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Tang Taizong Li Shimin was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty. His name means "helping the world and peace of the people". Han nationality, a native of Chengji, Longxi, whose ancestral home is Longqing, Zhaojun, is a politician, military strategist, calligrapher and poet. After ascending to the throne as the emperor, he actively listened to the opinions of his ministers, worked hard to learn civility and govern the world, and successfully transformed into one of the most famous politicians and wise kings in Chinese history. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty initiated the "Government of Zhenguan" in history. By taking the initiative to eliminate separatist forces in various places, humbly accepting advice, practicing strict economy at home, and allowing the people to recuperate and recuperate, the society finally achieved a situation of peace and security for the country and the people. It laid an important foundation for the later prosperous Kaiyuan era and pushed China's traditional agricultural society to its heyday.
Kangxi
Some experts pointed out that in the middle and late Qing Dynasty, the national power began to lag far behind the West. This is due to Kangxi's adherence to old rules and lack of innovation in his later years, which cannot be shied away from. [1] Historian Shi Jingqian criticized Kangxi for three reasons: First, the entanglement over the succession to the throne was a bit awkward; second, although Kangxi loved Western learning, appointed Jesuits, and allowed missionaries, he did not trust the West, so there was a dispute over etiquette. And it led to Yongzheng's ban on Christianity; thirdly, Kangxi was proud of its light corvee and low taxation to show its prosperity, but its policy of never increasing taxes paid a fixed tax based on the area of ??cultivated land, which had nothing to do with the population. Therefore, even if the population increased, there would be no increase in taxes. Causing financial difficulties for Kangxi's successors. [2]
In addition, Liang Qichao, Shao Lizi and others believe that when Kangxi was in power, he was very interested in Western technology and mastered a lot of it, but he strictly prohibited people other than himself from learning because he was worried about advanced technology. Once Western technology spreads, it will greatly shake the rule of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, which started with horseback shooting.[3] According to the diary of missionary Zhang Cheng (J. F. Gerbillon), Kangxi did not allow missionaries to travel to areas where there were Han and Mongolian people. Any scientific literature can be translated in Yamen. This move also caused the decline of Chinese civilization represented by the Han people to a certain extent. Liang Qichao said that Kangxi's science was a tool used to attack others. "Even if he did not intentionally stifle the people's wisdom, it cannot be regarded as a mistake."
Historical novelist Gao Yang said that Kangxi had two major shortcomings. First, he was always hesitant on the issue of succession; second, he had a "good reputation" and liked to compete with his ministers for fame.
During the sixty-three years of Qianlong's reign, his actions were generally recognized by the current and future generations, and he has always been the image of a wise king in the hearts of the people. However, many mistakes in its policies cannot be ignored. At that time, the Western world was undergoing historic and great changes across the ages, but the Qing Dynasty knew nothing about it. It still closed itself off, was blindly arrogant, and was immersed in the "Kangxi and Qianlong Ages" fairy tale. The description in Macartney's Travels in China was a great satire on the Qing Dynasty at that time, and Qianlong, as the supreme ruler, had an unshirkable responsibility for this.
In the later period of Qianlong's reign, He Shen was reused for 20 years, the largest corrupt official in Chinese history. Heshen is the biggest corrupt official in Chinese history. In the past two decades, corruption has become commonplace, political corruption has led to frequent peasant uprisings in various places. After Heshen's home was confiscated, his total family property reached 900 million taels of silver, exceeding all inequalities after the Opium War. The total amount of the treaty’s reparations. There is a folk saying that "Heshen fell, Jiaqing was full".
Emperor Qianlong had great vanity. All countries that were willing to "pay tribute" to the Qing Dynasty gave generous "rewards", and the value of the rewards was often several times or even ten times or dozens of times the value of the "tribute". Some countries used the name of paying tribute to deceive China. For example, Spain used the name of its colonial country to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty to gain benefits.
Macartney's visit to China was originally a major event in China and the West, and was also a good opportunity for China's peace and opening up to the outside world. However, due to Emperor Qianlong's blind arrogance, he believed that he was the Celestial Empire and did not hesitate to accept the British. China missed such an opportunity due to interactions with small states and a dispute over etiquette with Macartney.
In the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Qianlong fell ill. Although he was treated by many famous doctors, there was no improvement. He died in Yangxin Hall on the third day of the lunar month.
In short, taking the middle period of Qianlong as the boundary, the Qing Dynasty began to decline. By the end of Qianlong's reign, the so-called "prosperity" of singing and dancing and "ten complete martial arts" had come to an end.
After the 60-year long "prosperity", there was exponentially increasing population pressure, acute ethnic and class conflicts, and the complete corruption of the ruling group. As Cao Xueqin said in "A Dream of Red Mansions": "Although the outer frame has not yet collapsed, the inner pipe has been fully restored." The Qing Dynasty was already like a collapsed building that could not be sustained, and the gunboats of the British colonialists But it is approaching rumble, and China's history is about to turn a sad page
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty created several firsts in the history of the development of the Chinese nation:
1. Respect Confucianism only
Listen to Dong Zhongshu’s suggestion and “depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect only Confucianism” to create the orthodoxy of traditional Chinese mainstream culture. It has dominated the stage of traditional Chinese culture for more than two thousand years and has been influenced by all dynasties. respected by rulers. What needs to be explained here is that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not restrict the development of other schools, but strongly advocated the development of Confucianism and the integration of Confucianism and Legalism. For example, Xiahou Shichang studied Confucianism and was familiar with Yin-Yang and Five Elements; Prime Minister Gongsun Hong also governed both Confucianism and Legalism; his father Yan started his career as a political advisor; and the upright Sima Tan of Ji An and Sima Qian started his career with Huang-Lao theory.
2. Establishing the Central Dynasty to suppress the foreign Dynasty
During the period of Emperor Huiwen and Jingdi, most of the prime ministers were treated with courtesy, mainly because they were the heroes who followed Liu Bang to conquer the world. Emperor Wu and the prime minister often had disagreements. To implement his own orders, China and North Korea were established, and the Shangshutai also appeared during this period.
3. Establishing an era name
The first emperor in Chinese history to use an era name. In 113 BC, Emperor Wu used the year as the fourth year of Yuanding, and changed it to Jian. Yuan, Yuanguang, Yuanshuo, Yuanshou, each year is numbered for six years.
4. The Taichu calendar was changed
The Taichu calendar was changed in the first year of Taichu (104 BC), with the first month as the beginning of the year, and the color was yellow.
5. Yantie Official Operation
Yantie Official Operation has continued since the Han Dynasty. Today, Yantie Tea is still mainly controlled by the government and state-owned enterprises.
6. Access to the Western Regions
China introduced technologies such as iron smelting, well digging, silk manufacturing, and lacquerware manufacturing. Hu (yellow) melons and carrots were introduced to the West (regions). Grapes, Blood Horses, Walnuts and Pegasus are of great historical significance
7. Opening up territories
Northwest: Wei Qing and Huo Qubing fought against the Huns, regained the Hetao and Hexi Corridor, Zhang Qian went out of the fortress and Princess Xijun , Princess Jieyou and her relatives Wusun, and successive efforts made the Western Regions closely connected with China for the first time, laying the foundation for the later integration of the Western Regions into Chinese territory.
Southwest: The successive appearance of envoy armies merged the southwest border into Chinese territory for the first time
North: Wei Qing and Huo Qubing's attack stabilized northern Xinjiang for a long time and protected the stability of the capital.
As a result, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became an emperor through the ages alongside Qin Shi Huang, and later generations often referred to him as "Emperor Qin and Emperor Wu of Han".
Qin Shihuang made many unprecedented achievements in the unification of China. The most influential ones are listed below:
⒈Unified the written language, making it the foundation of a nation, and It is still in use today;
⒉Abolition of enfeoffment and establishment of counties and counties became the standard management model after the unification of China, which lasted for thousands of years;
⒊Unification of currency and weights and measures, in Commercially, it greatly facilitates domestic exchanges.;
⒋Travels are on the same track and roads are at the same distance. The construction of the Qin Straight Road greatly facilitates domestic transportation;
⒌Burning the history books of the Six Kingdoms objectively speaking unified them Thoughts, to avoid the country being divided due to historical issues; however, the destruction of ancient books from various countries has caused a considerable gap in China's ancient culture and ancient history, which is indeed a pity;
⒍The construction of Ling Canal has strengthened the Control of the Pearl River Basin and make this area forever China's territory;
⒎Build the Great Wall to make it a natural boundary between agricultural people and nomadic peoples, and the Great Wall became a national boundary for a long time;
⒏ Attack the Xiongnu in the north, recapture the Hetao area, and make this area forever China's territory.