The outstanding poets of the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty: the Four Scholars of the Su School
The Four Scholars of the Su School refer to the four poets who became famous under the guidance of Su Shi in the late Northern Song Dynasty: Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan , Chao Buzhi and Zhang Lei.
Su Shi, as the leader who presided over the literary world of the Northern Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu, enjoyed a high reputation at the time. Huang, Qin, Chao, and Zhang were all trained, rewarded and recommended by him. "History of the Song Dynasty? Huang Tingjian" "Biography" records: Huang Tingjian, Zhang Lei, Chao Buzhi and Qin Guan all visited Su Shi's gate, and they were known as the Four Scholars in the world. ?At the same time, Su Shi was the first to mention the names of four people together. ?For example, Huang Tingjian Lu Zhi, Chao Buzhi Wujiu, Qin Guan Taixu, Zhang Lei Wenqian and others were all unknown to the world, but Shi was the only one who knew it? Because Thanks to Su Shi's praise, the four of them soon became famous all over the world.
Statue of Huang Tingjian
Huang Tingjian (1045-1105), whose courtesy name was Lu Zhi, was known as Valley Taoist and later as Fu Weng. He was also known as Huang Yuzhang and was in Fenning, Hongzhou (now Xiushui, Jiangxi). people. He was a poet, lyricist, and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty. He was the founder of the Jiangxi Poetry School, which was very popular at that time. In the fourth year of Zhiping reign of Emperor Yingzong (1067), he became a Jinshi, with successive official positions including Ye Xianwei, Beijing Imperial Academy Professor, School Secretary, Zuo Lang, Secretary Cheng, Fuzhou Biejia, Qianzhou Resettlement, etc. When Zhe Zong was established, he was called the school secretary and the reviewer of "Records of Shenzong", and later he was promoted to a living room official. At the beginning of Shaosheng Dynasty, the New Party claimed that his history compilation was false, demoted Fuzhou and settled in Qianzhou and other places. At the beginning of Emperor Huizong's reign, he was in charge of Yizhou. After his death, he was demoted to Yizhou.
Huang Tingjian is good at articles and poetry, especially calligraphy. The poetic style is unique and hard, trying to get rid of light and vulgar habits, creating a trend of a generation. He was known to Su Shi in his early years, and his poems and Su Shi's poems were also called "Su Huang". There is "Yuzhang Mr. Huang's Collected Works". His poems are as famous as Qin Guan's, but his poems are romantic and heroic, closer to Su Shi's. There is "Gu Ci", also known as "Gu Qinqu Waipian". Huang Tingjian advocated using rich book knowledge as the basis for writing poetry, and advocated that "the best meaning of words must come from knowledge" ("On Composing Poems"). He created the theory of "reshaping the body" and "turning iron into gold", which means that when writing poetry, you must be good at using the words and artistic conceptions of the predecessors, and innovating with the old. His poems can skillfully use the poetry of his predecessors to renovate and transform it into his own. For example, "I am just as drunk as usual, and the wind and moon in the river make me sad for others" ("Ning Sends Ning to Du Jiansou"). In fact, it is from Ouyang Xiu. "Bie Chu") is slightly modified to bring out new ideas. He uses numerous allusions, and he especially likes to use obscure allusions, which often makes it difficult for people to find explanations. In terms of language, he likes to use strange words and write hard words. He often deliberately breaks the rhythm of poetry, reverses syntax, and uses awkward rhymes and awkward sentences in order to achieve the aesthetic effect of being fresh, thin, hard, strange, steep, and vigorous. Huang Tingjian's theory and creation laid the foundation for the formation and development of Jiangxi Poetry School.
Huang Tingjian's calligraphy was originally taught by Zhou Yue of the Song Dynasty. Later, he was influenced by Yan Zhenqing, Huai Su, Yang Ningshi and others, and was inspired by Jiao Shan's calligraphy to form his own style. Huang Tingjian's large-character running script is concise and powerful, with a unique structure. Almost every word has some exaggerated long paintings, and he tried his best to send it out, forming a new way of tying the characters with the central palace tightly closed and the four edges diverging, which had a great influence on later generations. Before him, roundness and smoothness were the keynotes of cursive script, but Huang Tingjian's cursive script has a strange structure and creative composition. Huang Tingjian, Su Shi, Mi Fu, and Cai Xiang are collectively known as the "Four Masters of the Song Dynasty". His main ink writings include "Songfeng Pavilion Poems", "Huayan Shu", "Jing Fubo Shrine", "Zhu Shang Zu", "Li Bai Yi" "Jiu You Shi", "Bitter Bamboo Shoots Ode", etc.; calligraphy theory is recorded in "On Jinjin Shu", "On Calligraphy", "Qinghe Calligraphy and Painting Boat", and "Shigutang Calligraphy and Painting Collection".
Qin Guanxiang
Qin Guan (1049-1100), named Taixu and Shaoyou, also known as Huaihai Jushi, was a native of Gaoyou and a writer of the Northern Song Dynasty. Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty became a Jinshi in the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085). He served as a doctor of Taixue, secretary of the provincial government, and editor of the Academy of National History. Politically, he leaned towards the old party. During the reign of Zhezong, the new party was in power. He was demoted to supervise the state liquor tax, worked in Chenzhou, and was in charge of Hengzhou. He moved to Leizhou and died in Tengzhou.
Qin Guan was bold and free-spirited by nature, overflowing with his writing. At the age of 20, he wrote "Ode to Fushanyan" and at the age of 24, he wrote "Ode to Riding Alone to See the Captives", which are valued by the world. His prose is good at argumentation, and "History of the Song Dynasty" rated it as "literary and thoughtful". His poems are good at lyricism. Ao Taosun's "Poetry Commentary" said: "Qin Shao's travel is like a girl's spring outing, but she ends up hurt and weak." ?He is a famous lyricist of the graceful school in the late Northern Song Dynasty. Most of his poems describe the love between men and women and express the sadness of frustrated career. His writing is exquisite and exquisite, the rhythm is harmonious, and the emotion and rhyme are both beautiful.
Representative works include "Magpie Bridge Immortal" (Xianyun Nongqiao), "Wang Haichao" (Mei Ying Shudan), "Man Ting Fang" (Mountain Wiping Clouds), etc.
Qin Guan’s achievements mainly lie in the creation of poems. He is a master of the graceful school. Zhang Yan’s "Etymology" said: "Qin Shaoyou's poems are elegant in structure, strong in spirit, and continuous in their beauty. Chew without any residue, and you will know the taste after a long time. ?His poems have a wide range of themes, mainly about traditional lovesickness, and there are also many emotional works about his life experience. His famous work "Man Ting Fang" (Shan Mo Wei Yun) uses a parting scene to express the inseparable and lingering emotions between men and women in detail. In the description of love, he blends the emotion and sadness of the world. In "Traveling on the Shasha" (Lost Tower in the Fog), the tower is lost in the mist and the ferry is difficult to find, expressing the feeling of wandering and losing the road. In the melancholy and sad sigh, it expresses the desolation caused by political frustration. , loneliness. Qin Guan's lyrics are soft and graceful. He is good at expressing the sentimental mood and subtle feelings deep in the characters' hearts against the melancholy scenery. They are soul-stirring and deeply affectionate. They have extremely strong artistic appeal. This is why his lyrics are so popular. The main reason for praise. Qin Guan's style of poetry directly influenced Zhou Bangyan, Li Qingzhao, etc. who came after him, occupying an important position in the history of graceful poetry. He is the author of 40 volumes of "Huaihai Collection", "Huaihai Ci" (also known as "Huaihai layman's long and short sentences"), "Encouragement to Good Records", and "Nilvji". He also compiled "Yangzhou Poems" and "Gaoyou Poems". His "Sericulture Book" is the earliest extant monograph on sericulture in my country. In the fourth year of Jianyan (1130), the Southern Song Dynasty court posthumously awarded Qin Guan the title of "Bachelor of Zhilong Tuge".
Portrait of Chao Buzhi
Chao Buzhi (1053-1110), courtesy name Wujiu, nicknamed Gui Laizi, was a native of Juye, Jeju (now Juye County, Shandong), during the Northern Song Dynasty Famous litterateur. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), he became a Jinshi and was awarded the title of Sihu of Chanzhou to join the army and professor of the Imperial College of Beijing. Yuanyou was transferred to Beijing, and he successively served as Secretary Zhengzi, School Secretary, and later Yangzhou Tongpan. He was also recalled as Secretary Provincial and other posts. At the beginning of Shaosheng's reign, he went to Qizhou. Later, he was demoted to Yingtianfu, Bozhou, Xinzhou and other places for being accused of inaccurate compilation of "Shengzong Shilu". When Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty was established, he summoned Wai Lang, a member of the Ministry of Official Affairs, and a doctor from the Ministry of Rites. Chongning pursued and demoted Yuanyou's old minister, left Zhihezhongfu, moved to Hu, Mi and other states, and retreated to his hometown of Xian. In his later years, he learned about Sizhou and died in his post.
"History of the Song Dynasty: Biography of Chao Buzhi" says: Chao Buzhi was the fifth grandson of Prince Shaofu Jiong and the great-grandson of Zong Ji. My father, Duanyou, specializes in poetry. ?From these brief records, we can know that Chao Buzhi grew up in a scholarly family. His son Chao Gongwu (about 1105-1180 AD), known as Mr. Zhaode, was a famous scholar, bibliographer, and bibliophile in the Song Dynasty. His "Junzhai Study Chronicles" is the earliest private collection of books with synopses in my country. Table of contents. His younger brother Chao Yongzhi (year of birth and death unknown) was a rare talent who was deeply appreciated by Su Shi. He wrote 50 volumes of collected works, which have been lost. Others, such as Congshu Chao Duanshu, Congdi Chao Shuozhi, etc., all have literary names.