■ Dynamic and static views
Zhu advocated that living things are born according to qi. Starting from qi, he launched a biological movement that is divided into two and constantly moving, that is, one qi is divided into two qi, which moves the yang and calms the yin, and then divided into five qi (gold, wood, water, fire and earth), which are scattered among all things. Split into two is an important movement form in the process of gas differentiation into matter. Zhu believes that the unity of opposites makes things change endlessly. He discussed the causes of things and regarded motion and stillness as an infinite continuous process. The infinity of time and space is manifested in the infinity of motion and static, which are inseparable. This shows the dialectical view of Zhu's thought. Zhu also believes that the dynamic and static are not only mutually exclusive, but also unified. Zhu also discussed two forms of movement: relative stability and significant change, which he called "change" and "transformation". He thinks that sudden change permeates gradual change, and gradual change permeates sudden change. Gradually accumulate and realize mutation.
■ the theory of knowing things by things
Zhu used the proposition of "knowledge is in things" in "University" to discuss the theoretical problems in the field of cognition. On the issue of the source of knowledge, Zhu talked about the apriorism of human innate knowledge, and did not deny the knowledge of knowledge. He emphasized that poverty cannot be separated from things, that is, things can be poor. Zhu expounded the relationship between knowledge and action. He believes that knowledge comes first, and then knowledge is light. From the source of knowledge, the prophet; From the perspective of social effect, knowledge is light and behavior is heavy. Moreover, knowledge and practice are mutually transmitted. "The more you know, the more you will do it; Then you will know. "
■ On the theory of human nature, Zhu gave full play to the nature of heaven and earth of Zhang Zai and Cheng Yi, and thought that the nature of heaven and earth was exclusive, perfect and perfect; On the other hand, "temperament" is based on the principle of miscellaneous qi, both good and bad, which are unified in the human body, and no one can't be a man. Related to the nature of destiny, there is also the theory of "Tao's heart and people's heart". Zhu believes that "Tao's heart" is based on righteousness or the meaning of life, and it is endowed with benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom. Just show compassion, shame, right and wrong, and resignation. "People's heart" is based on selfishness, which refers to hunger and thirst for food. If so, a saint can't be ruthless. However, saints focus not on people's hearts, but on the hearts of Tao. He believes that the relationship between "Tao Xin" and "people's heart" is both contradictory and related, and that "Tao Xin" needs to be solved through "people's heart", and there is a master-slave relationship between "Tao Xin" and "people's heart", which must be obeyed. Based on the theory of mind and nature, Zhu discussed the issues of justice and human desire. He believes that people have selfish desires, so there is danger; The heart of Tao is the principle of nature, so it is subtle. To this end, Zhu put forward the idea of "restraining human desires and preserving justice" Zhu acknowledged people's legitimate desire for material life, and opposed what Buddhism generally advocated. He opposes material desires beyond the conditions of continued existence.
■ Aesthetic thoughts
Zhu's philosophical system contains the theory of beauty and art, and he believes that beauty is the unity of aesthetic feeling and moral goodness. From the viewpoint that beauty is the unity of external beauty and internal goodness, Zhu discussed the problems of literature and quality, literature and Tao. It is considered that the harmonious unity of literature and quality, literature and Taoism is perfect. Zhu also talked about music many times. He connected music with ceremony, which infiltrated the basic spirit of Neo-Confucianism to incorporate music into ceremony to maintain the ruling order. Zhu's solution to the relationship between "Wen" and "Tao" surpassed the predecessors in the depth of philosophical speculation. His research on The Book of Songs and Songs of the South often shows keen aesthetic insight. Zhu is a master of science and one of the main representatives of feudal Confucianism in China. His academic thought, in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties in China, has always been the official philosophy of the feudal ruling class, marking a more complete ideology of feudal society. In the second year of Yuan and Qing Dynasties (13 13), the imperial examination was resumed, and Zhu's Notes on Four Books was ordered as the textual research. In the second year of Zhu Yuanzhang's Hongwu reign (1369), Zhu et al. took "Chuan as the Sect" in the imperial examination. Zhu Xue became a powerful spiritual pillar to consolidate the ruling order of feudal society. It strengthened the "three cardinal guides and five permanents" and hindered the later changes in feudal society. Zhu's academic thought also has an important influence in the history of world culture. Zhu's main philosophical works include Notes to Four Books, Four Books or Topics, Illustrations of Taiji, Interpretation of General Books, Interpretation of Mingxi, Original Meaning of Zhouyi and Enlightenment of Yijing. In addition, there is "Zhuyu Subclass", which is a record of questions and answers between him and his disciples. In literary works, the artistic conception of words is more rational than perceptual, because it attaches importance to Neo-Confucianism. His representative works include Bodhisattva Man (I), Shuidiao Getou (I), Nanxiangzi and Qin Yi E (II). Among them, Bodhisattva Man (1) is the most distinctive. The word palindrome is used, every two sentences are reversed, and eight sentences are * * * four pairs. It is very natural and harmonious, not far-fetched, quite artistic and extremely ingenious, which shows that Huian has the ability to control language. Besides words, he is also good at writing poems, among which Spring Day and Reading Thoughts are his most popular poems. His lyrics are Huian Ci.