shanxi). Pei Songzhi was born into an aristocratic bureaucratic family. His grandfather Pei Wei was a doctor of Guanglu, and his father Pei Gui was a foreign minister. Pei Songzhi loved reading since he was a child. At the age of eight, he was already familiar with The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Songs. After reading the classics, you will learn more and more. In the 16th year of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty in Taiyuan (39 1), Pei Songzhi was appointed as the general in the temple at the age of 20. In 398, in the second year of Longan, Emperor Jin 'an, his uncle Yu Kai was the secretariat of Yuzhou, and joined forces with Wang Gong, the secretariat of Yanqing, to attack Jiankang. After the defeat, Yu Kai defected to Huan Xuan in Xiakou. Yu Kai recommended Pei Songzhi as the magistrate of Xinye. Pei Songzhi started out too risky. Soon, warlords scuffled and Yu Kai died at the hands of Huan Xuan. Pei Songzhi survived his death.
At the beginning of Yixi, Pei Songzhi successively served as assistant minister of suggestion and magistrate of a county in Xing Wu. Later, he was promoted back to the imperial court and became a minister of Shang Shuzu.
In the 12th year of Yixi (4 16), Emperor Wu of Liu (that is, Song Wudi) led the army to the Northern Expedition. Pei Songzhi was then the chief secretary of the state and went north with the army. Emperor Wu of Song admired Pei Songzhi very much, praised him as a "talent in the gallery" and transferred him to Zhizhi to engage in history. After 8 jin j occupied luoyang, emperor wu of song appointed him as the prince of washing horses. Pei Songzhi became an important member of Emperor Wu of Song Group.
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he was an official in Lingling and a doctor in Guo Zi. After entering the Song Dynasty, Ren Zhongshu served as assistant minister. Song Wendi wrote down a note written by Chen Shou in the History of the Three Kingdoms, and ordered Chen Shou to make a supplementary note. He said in the Notes on the Three Kingdoms that "I was ordered to take notes on the similarities and differences of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou. Shoushu has quite a narrative, and many things are judged. A sincere garden visit is a beautiful history in modern times. However, the loss lies in omission, and sometimes it is missed. I was ordered to know the details, and I knew it within a week. Search the internet for old news and live in seclusion. According to the records of the Three Kingdoms, although the calendar year is not far away, it is related to the Han and Jin Dynasties. The beginning and the end are involved, and they have been in and out for a hundred years. There are many mistakes in notes, and each one is different. Those whose lives are not recorded, but things are recorded, will make up for their shortcomings. Or the same words with mixed words to quit, or unexpected differences, doubts can not be judged, in case all the different messages are copied. If it is obviously unreasonable, punish it with violation correction. It is quite foolish to argue whether its current events are related to small deaths. " Therefore, Pei's annotation not only explains the place names and things, but also supplements the omissions recorded in the original book and corrects the mistakes. He collected different accounts of the same thing for reference. Zhu Pei commented on historical events and figures; Zhu Pei also criticized Chen Shou's inappropriate remarks. Pei's notes are widely read, quoted from classics, complete from beginning to end, without cutting or splitting. In order to annotate the history of the Three Kingdoms, he collected more than 150 kinds of original materials of the Three Kingdoms period, and quoted the original works of various works, with about three times as many words as the original works. According to the statistics of Shen Jiaben, "there are 22 classics departments, 22 history departments 142, 23 sub-departments, 23 books, and 2 10 books." Therefore, many historical facts lost in the History of the Three Kingdoms have been preserved. Pei's annotation also uses traditional annotation methods. The Summary of the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu said: "Its original intention is like Ying Shao's annotation of Hanshu, studying exegesis and quoting facts. ..... I want to do unfinished work, but I regret what I did and don't want to delete it. So it is either detailed, omitted or impure. " Hou Kang said: "As for the annotation of famous things, the annotation is meaningful, but there is something in Pei's annotation, which is not its purpose." In the article Pei Songzhi, Mr. Yang Yixiang divided this part of Pei's annotation into pronunciation, literary meaning, collation, famous things, geography, allusions and so on. He believes: "The main purpose of taking notes is to enlarge the facts, and this kind of annotation is only a sideline." His annotation on the History of the Three Kingdoms focuses on filling the gaps and correcting the fallacies. As he said in "Notes on the Three Kingdoms": "Life is not recorded, and the recorder will make it up; Or say the same thing and say something bad, or the accident is different, the suspect can't be judged, and copy all the different news; If it is obviously unreasonable, punish it with violation correction; It is quite foolish to argue whether its current events are related to small deaths. " The biggest feature of Pei's annotations is that they are widely used and quoted, which greatly enriches the content of the original book. In particular, most of the original materials he quoted have been lost today, but fortunately they are still in Pei's notes, so the historical materials are of great value. When we read the reflection, we must read Pei Songzhi's notes as the text. Ji Yun's comment on Pei Songzhi's annotation of the Three Kingdoms in the Summary of the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu: "During the Song and Yuan Dynasties in Jiazhong, Pei Songzhi was given a letter as an annotation, and various books were cited. This is his intention. Generally speaking, there are about six purposes: first, to introduce the theories of various schools to distinguish right from wrong; On the one hand, consult books and correct differences with the nuclear; One said to spread everything, detailing its twists and turns; If you don't pass it on, make up for it; Tell all people their lives in detail; A man who says he has nothing is attached to his own kind. Among them, they are often addicted to curiosity and love to write blogs, which is quite harmful. () However, the net is full of wealth, and the old books of the Six Dynasties are not handed down from generation to generation. There are many articles from beginning to end, unlike Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Mirrors and Shan Li's Notes on Selected Works, which are all fragmented. Therefore, the home of textual research is inexhaustible, and the evidence cited is better than Chen Shouzhi's book. " This induction is accurate. But he added, "At first, it was like Ying Shao's annotation of Han Dynasty, studying exegesis and quoting old facts. ..... I want to do things that I didn't finish and regret doing, and I don't want to delete them, so I am either detailed or omitted, or with or without it. " There is no evidence for this statement, which can only be regarded as the speculation of the abstract author. Pei's annotation has opened up a new way for the annotation of history books.
In view of the problems of "sketchiness and lack of detail" and "omission from time to time" in the history books at that time, Pei listed the filling of vacancies as the first item, mainly to fill in important events and figures. For example, Cao Cao's practice of opening up wasteland, Chen Shou only briefly recorded it in 50 words in the Ji of Emperor Wudi and the Biography of Ren Jun, only indicating that "forgiveness of military strategists began with early assistance and became a monarch". However, Chen Shou did not comment on Cao Cao's understanding and leadership in this important decision, the hardships in implementation and the results after implementation. Pei Zhu explained the above problems with the word 180, and regarded reclamation as an important national policy of Cao Wei. In mastering the essentials of history, the Pei family is obviously better. Another example is Zhuge Liang's capture of Meng Huo, which embodies the policy of "attacking the heart first" in Shu Han Dynasty and is an important measure to stabilize the rear before the Northern Expedition. Chen shou was taken lightly, but Fei added more than 200 words, and his knowledge was above Chen shou. Wang Bi opened the forerunner of metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Chen Shou recorded it in only 23 words. Pei quoted He Shao's Biography of Wang Bi to supplement his life and theory, and Wei Chunqiu's Figures introduced his family background, which provided an important historical basis for the study of China's ideological history. The Biography of Ji Fang does not involve Ma Jun's life and deeds. Pei Bu's life and major inventions 1200 words. The records of south guide car, rollover, crossbow, catapult and knitting machine reflect the level of scientific and technological production at that time and fill the gap in the study of scientific and technological history. Important documents related to important events and figures are also the contents to fill in the gaps, such as Cao Cao's Ming Ming Zhi, Ju County Infernal Affairs Order, Cao Pi's Book of Martial Arts, Li Mi's, etc. , is also handed down from generation to generation in Zhu Pei.
The so-called "preparing for differences and punishing mistakes" is aimed at the same thing, but the records in various books are all "miscellaneous words, or occasional differences, and doubts cannot be judged." "Copying from inside, preparing for different news" is preparing for different news, and "violating the truth" according to local records or quoting other books is punishing mistakes. It is often difficult to completely separate the two. For example, the story of Liu Bei's three visits to Mao was known in ZhuGeLiangZhuan, but it was recorded differently in Wei Lulue, a mermaid in Wei Dynasty, and Jiuzhou Chunqiu, written by Sima Biao in the Western Jin Dynasty. It was thought that Zhuge Liang visited Liu Bei first. Pei copied the records of two books in Notes, which can be used for different purposes. This paper also analyzes his theory, and quotes a passage in the Teacher's Watch that "the first emperor was not mean to his officials, but timid, wronged himself, took care of his officials in the thatched cottage, and asked them for advice on contemporary affairs" to illustrate the conclusion that "he had to be prepared to shine", which can be described as punishment. This kind of preparing for differences and punishing mistakes often takes Shoushu as the control object, and then extends to the evaluation and summary of other history books. For example, in The Biography of Empress Zhao Wenzhen in Shu Wei, there is a record that Wang Shen praised Mei Zhen in Shu Wei, which is completely different from Shou Shu. According to the meaning of the Spring and Autumn Annals, Pei thinks that the Book of Wei is "all empty words" and says that "it is difficult to talk about the goodness of words and deeds after judging it from this point of view", thus drawing the conclusion that "Chen deletes the goodness." He also made a clear judgment on Chen Shou's mistakes and the correctness of his book. For example, Apollo quoted Lou Xuan's suicide in Wu Shu Lou Xuan Biography and Jiang Biao Biography, and Pei directly judged it as "as Jiang Biao Biography said, it was long." Biography of Zhuge Ke quoted Hu Chong and Wu Li, and Pei judged that it was a dragon.
This judgment is more reflected in the argument. Argumentative essays include two aspects: commenting on historical events and commenting on historical books. Commentators can be seen everywhere, which is a direct manifestation of historians' subjective understanding. Because it has little to do with this topic, it is of great significance to summarize the historical criticism of historical books in the same period, which is one of the contents discussed in this paper. Pei's evaluation of The History of the Three Kingdoms is comprehensive, including the comprehensive evaluation in the above table and the affirmation or criticism scattered in various annotations. For other historical books of the same period, most of them are commented in the form of broken jade. Generally speaking, these comments can be roughly divided into two aspects: stylistic arrangement and narrative description.
Since the Spring and Autumn Annals and Historical Records, the style of China's history books has gradually matured. Although the advantages and disadvantages of the two styles are still controversial, their styles are relatively fixed and need not be said. Pei is more concerned with the norms of the existing style, especially the biographical style as an official history. Biographies are mainly biographies of people, and it is easy to master specialized biographies and combined biographies, but how to divide genre biographies is quite inconsistent. Pei advocates the principle of "birds of a feather flock together". He said: "I think I am the subject of biography, and things follow each other." Zhang Zifang Qingyun, honestly not Chen Feng Lun. However, the advisers of the Han Dynasty only had good peace. If you don't list it, then there is nothing. It is appropriate to cover it in combination with previous history. " It affirms the rationality of Sima Qian's "birds of a feather flock together" initiative, and then criticizes Chen Shou for putting people who do not belong to the same type in a biography, which is out of date. Zhuo of Jia Xu, for example, is really a strange man who "completely neglected and changed his strength". It should be placed in the biographies that Cheng Yu, Guo Jia and others are good at planning, but it should be placed in Erxun (Xun You,) and Pei's "Lost its Outline" with both ability and political integrity and Wang Zuozhi's style. "What is a night light like a steaming candle?" Although the photos are unified, the quality is different. "The essential similarities and differences should be the first essence of regional classification and biography. Secondly, behavior similarity is also an important principle. For example, Yu's Biography of the Brave and the Chivalrous Man compiled Sun Bin Shuo in the late Han Dynasty as Wei according to the year of birth and death of the characters, and handled it according to the principle that "people follow Wei, and their material meaning is similar". In this respect, if the fish is still in a spontaneous state, then Pei's principle of "similarity in substance and meaning" has become a conscious understanding. From practice to theory and then to practice, it is the embodiment of Pei's interpretation of history.