The prime minister was the highest administrator of each dynasty in ancient China. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, 1,463 people served as prime ministers, including Li (90), Wang (88), Zhang (63), Xiao (60), Liu (51), Chen (35), Yang (33), Zhao (31), Cui (31), Gao (28) and other prime ministers ranked in the top ten. Among the 63 prime ministers of the Zhang family, except for Zhang Xiaojie in the Liao Dynasty, who was an adulterer with the prince and framed Zhongliang; Zhang Bangchang in the Song Dynasty betrayed the country and sought glory. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Ruitu attached himself to Wei Zhongxian, and Zhang Sizhi was mediocre and demoted to the Qing Dynasty. The others can be called loyal ministers and good prime ministers. They made their own contributions to promoting the development of Chinese society. Their achievements are worth remembering, and their experience in governing the country and the world is worth learning from.
Zhang Yi (? - 310 BC), a native of the Wei State during the Warring States Period, was a political strategist. In the tenth year of Qin Huiwenjun (328 BC), he served as Qin Prime Minister and was granted the title of Lord Wuxin. He used the strategy of joining forces to lobby all countries to obey the Qin State, and disintegrated the strategy of joining forces to resist Qin advocated by Su Qin. King Wu of Qin came to the throne, and he became prime minister of Wei.
Zhang Cang (? - 152 BC), a Han calendar calculator, was born in Yangwu (now southeast of Yuanyang, Henan) in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Qin Dynasty, he was the censor, in charge of documents from all directions. In the early Han Dynasty, he served as prime minister of Dai and Zhao. He helped Liu Bang establish the Western Han Dynasty and was granted the title of Marquis of Beiping. He was moved to the position of Prime Minister, and the princes were in charge of the planning of the county and state. In the fourth year of Emperor Wen's reign (176 BC), he replaced Guan Ying as prime minister for fifteen years. He was posthumously named Marquis Wen.
Zhang Yu (? - 5 BC), courtesy name Ziwen, was born in Zhi, Hanoi (now Jiyuan, Henan) in the Western Han Dynasty. In the early Yuan Dynasty, he was promoted to Guanglu doctor and Dongping internal history because he was proficient in and taught the prince "The Analects of Confucius". Emperor Cheng ascended the throne and was granted the title of Marquis of Guannei. He was given the title of "Shizhong" and "Shang Shushi". In the fourth year of Emperor Cheng's reign in Heping (25 BC), he became the prime minister and was granted the title of Marquis of Anchang. He specialized in "The Analects of Confucius" and also "Yi". He adapted the current version of "The Analects" and combined "Qi Lun" and "Lu Lun" into one book, which was known as "Zhang Hou Lun" in history. He reigned for six years and died due to old age and illness. He was posthumously named Jiehou.
During Wang Mang’s new dynasty, Da Sima, Da Situ and Da Siren were the prime ministers. There is one prime minister named Zhang.
Zhang Han (? - 23 years), his native place is unknown. Because of the implementation of the well field system, he was praised by Wang Mang. In the fourth year of Emperor Di Huang (24), he was appointed as the prime minister of the new dynasty and was appointed as the chief minister.
At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the system of the Western Han Dynasty was followed, with Da Sima, Da Situ and Da Siren as prime ministers. In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu, the word "big" was removed, and soon after Sima was changed to Taiwei, forming a three-gong system of Taiwei, Situ and Sima. During the Jian'an period, Cao Cao abolished the three-centre system and appointed the prime minister as prime minister. The Eastern Han Dynasty lasted for 196 years and had 53 prime ministers. There are 13 prime ministers named Zhang.
Zhang Zhan, whose courtesy name was Zixiao, was born in Pingling, Fufeng (now west of Xianyang, Shaanxi Province). In the Western Han Dynasty, the official rank reached 2,000 stones. Wang Mang successively served as governor and captain in the new dynasty. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he successively served as Doctor Guanglu, Prince Taifu, and Taizhong Doctor. In the 20th year of Jianwu (44), he worshiped the prime minister and was appointed as the chief minister.
Zhang Chun (?-56), named Boren, was born in Duling, Jingzhao (now southeast of Xi'an, Shaanxi). He served in the Western Han Dynasty and the New Dynasty. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he settled in Nanyang as a Taizhong official and was granted the title of First Marquis of Wu. In the 23rd year of Jianwu (47), he worshiped the prime minister and appointed the imperial servant as the chief minister. During his ten years in office, he followed Cao Shen's example, governed by doing nothing, selected famous Confucians to participate in politics, built Yang Canal, diverted the Luo River for water transportation, and achieved many achievements. He died in Xiangxiang in the first year of the Zhongyuan Dynasty (56 AD) and was given the posthumous title of Jiehou. His son Zhang Fen served as prime minister of Emperor He.
Zhang Yu (?-104), courtesy name Menghou, was born in Ruzhi Xiyang (now north of Fuyang, Anhui) in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He became an official because he was proficient in Confucian classics and was proficient in "Shangshu". He went to Dongjun, Dongjun The prefect is granted the title of male with the same name. In the fifth year of Emperor Yongyuan's reign (93), he became prime minister and was appointed Taiwei, and in the 12th year (100) he was dismissed as prime minister. In the sixteenth year (104), he worshiped the prime minister again and was appointed Situ. Be upright and upright in politics and restrain the powerful. Die in phase.
Zhang Fen (?-102), son of Zhang Chun. During the Ming Dynasty, he was granted the title of Shishihou, and he was appointed as a lieutenant general, a master craftsman, a school captain, a guard captain, etc. In the sixth year of Emperor Yongyuan (94), Liu Fang was appointed Sikong and worshiped as prime minister. He reigned for four years, focusing on etiquette and music, and being clean and honest. In the ninth year (97), he was exempted from illness. In the thirteenth year (101), he was appointed as Taichang, and he was exempted from illness. Died at home.
Zhang Yu (?-113). The courtesy name was Boda, a native of Xiangguo (now Xingtai, Hebei Province) of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the sixth year of Emperor Yongyuan (94), Da Sinong was worshiped as prime minister and appointed as Taiwei. In Yanping Yuanchu (106), he was appointed Taifu. In the first year of Yongchu (107), he was granted the title of Marquis of Anxiang, and then appointed as Taiwei. In the fifth year (110), he was exempted from the prime minister due to the disharmony of Yin and Yang.
He was thrifty in politics and focused on farming, reclamation and water conservancy.
Zhang Min (?-112), whose courtesy name was Boda, was from Hejianmo (now southeast of Xiong County, Hebei) in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the second year of Jianchu (77), he was promoted as Xiaolian and served successively as the prefect of Yingyang, Shangshu, Xiaowei and Yilang. In the first year of Emperor An's Yongchu reign (107), he became prime minister and served as Sikong for six years. When in office, he abides by the law and disciplines, and his punishments are fair and equitable. If you are seriously ill, you will be exempted from the disease.
Zhang Hao (49-132), whose courtesy name was Shuming, was a native of Wuyang (now east of Pengshan, Sichuan) in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He joined the officialdom with General Deng Zhao, and served as Shangshu Pushe, Pengcheng Prime Minister, Tingwei, etc. In the first year of Emperor Shun's reign (126), he worshiped the prime minister and was appointed Sikong. He reigned for four years and was dismissed because of the discord between yin and yang. In the first year of Yuanjia (132), he was appointed as Tingwei again. Although he was a Confucian, he had done a lot of research on Legalist criminal law and handled cases fairly and without error.
Zhang Xin, whose courtesy name was Jingrang, was a native of Hanoi (now Buzhi area, Henan Province) in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the third year of Emperor Huan's reign (149), he became prime minister and appointed Da Sinong as Situ. In the first year (151), he was exempted from prime ministership.
Zhang Hao, courtesy name Zhiming, was born in Changshan (now Yuanshi, Hebei Province) of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the first year of Emperor Guanghe's reign (178), he paid homage to the prime minister. Ren Taiwei. In the same year, there were changes in the astrology to avoid the phase.
Zhang Ji, named Yuanjiang, was born in Xiyang, Runan, Eastern Han Dynasty. He was the prime minister of Emperor He of the Han Dynasty and the great-grandson of Zhang Youyou. In the first year of Emperor Guanghe's reign (179), he became prime minister and was appointed Sikong. In the first year of Zhongping (184), he was exempted from illness. He was given the title of Chariot General and Guannei Marquis, and his son Zhang Gen was granted the title of Caiyang Township Marquis.
Zhang Wen (?-191), courtesy name Boxen, was born in Nanyang Rang (now Deng County, Henan) in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the first year of Emperor Zhongping's reign (184), he became Prime Minister and was appointed Sikong. In the following year, he was appointed General of Chariots and Cavalry, and defeated Beigong Boyu in Meiyang. In the third year of Emperor Xian's reign (186), he was appointed Taiwei again. In the fourth year of his reign, he was dismissed due to a peasant uprising. In the second year of Emperor Xian's reign (191), he was killed by Dong Zhuo.
Zhang Yan (?-186), named Gongwei, was born in Hanoi in the Eastern Han Dynasty and was the son of Zhang Xin, the prime minister of Emperor Muhuan of the Han Dynasty. In May of the second year of Zhongping Emperor Ling (185), he paid homage to the prime minister and was appointed Taiwei. In February of the following year, he was excused from the prime minister due to illness, and was later imprisoned by the eunuchs until his death.
Zhang Xi, a native of Xiyang, Runan, Eastern Han Dynasty, great-grandson of Zhang You, became prime minister in the fourth year of Emperor Xian's reign (193) and served as Sikong. He was dismissed as prime minister in the first year of Jian'an (196) and reigned. Four years.
During the Three Kingdoms period, although Wei had three officials: Taiwei, Situ, and Sikong, they were not involved in government affairs. Their duties were divided among the ministers Lu, Ling, and Pushe. In the 46th year of Wei Changguo's reign, there were 24 prime ministers. In the early Shu Han Dynasty, the prime minister was established, and later Shangshu Ling was appointed as the prime minister. In the 43rd year of the founding of the country, 8 people served as prime ministers. There were three princes in Soochow, but they were not regarded as prime ministers. They established the prime minister (divided between left and right) as prime minister. In the 59th year since the founding of the country, 11 people held this position. Only Soochow in the Three Kingdoms had one prime minister named Zhang.
Zhang Ti (?-286), courtesy name Chenxian, was a native of Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei) in the Eastern Wu Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period. Li Guantun Cavalry School Lieutenant and Military Advisor. In the third year of Emperor Tian's reign (279), he served as military advisor and prime minister. In the following year, he led an army of 30,000 to fight against the Jin army and died in a fierce battle.
The Jin Dynasty established prime ministers, prime ministers, and Eight Dukes (Dazai, Taifu, Taibao, Grand Sima, Grand General, Taiwei, Situ, and Sikong), but not consuls. Zhongshu Jian and Zhongshu Ling served as . In the 156th year of the Jin Dynasty, more than 40 people held this position, and there was one prime minister named Zhang.
Zhang Hua (232-300), courtesy name Maoxian, was born in Fanyang Fangcheng (now Gu'an, Hebei) in the Western Jin Dynasty. During the Western Jin Dynasty, he worshiped the Huangmen Minister and was granted the title of Marquis of the Pass. In the seventh year of Emperor Wu's Taishi reign (271), he paid homage to the prime minister and was appointed Zhongshu Ling. He fought against all opinions and formulated a plan to destroy Wu. In the fifth year of Xianning (279), he was removed from the post of prime minister and was appointed as the Minister of Duzhi. In the third year of Taikang (286), he was appointed as the commander-in-chief of Youzhou's military commanders, Wuhuan Xiaowei and Anbei general, to pacify and accept rebels, to be gentle to all ethnic groups, and to protect the territory and the people. In the first year of Yongxi (290), he was appointed Taifu. In the first year of Yuankang (291), he paid homage to the prime minister again and was appointed as the Superintendent of Zhongshu and the official Guanglu of Zhongshi. He reigned for six years. He was "loyal to Kuang Fu and Yan Ran at home", and was granted the title of Duke of Zhuangwu County. In the first year of Yongkang (300), he was framed by Sima Lun, King of Zhao. In the second year of Tai'an (303), he was rehabilitated and restored to his original position and granted the title of Marquis of Guangwu. Author of "Natural History". Later generations compiled his articles into "The Collection of Zhang Sikong".
In the Tang Dynasty, the chief ministers of Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province, and Menxia Province were the prime ministers. There are many changes in the names of the chiefs of the three provinces. In Shangshu Province, there are Shangshu Ling, Zuo Pu She, Zuo Prime Minister, etc.; in Zhongshu Province, there are Zhong Shu Ling, You Prime Minister, etc.; in Menxia Province, there are main titles such as Shi Zhong, Nayan, and Zuo Prime Minister.
At the same time, the emperor selected some low-grade officials to participate in politics with the titles of "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin" and "Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi" and made them prime ministers. In AD 290 of the Tang Dynasty, there were 73 promoters and 17 prime ministers named Zhang.
Zhang Xingcheng (587-653), courtesy name Deli, was born in Yifeng, Dingzhou (now Anguo, Hebei Province). In the 19th year of Zhenguan (646), Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty paid homage to the Prime Minister, and served as the Minister of Punishment and Prince Shao Zhan in charge of official affairs. After Emperor Gaozong ascended the throne, he assisted the government with Minister Gu Ming and was granted the title of Duke of Beiping County. He successively served as the right servant of Shangshu Tongzhongshu, the third rank of the family, the prince's young master, and supervised the compilation of national history. He died in phase in the fourth year of Yonghui (653). He was 67 years old, and his posthumous title was fixed. He was promoted by the two dynasties when he was alive. After his death, he was given to Kaifu Yitong and Sansi, and became the governor of the state, enjoying mournful honors.
Zhang Wenguan (605-678), courtesy name Zhigui, was born in Wucheng (now Shandong), Beizhou, Tang Dynasty. He passed the Ming Dynasty in the early years of Zhenguan, served as an official in Bingzhou, joined the army, Yuanwailang, and was the magistrate of Yunyang County. In the second year of Qianfeng's reign (667), he was appointed as the Prime Minister of Dongxitaisherenginseng. During his 12 years in office, he was diligent and frugal in government affairs, fair in handling cases, and forgiving in law enforcement. He was highly relied upon by Emperor Gaozong. He died in Xiangxiang in the third year of Yifeng (678). As a gift to the Governor of Youzhou, he was given the posthumous title of Yi.
Zhang Daan was born in Fanshui, Weizhou (now Nanle, Henan) in the Tang Dynasty. In the second year of Yifeng (667), he worshiped the prime minister and was ranked third in the Tongzhongshu family. He was highly relied upon by Prince Zhanghuai. Together with Liu Nayan and others, he annotated the "Book of Han". In the first year of Yonglong (680), he was dismissed as prime minister and demoted to the governor of Puzhou. Finally, Sima of Hengzhou was appointed.
Zhang Guangfu (?-689) was born in Jingzhao (now Chang'an County, Shaanxi Province) of Tang Dynasty. He once served as Sinong Shaoqing, Wenchang Youcheng, etc. In the third year of Wu Zetian's reign (687), in order to pacify the Yue King Li Zhen, he worshiped the prime minister and was appointed as the Minister of Fengge and the Pingzhangshi of Fengge Luantai. In the first year of Yongchang (689), he was renamed Nayan and moved to Nei Shiling. In the same year, he was executed for being dissatisfied with Wu Zetian's autocratic power and harboring two evil intentions.
Zhang Xi, a native of Wucheng, Beizhou (now Shandong) in Tang Dynasty, was the nephew of Gaozong Prime Minister Zhang Wenguan. In the first year of Jiushi (700), Wu Zetian appointed Fengge Minister and Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi, replacing his nephew Li Qiao as prime minister. The following year, he was exiled to Xunzhou for leaking palace secrets. During the reign of Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Ministry of Resumption of Work also compiled national history, and Ren Aidu stayed behind. In the first year of Tang Long's reign (710), Empress Wei killed Zhongzong and established him as a young emperor. He was appointed prime minister and ranked third in the family of Tong Zhongshu from the Ministry of Industry. In just over ten days, Queen Wei was killed. He was also appointed as the governor of Jiangzhou, and was later granted the title of Duke of Pingyuan County.
Zhang Jianzhi, courtesy name Mengjiang, was born in Xiangyang, Xiangzhou (now Xiangfan, Hubei) in the Tang Dynasty. When he was a imperial student, he made Defenqi the "Wang Zuo" by offering wine sacrifices. Later he became a Jinshi and was appointed Qingliang Cheng. In the first year of Yongchang (689), when he was more than seventy years old, he was called a virtuous man. He took the first place among more than a thousand people. He was awarded the title of censor, censor, Lifenggesheren, governor of Hezhou and Shuzhou, and governor of the capital of Jingzhou. In the fourth year of Wu Zetian's reign in Chang'an (704), Qiuguan served with Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi and worshiped him as prime minister. The following year, a coup was launched, and Zhang Changzong and Zhang Yizhi were killed in the palace, forcing Wu Zetian to abdicate, and supported the restoration of Tang Zhongzong. Due to his merits, he was promoted to the posts of Shangshu and Zhongshu Ling of the Tiangong Palace, and he still held the position of prime minister. Soon after, he was granted the title of King of Hanyang County and was dismissed from the prime minister's position. He was profound and resourceful in politics. , upright and forthright, able to resolve major issues. Later, he was falsely accused by the chairman and exiled to Longzhou. He died of worry and anger at the age of 82. In the first year of Jingyun (710), he was rehabilitated, hated Zhongshu Ling, and was given the posthumous title Wenzhen.
Zhang Renyuan (?-714), a native of Xiagui, Huazhou (today's Fupingdong, Shanxi Province). When Wu Zetian was in power, he served as the censor of the palace, the governor of Youzhou, the governor of Bingzhou, and the general of the garrison. He is also the governor of Luo and the commander-in-chief of Shuofang Army. He fought bravely and inspired the desert. After the restoration of Emperor Zhongzong of the Tang Dynasty, in the spring of the second year of Jinglong (708), he was appointed General Zuowei, Tong Zhongshu's third rank, as prime minister, and granted the title of Duke of Korea. In the first year of Jingyun (710), he was exempted from prime ministership. At the beginning of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, he became an official with the title of Minister of the Ministry of War and Doctor Guanglu. He died of illness the following year and was given to the prince as a young master. He acted faithfully, enforced the law strictly, and employed people appropriately. As a general, he "given strict orders and trusted the generals." He was as famous as Li Jing and Guo Yuanzhen. He was a rare prime minister with both civil and military skills in the entire Tang Dynasty.
Zhang Jiafu (?-710), native place unknown. In the first year of Jingyun reign of Emperor Ruizong of the Tang Dynasty (710), Shangshu Tongzhongshu, the official minister of the Ministry of official affairs, made Pingzhangshi under his command and worshiped him as prime minister. He was executed in the same year.
Zhang Shuo (667-730), also known as Daoji and Shuozhi. A native of Luoyang (now Henan) in the Tang Dynasty. In the first year of Yongchang (689), Wu Zetian selected the most virtuous and upright people and appointed him as the Prince's School Secretary. He was once exiled to Qinzhou for offending the emperor. After Zhongzong's restoration, he passed through the ranks of Wai Lang, a member of the Ministry of War, and a minister of the Ministry of Work and the Ministry of War. Ruizhong ascended the throne and was promoted to Minister of the Imperial College and Governor of Yong Dynasty.
In the second year of Jingyun (711), he became prime minister and supervised the compilation of national history. In the same year, he was dismissed from the prime minister because of his disagreement with Xiao Zhizhong, and was appointed as Shangshu Zuocheng. In the first year of Kaiyuan of Xuanzong (713), he made meritorious service by quelling Princess Taiping's rebellion. He paid homage to the prime minister for the second time and was granted the title Duke of Yan. Soon after, he was falsely accused by Yao Chong and dismissed as prime minister, and was demoted to the governor of Xiangzhou. He successively served as local governor of Hebei Province, Yuezhou, Jingzhou, Youzhou and other places. In the ninth year of Kaiyuan of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (721), he was appointed Prime Minister for the third time for his military merits and was appointed as the Minister of the Ministry of War, Tong Zhongshu. In the five years of his reign, he reorganized the military, reconciled with Tibet, reduced 200,000 redundant troops and returned them to the countryside. He had many political achievements, and was favored by Xuanzong for his good poetry. No minister in the dynasty could compare with him. In the fourteenth year of Kaiyuan (726), he was impeached and removed from office for the treacherous minister Li Linfu. In the eighteenth year (730), he died and took office as Prime Minister You. As a gift to the Grand Master, he was given the posthumous title Wenzhen. There is "Zhang Yan Gong Collection".
Zhang Jiazhen (666-729) was a native of the Yi family in Puzhou (now Linyinan, Shanxi). He was promoted to Pingxiang Lieutenant for his mastery of the Five Classics. He was a supervisor of the imperial censor, a member of the Ministry of War, a foreign minister, a scholar of Zhongshu, the governor of Liangzhou and Qinzhou, and the governor of the state. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty served as the Tianbingjun Suihu Envoy, and had meritorious service in settling the nine surnames of the Turkic people who had surrendered. In the eighth year of Kaiyuan (720), he became the prime minister. Later, he was appointed as the official Yinqing Guanglu, and was appointed Zhongshu Ling. Due to disagreements over political affairs, he was dismissed as prime minister in the eleventh year of Kaiyuan (723). He successively served as the governor of Youzhou, Taizhou and Dingzhou, the minister of the Ministry of household affairs and the Ministry of industry, and the title of Marquis of Hedong. His posthumous title is Gongsu. Zi Yanshang and Sun Hongjing served as prime ministers of Dezong and Xianzong dynasties respectively, and were known as the "Three Prime Ministers of the Zhang Family" in history.
Zhang Jiuling (673-740), courtesy name Zishou, was a naturalist from Qujiang, Shaozhou (now Guangdong) in the Tang Dynasty. He was born as a Jinshi scholar and served as a scholar in the official school. Si Xun Yuanwailang, Zhongshu Shehui, Secretary Shaojian, Bachelor of Jixian Academy, etc. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733) of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, he was appointed as Zhongshu Shilang and Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi, and reached the rank of deputy prime minister. Because he was squeezed out by Li Linfu, who was sweet-talking and secretive, he was dismissed as prime minister four years later and was replaced by Minister Zuo, Prime Minister, Governor of Jing, etc. There is "Qujiang Collection" handed down from generation to generation.
Zhang Hao (?-764), whose courtesy name was Congzhou, was from Bozhou (now Pingxi, Shandong), Tang Dynasty. Tianbaozhong Li Guanzuo Shiyi and Shi Yushi. In the second year of Emperor Suzong's reign (757), he was appointed Minister of Zhongshu and Pingzhangshi under Zhongshu's family, worshiped as prime minister, and also served as the military governor of Henan Province. He was in charge of all military affairs in Huainan. He presided over the pacification of the Anshi Rebellion, recovered the east and west capitals, and received the silver Qingguang Lu. The doctor was granted the title of Duke of Nanyang County. During this period, traces of Shi Siming's rebellion were discovered, but Suzong listened to the slander of the eunuchs who colluded with Shi Siming and dismissed the prime minister for "not taking advantage of the situation." Later, Shi Siming rebelled. When Daizong came to the throne, he was appointed as the governor of Fuzhou and the observer of Hongzhou, and was granted the title of Duke of Pingyuan County. He died in the second year of Guangde (764) and was appointed as the observer of Jiangnan West Road.
Zhang Yi, courtesy name Ji Quan and Gongdu, was born in Suzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, he used his father's influence to serve as the left guard Cao Shenjun, the judge of the Marshal's Mansion, and the royal censor of the palace. During the reign of Emperor Daizong, he became the governor and censor of Bianzhou. In the second year of Jianzhong's reign (781), Emperor Dezong of the Tang Dynasty became the prime minister and was appointed as Zhongshu Paylang, Tongzhongshu's disciple Ping Zhangshi, Bachelor of Jixian Palace, and concurrently studying national history. Because of his uprightness, he was not tolerated by his colleagues. The following year, he was removed from the prime minister and appointed Fengxiang Youjiedushi. Because he formed an alliance with Tibet to improve relations, he was killed by the rebel general Li Menglin. The imperial edict was given to the prince and tutor.
Zhang Yanshang (727-787), the son of Zhang Jiazhen, the prime minister of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was only two years old when his father died of illness. He was "well versed in classics and history and experienced in official administration" since he was a child. He became an official under the influence of his father and was named by Xuanzong. Extended reward. Suzong's court officials came to the palace to pay the censor. During the reign of Emperor Daizong, he successively served as the Lord of Henan, the Aidu was left behind, the military governor of Huainan, Jingnan, Jiannan, and western Sichuan, the governor of Yangzhou, and the minister of the Ministry of official affairs. The administration is simple and “governance and conduct come first.” In the first year of Zhenyuan of Dezong (785), he worshiped the prime minister and dismissed him because of disagreement with his colleagues. Three years later, he paid homage to the prime minister again, supported Dezong's policy of reconciling Tibet, and dismissed 1,500 redundant officials across the country, which aroused opposition. He died in Xiangxiang in the same year and was given the posthumous title Chengsu.
Zhang Hongjing (760-824), courtesy name Yuanli, was the Prime Minister of Tang Dezong and the son of Zhang Yanshang. He entered the official position under the influence of his father. During the reign of Emperor Dezong, he was appointed as the supervisory censor, the paymaster of the household department, and the governor of Hezhong. In the ninth year of Yuanhe (814) of Suzong, he was appointed as prime minister, concurrently as Shangshu of the Ministry of Punishment, and was granted the title of Marquis of Gaoping County. During his three years in office, prison administration was fair. In the eleventh year of Yuanhe (816), he was dismissed from office due to disagreements with Suzong over the Zhang Yan case. He served as the Jiedushi of Taiyuan, the Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Jiedushi of Lulong, and the governor of Jizhou and Fuzhou. He died in the fourth year of Changqing (824) and took office as the prince's division.
Zhang Jun (?-902), whose courtesy name was Yuchuan, was from Hejian (now part of Hebei Province). He has a clear nature and a good knowledge of classics and history. He once lived in seclusion in Jinfeng Mountain to study the alchemy of political practitioners. He is very eloquent and likes to talk loudly. He once served as Dr. Taichang, Duzhi Yuanwailang, etc.
After Huang Chao's uprising, he helped the county magistrate Li Kang in Hanyin to protect the country and the people. In the sixth year of Guangming Dynasty (880), after the capital Chang'an was captured, he was used by Xizong, who fled to Hanyin, as an admonishment official, and he lobbied the general Wang Jingxiu to lead troops to serve the king. Emperor Xizong of the Tang Dynasty became prime minister in the third year of Guangqi's reign (887) and reigned for five years. He advocated the use of strong military force to stabilize the world. He believed that the cause of the chaos was the eunuchs' monopoly power and the separatist regimes. He advocated strengthening the centralization of power, cracking down on separatist forces, and fighting against the separatist forces. The powerful minister Li Keyong was increasingly contradictory and marginalized. In the second year of Dashun of Emperor Zhaozong (891), he was dismissed as prime minister and demoted to the abandoned envoy of Wuchang Military Festival. Later, Zhu Quanzhong wanted to abolish the Tang Dynasty and establish his own country, but he was afraid of Zhang Jun's opposition, so in the second year of Tianfu (902), he sent people to kill more than 100 members of Zhang's family.
Zhang Wenwei (?-908), named Youhua, was born in Hejian (now part of Hebei Province) and was born as a Jinshi. Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty was a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy and a minister of the Ministry of War. At the beginning of the fourth year of Tianfu (904), when Zhaozong was sent to Luoyang by Zhu Quanzhong, he worshiped him as prime minister. Standing up to the internal strife, trying to maintain the endgame. In the fourth year of Tianyou (907), Zhu Quanzhong forced Tang Ai Emperor Li Zhu to abdicate, established the Houliang regime, and the Tang Dynasty fell. He was also appointed as Prime Minister of the Later Liang Dynasty and formulated various systems. He died in Xiangxiang in the second year of Kaiping in Houliang Dynasty (908).
In each dynasty of the Five Dynasties, Tong Zhongshu's Ping Zhangshi was the prime minister. In the 53 years of the Han Dynasty, 13, 16, 6, 6 and 9 people from Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Zhou served as prime ministers respectively. There were 2 people named Liang and 1 person named Zhang in the Later Tang Dynasty.
Zhang Wenwei, the Prime Minister of the Later Liang Dynasty for two years, met Zhang Wenwei of the Tang Dynasty.
Zhang Ce (?-912), courtesy name Shaoyi, was born in Dunhuang (now west of Dunhuang, Gansu Province). When he was young, he was studious and well versed in classics and history. He first served in the Tang Dynasty and became a scholar in Zhongshushe and a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy. Zhu Wen (i.e. Zhu Quanzhong) established the Later Liang Dynasty and served successively as minister of the Ministry of Works and the Ministry of Rites. In the second year of Kaiping (908), he became the prime minister and the minister of punishment. In the same year, he resigned from his illness and became a minister of the Ministry of Punishment. He is the author of "Dianyi", "Library of Songs and Poems", etc.
Zhang Yanlang (?-936) was born in Kaifeng, Bianzhou (now part of Henan). When he first became an official in the Later Liang Dynasty, he served as a tax envoy and managed taxes. In the Mingzong Dynasty of the later Tang Dynasty, he was appointed as the Jiedu Envoy of the Zhongwu Army. In the first year of Changxing (930), he was appointed as the Third Secretary Envoy, in charge of the country's money and grain. In the first year of Qingtai (934), he became the Prime Minister and the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel. The following year, he was appointed as the Third Secretary due to illness. As a political worker, he advocated that the power of finance and food should be returned to the central government, and stopped Shi Jingtang and others from dividing the reserves reserved by local officials. In November of the third year (936), Shi Jingtang invaded the capital and Yanlang was killed.
In the Liao Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Prime Ministers' Offices were established to govern the military and state affairs, and each had its own personnel, among which the real power lay with the Northern Prime Minister. The prime ministers of the Northern and Southern Prefectures are usually appointed by members of the royal family (Yelü family) or descendants (Xiao family). After Liao Shengzong, individual Han officials began to join their ranks. In the 210th year of the Liao Dynasty, there were 81 prime ministers and only 2 with the surname Zhang.
Zhang Xiaojie was born in Yongba, Jianzhou, Liaoning (now southwest of Chaoyang, Liaoning). He came from a poor family and was eager to learn. In the 24th year of Chongxi reign (1055), he became a Jinshi. During the Jingzhi period, he became an official and became a bachelor of the Privy Council. In the second year of Xianyu (1066), he participated in political affairs and served as a member of the Privy Council, and was the Minister of the Processing Department. In the eighth year of Xianyong's reign (1072), he was granted the title of Duke of Chen and Prime Minister of Beifu, and was given the surname Yelu. After being prime minister for eight years, he collaborated with Prince Yelu Yizhang to frame Zhongliang. In the sixth year of Taikang (1080), he was demoted to the military governor of Wuding Army. He died of illness in his hometown during the Da'an period. In the early years of Qiantong (1101), the coffin was opened and the body was raised, which made the people angry.
Zhang Lin (?-1122) was born in Shenzhou, Liao Dynasty (now Shenyang). Rarely ambitious, Daozong Shoulong's last secretary fell into the trap. Emperor Tianzuo ascended the throne and became the official household envoy. In the fourth year of Emperor Qiantong's reign (1104), he became the prime minister of Nanfu. In the second year of Baoda (1122), Emperor Tianzuo was defeated by the Jin soldiers and fled from Beijing to Yunzhong, leaving Zhang Lin and Li Chuwen to assist Wei King Yelu Chun in guarding Nanjing. After being threatened by Li Chuwen, he made Yelu Chun the emperor and granted him the title of Taishi Pingzhangjun for state affairs, but he had no real power. He died of melancholy in the same year.
In the early years of the Song Dynasty, according to the system of the Tang Dynasty, Tong Zhongshu Menxia Ping Zhangshi was appointed as the prime minister, and the deputy director of political affairs was appointed. Later, he was divided into three offices. The prime minister was a bachelor of Zhaowen Palace, and the second prime minister supervised the compilation of national history. Once again, he was a bachelor of Jixian Palace. During the Yuanfeng period, the official system was changed, with Shangshu Zuo Pushe as prime minister, and Shangshu Zuo Pushe as deputy prime minister instead of participating in political affairs. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Dazai and Shaozai replaced Shangshu Zuopushe as prime ministers. In the eighth year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty (1172), the system was changed to the Han system, with the left and right prime ministers as prime ministers and those who participated in political affairs as deputy prime ministers. In AD 320 of the Song Dynasty, there were 33 prime ministers and 6 prime ministers named Zhang.
Zhang Qixian (943-1014), courtesy name Shiliang, was born in Caozhou Yuanju (now northwest of Caoxian County, Shandong Province) in the Northern Song Dynasty. Moved to Luoyang. He was a Jinshi in Taiping and Xingguo, and was the general magistrate of Hengzhou and the transshipment envoy of Jiangnan West Road. In the second year of Chunhua (991), he paid homage to the prime minister and was appointed as Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs and Tong Zhongshu's family. He was dismissed as prime minister in the fourth year (993). In the first year of Xianping (998), he paid homage to the prime minister again. In the third year (1000), he dismissed the prime minister because he behaved inappropriately after drinking at the Winter Solstice meeting. The following year, he was appointed as the pacification and military envoy of Jing, Yuan and other state armies. Later, he successively served as Minister of the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Personnel, Taichang Qing, who was in charge of Xijing, Zhiqingzhou, etc., and became an official with Sikong. After his death, he was given to Situ, and his posthumous title was Wen Ding. He is the author of "Old News about Jin Gentry in Luoyang" and so on.
Zhang Zhibai (?-1028), whose courtesy name was Yonghui, was born in Qingchi, Cangzhou (now southeast of Cangzhou, Hebei Province) in the Northern Song Dynasty. Duan was selected as a Jinshi, and he knew Jianzhou, the Sansi Kaifang Division, the Jingai Transfer Envoy of the Power Management Division, etc. Zhi Shen Guan Yuan, Minister of the Ministry of Industry, etc. In the ninth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1016), he was appointed as the counselor of political affairs. He resigned due to disagreement with the prime minister Wang Qinruo in discussing politics. Emperor Renzong ascended the throne and was promoted to Shangshu Youcheng. In the third year of Tiansheng's reign (1025), Shangshu of the Ministry of Works and Zhongshu made peace with each other and paid homage to the prime minister. Send troops to fight against the Khitan. In order to serve the public selflessly, although he is a noble person, he is as frugal as a poor scholar. He died in phase three years later and was given the title of Taifu and Zhongshu Ling, with the posthumous title of Wenzheng.
Zhang Shixun (964-1049), courtesy name Shunzhi, was born in Yincheng (now Guanghua, Hubei) in the Northern Song Dynasty. Chunhua Jinshi, served as magistrate of Shehong, Xiangyang, Shaowu and other counties. He was "generous" in politics and won the hearts of the people. He was recommended as a supervisory censor, moved to the position of Prince Zhan, and also knew the Court of Criminal Justice, the History Museum of Sentencing, etc. In the sixth year of Tiansheng's reign (1028), he became the prime minister and served as minister of the Ministry of Rites and Tong Zhongshu's family. The following year, he was dismissed as prime minister for exonerating Cao Cao. He was changed to Minister of the Ministry of Punishment and sent to Jiangning Mansion. In the first year of Ming Dynasty (1032), he paid homage to the prime minister again. The following year, he resigned as prime minister and went to judge Xuzhou and Zhihenan Prefecture. In the first year of Baoyuan (1038), he worshiped the prime minister three times and was granted the title of Duke of Ying. In the first year of Kangding (1040), he was dismissed as prime minister and appointed as Taifu and Deng Guogong. He died of illness nine years later and was given the posthumous title Wenyi as a gift to the Grand Master and Zhongshu Ling.
Zhang Shangying (1043-1121), courtesy name Tianjue and nickname Wuwujishi, was a native of Xinjin, Shuzhou (now part of Sichuan) in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhiping Jinshi, known to Nanchuan County. After Huizong ascended the throne, he successively held the posts of Zhongshusheren and Hanlin bachelor Zhizhigao. In the first year of Chongning (1102), there were still You Cheng and Zuo Cheng. In the fourth year of Daguan (1110), he worshiped the prime minister and revolutionized Cai Jing's bad governance. In the first year of Zhenghe (1111), because of his contacts with Ji Guo Tianxin, he was dismissed from the Henan Prefecture. At that time, Cai Jingfu was the prime minister, and he was demoted to the deputy envoy of Chongxin Army Jiedu and resettled in Hengzhou. The students of Taipei University petitioned to express their grievances, but Cai Jing was afraid and ordered him to do what he wanted. Soon the official was reinstated. He died of illness in the third year of Xuanhe (1122). Shaoxing gave him the posthumous title Wenzhong. He is the author of "Zong Zen Debian" and so on.
Zhang Bangchang (1081-1127), courtesy name Zineng, was born in Dongguang (now part of Hebei Province) in Song Dynasty. He was a Jinshi and became prime minister in the first year of Emperor Jingkang of Qinzong (1126). The Jin soldiers invaded and negotiated peace. The following year, the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty and made him Emperor of Chu. He was executed in Tanzhou in the early Southern Song Dynasty.
Zhang Jun (1097-1164), courtesy name Deyuan, was born in Mianzhu, Hanzhou (now Sichuan) during the Song Dynasty. Zhenghe Jinshi of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the third year of Jianyan of the Southern Song Dynasty (1129), he reported to King Qin that he had made great contributions in pacifying the Miao and Liu rebellions, and was informed of the affairs of the Privy Council. He advocated the fight against the Jin Dynasty and proposed to use Sichuan and Shaanxi to protect Ainan, so he served as the envoy of Xuanfu and Fu in Sichuan and Shaanxi. In the fifth year of Shaoxing (1135), he paid homage to the prime minister and deployed troops and horses along the Yangtze River and Huaihe River to launch a large-scale northern expedition. In the seventh year (1137), Li Qiong rebelled and resigned. Qin Hui was in power and was excluded for nearly twenty years. In the thirty-first year (1161), Jin Wanyanliang went south to attack the Song Dynasty and was re-appointed. Xiaozong ascended the throne, was awarded the title of Shaofu, and was granted the title of Wei Guogong. In the first year of Longxing (1103), he worshiped the prime minister again and supervised the army to resist the Jin Dynasty. The next year, he was expelled from the Lord He faction and died of melancholy. With his ambition of resisting Xin and restoring the country unfulfilled, he was ashamed to see his ancestors buried in the ground, and was ordered to be buried in Ningxiang, Hunan. As a gift to the Grand Master, his posthumous title is Zhongxian. He is the author of "Zhongxing Preparation".
Before the thirteenth year of Xizong Tianhui in the Jin Dynasty (1135), the old Jurchen official system was used. After that, the official system of Liao and Song Dynasties was changed to the official system of Liao and Song Dynasties, with the three provincial affairs, the prime minister (divided into left and right), and Pingzhang Zhengshi as the prime minister. The person in charge of the three provinces is the prime minister, and is led by the three divisions (Taishi, Taifu, Taibao) or the three Dukes (Taiwei, Situ, and Sikong). The Prime Minister and Pingzhang Zhengshi presided over the state affairs and became the de facto chief prime minister. When the three provinces were abolished, Shangshu Ling was also appointed as the prime minister. In the 120th year of the Jin Dynasty, 42 people served as prime ministers, including one named Zhang.
Zhang Hao (?-1163), courtesy name Haoran, was born in Liaoyang (now Liaoning) during the Jin Dynasty.
His original surname was Gao. His great-grandfather Gao Ba served in the Liao Dynasty and changed his surname to Zhang. During the reign of Emperor Taizu of the Jin Dynasty, Ren Chengying was awarded the title of Jinshi in the eighth year of Tianhui (1130) and was appointed Secretary Lang. In the second year of Tianjuan (1139), he was appointed Minister of Dali, where he set detailed etiquette procedures inside and outside the court. Later, he became Minister of Hu, Gong and Li, and was promoted to Shangshu, responsible for the six ministries. Hai Lingwu came to the throne, and was appointed as the counselor of political affairs, and promoted to minister Youcheng. In the third year of Tiande (1151), he presided over the expansion of Yanjing (today's Beijing) and the imperial palace. In the first year of Zhenguan (1153), the Jin Dynasty moved its capital to Yanjing and changed its name to Zhongdu. Because of his merit, he was worshiped as the Prime Minister Zuo. In the third year of Zhenglong (1158), he presided over the construction of Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan), paid homage to Taifu and Shangshu Ling, and was granted the title of Duke of Qin. In the sixth year (1161), King Hailing went south to attack the Song Dynasty and stayed behind to preside over the affairs of state to save trouble. In the second year of Dading (1102), he met Jin Shizong, became prime minister, served as Taishi, Shangshu Ling, and was granted the title of Nanyang County Prince. The following year, he resigned due to illness and died with the posthumous title of Wenkang.
In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, the left and right prime ministers of Zhongshu Province were the prime ministers. In the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), the Ministry of Public Affairs was abolished and the prime minister system was abolished. The six ministries of official, household, ritual, military, punishment, and work were directly responsible to the emperor. In the fifteenth year (1382), he imitated the Song Dynasty as a bachelor of Huagai Hall, Wuying Hall, Wenyuan Pavilion, Ai Pavilion and other palaces, and served as the emperor's advisor or secretary. When Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty ordered Han Court editors, reviewers and other officials to join Wenyuan Pavilion to participate Machine maintenance developed into a "cabinet". It was during the Jiajing reign of King Sejong that the cabinet scholar truly ranked above the six ministers and became the real prime minister. The cabinet bachelors are the prime minister group, and the chief bachelor is called the chief minister or Yuanfu, and is the chief prime minister and presides over the state affairs. In the year 277 of the Ming Dynasty, there were 17 prime ministers and 9 people named Zhang.
Zhang Cong (1475-1539), whose courtesy name was Bingyong, later changed to Fujing, Maogong, and Luo Feng, was born in Yongjia (now Wenzhou, Zhejiang) in the Ming Dynasty. Jinshi in the 16th year of Zhengde (1521). The following year when Shizong ascended the throne, he discussed the "great ceremony" and agreed with Shizong. He was promoted to the head of the Nanjing Criminal Department, and his official positions were given to Shizhong, a scholar of the Hanlin Academy, and a minister of the Ministry of War. In the sixth year of Jiajing (1527), he joined the cabinet as a minister and a bachelor of Wenyuan Pavilion, and participated in the maintenance of machinery. The following year, he was promoted to Minister of the Ministry of Personnel and Bachelor of Jinshen Palace. In the eighth year of Jiajing reign (1529), he was the chief assistant of the cabinet and became the prime minister. During his six years in office, he was decisive and decisive in politics and severely punished corrupt officials. However, he had a ruthless temper and constantly retaliated. In the fourteenth year (1535), he resigned due to illness. He died four years later and was given the posthumous title Wenzhong as a gift to the Grand Master. He is the author of "Edict Duilu", "Zou Duilu", "Zhang Wenzhong Collection", etc.
Zhang Bi (?-1545), named Chongxiang, was born in Mingshishou (now Hubei). Zhengde Jinshi. In the twenty-fifth year of Jiajing's reign (1544), he became the prime minister and became a minister and a bachelor of Ai Ge. The following year, he was appointed as the crown prince and Taibao. He died of illness soon and was given the posthumous title Wen Jian. He has an elegant and straightforward temperament, is not close to vulgarity, loves literature, and is the author of "Yangfeng Family Collection".
Zhang Zhi (?-1550), courtesy name Wenbang, was born in Chaling Prefecture (now Chaling, Hunan Province) in the Ming Dynasty. In the fifteenth year of Zhengde's reign (1520), he became a Jinshi and was awarded the title of Editor. He served as Zuo Shilang of the Ministry of Officials and Minister of the Ministry of Officials in Nanjing. In the 28th year of Jiajing's reign (1549), he paid homage to the prime minister, served as Minister of Rites and Bachelor of Wenyuan Pavilion, and participated in engine maintenance. The following year, he added the crown prince as his Taibao. He was generous and ambitious, awarded Jinshi, learned the rules, studied current affairs and rectified chaos. Due to his declining reputation, he wanted to make a difference but failed, and soon died of illness. He was given a memorial ceremony and his posthumous title was Wenyin. During the Longqing period, his posthumous title was changed to Wensu. There is "Longhu Collected Works".
Zhang Zhidong (1837-1909), also known as Xiaoda and Xiangtao, also known as Wujing Jushi and Guangya, also known as Hugong Baobing. A native of Nanpi, Zhili (now part of Hebei Province). The leader of the Westernization faction in the late Qing Dynasty. In the second year of Tongzhi (18693), he entered the official career and served successively as lecturer, cabinet bachelor, provincial examination examiner, academic administrator, governor of Shanxi, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, governor of Huguang, acting governor of Liangjiang, minister of military aircraft and minister of academic affairs. Become prime minister. During his 46-year career as an official, he made extraordinary achievements with his "great, moderate and upright" heart (see "Zhang Zhidong, a Famous Official in the Late Qing Dynasty" for details). On August 21, the first year of Xuantong (1901), he passed away at the age of 73 amid the lamentation that "the fate of the country is over". Posthumous title Wenxiang, presented to Taibao. On the day of the hanging, the ministers from various countries stationed in Beijing paid homage to the deceased to express their condolences. The following year, in the provincial capitals of Hubei and Jiangning (now Jiangsu), special temples were built to commemorate the occasion by offering sacrifices every year.