Li Qingzhao
Li Qingzhao (1March 08413 ~11May 55 12) was born in Zhangqiu, Jinan, Shandong. In the Song Dynasty (the turn of the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties), the poetess, represented by graceful and restrained words, was known as "the first talented woman in the ages". In the lyrics, he wrote more about his early leisure life, his later life experience and sentimental mood. In form, it makes good use of line drawing, forms its own school and has beautiful language. On the theory of ci, it emphasizes harmony and elegance, puts forward the theory that ci is different from one family, and opposes the method of writing ci into poetry. There are not many who can write poems. Some chapters have a sense of the times, praise history and use generous words, which is different from their style of words. There are Yi 'an Jushi Collection and Yi 'an Ci, which have been lost. Later generations have a collection of Yu Shu's ci. There is a collation of Li Qingzhao's collected works today.
all one's life
The social status of the family
Li Qingzhao was born in a family of literary scholars. Father Li is a native of Jinan, a scholar, a protege of Su Shi, an official and a minister of rites. He has a rich collection of books and is good at literature and ci works. There is a stone tablet carved on the south of the north wall of Dongzhai of Qufu Confucius Temple, which reads: "Give a certain punishment, learn from Li, worship Ning (1 102) on the 28th day of the first month, lead a brown, cross the river, meet, March far away and worship the forest." My mother is the granddaughter of the top scholar, and she is very cultured.
Inherit family studies
Li Qingzhao grew up in a family with a strong literary atmosphere. Influenced by family knowledge, wisdom and insight, she is gifted. Therefore, "Young people can support their predecessors by naming their poems" (Wang Zhuo's "Blue Phoenix Full of Tales") was once highly praised by Chao, a famous writer at that time and a great disciple of Su Shi. According to the volume of "Romantic Poems" edited by Zhu, Li Qingzhao is "good at writing, especially poetry, and Chao Wuxue calls her a scholar-bureaucrat". The forty-sixth volume of Shuo Lan quoted the Leisure Record of Ruiguitang as saying that she was "brilliant, knowledgeable and brilliant in modern times". In this volume, Zhu Yao's Zhou Ping Ketan praised her as "an ancient author with excellent poetry and prose".
As a teenager, Li Qingzhao lived in Bianjing with her father. The elegant living environment, especially the bustling scene of Kyoto, inspired Li Qingzhao's creative enthusiasm. In addition to writing poems, she also began to emerge in the ci world, and wrote a famous sentence "Like a Dream" which was widely read by later generations (last night, after the rain cleared, the wind blew suddenly). When this was said, it caused a sensation in the whole capital. "At that time, all the scribes applauded, and there was nothing to teach" (Collection outside Yaoshan Hall, Volume 54).
After reading the famous poem Ode to Zhongxing Monument, Li Qingzhao immediately wrote two amazing works, Ode to Wuxi Zhongxing and Ode to Zhang Wenqian Zhongxing. This poem comments on the rise and fall vertically and horizontally, summarizes the historical lessons of the rise and fall before and after the "An Shi Rebellion" in the Tang Dynasty, and warns the rulers of the Song Dynasty that "Xia Shang has a lesson from the past, and history is the present". A girl who is new here can express such deep concern and anxiety about the country, which can't help but impress the world. Therefore, Qing Bo Magazine in Song and Zhou Dynasties thought that these two poems were written by women and many people. What can a thoughtful person do? " Chen Hongxu's "Cold Night Record" in the Ming Dynasty commented on these two poems: "Extraordinary and brilliant, known as hump and forest chest."
run away from home
In the second year of Song Qinzong Jingkang, the first year of Emperor Gaozong Jianyan (1 127), Li Qingzhao was 44 years old. The Jin people invaded the south on a large scale, and captured Song Huizong and Qin Zong's father and son to the north, which is known as the "Jingkang Change" in history, and the court in the Northern Song Dynasty collapsed. In May, Zhao Gou, Kang Wang, was stationed in Tianfu, Nanjing (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) and rebuilt Yan, which began in the Southern Song Dynasty and became Emperor Gaozong. In March of that year, Zhao Mingcheng went south to attend the funeral because his mother died in Jiangning (now Nanjing). In August, I met jiangning house, who was appointed as the agreement of Jiangdong Economic System. As the situation in the north became more and more tense, Li Qingzhao began to sort out and select the collections, and prepared to go south: "Since the long things can't be exhausted, we should first go to the major printed books, then to those who painted more, and then to those who knew nothing about ancient artifacts. Later, he went to supervise the book, painting is average, and the instrument is important. After repeated deduction, there are still fifteen cars carrying books to the East China Sea, crossing the Huaihe River and crossing the river to Jiankang. " In December, Qingzhou mutiny, the county magistrate was killed, and more than Qingzhou books were burned. (Li Qingzhao once recorded in the preface to the Story of the Stone: "Qingzhou is the first place, with more than ten books, which will be carried by boat next year. In December, Jin people were trapped in Qingzhou. " The words here should be wrong because they are copied or copied. The historical fact should be "Qingzhou mutiny". )
When Li Qingzhao escorted 15 wagon bookshelves to Zhenjiang, Zhang was arrested in Zhenjiang House and took charge of Zhenjiang Minister Qian Abandoned City (Zi Zhi Tong Jian 10 1), but Li Qingzhao, with his great wisdom and courage, made a suggestion in the spring of the second year (1 128).
After Li Qingzhao arrived in Jiangning, she went to the city to look for poetry every snowy day. There is a cloud in the eighth volume of Zhou Qingbo Magazine: "Yi 'an people say that on the day of Ming Cheng's health, Yi 'an is worth heavy snow every day, that is, wearing a hat and looking for poetry in the city." When you get a word, you must ask your husband to make peace, and it is sincere and hard. "The capitulationists, headed by Song Gaozong, refused to let the hawks go north to the Central Plains and made peace blindly. Li Qingzhao was very dissatisfied and wrote many satirical poems. She once said, "It's too cold to come to Wujiang in the south and too cold to go to Xiaoshui in the north", and "It's news that Wang Dao is in rags in the south and Liu Kun in the north".
In February (1 129), Zhao Mingcheng went to Jiangning. In March, he and Li Qingzhao "took a boat to Wuhu, entered their period, and lived on the water in Jiangxi" ("Preface to Jinshi"). After crossing the Wujiang River, Chu committed suicide and wrote "Jueju" to mourn Xiang Yu. Taking Xiang Yu's heroic historical records that he would rather die than surrender and cited Wujiang River to thank his elders in Jiangdong as an example, this paper satirizes the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty. In May, to Chiyang (now Guichi, Anhui Province), Zhao Mingcheng was the year of Huzhou. Li Qingzhao recalled in the Preface to the Inscription that Zhao Mingcheng would "go to the temple through the door". So he stayed at Chiyang's home and made a phone call alone. On June 13, I began to carry a heavy load. I got off the boat and sat on the shore, covered with a towel. I was as energetic as a tiger, and my eyes were rotten. I looked at the boat and said goodbye. I was so disgusted that I shouted,' What if there is a rumor that the city is in an emergency?' Ji replied from a distance:' Follow the crowd. If you have to, you must first abandon the trench, followed by clothes and quilts, second books and second antiques. The only so-called sacristy can hold it by itself and live and die together. Don't forget them. "I rushed to the horse." Unfortunately, due to illness on the way, Zhao Mingcheng died in Jiankang on August 18.
After Zhao Mingcheng's death, Li Qingzhao offered it as a literary sacrifice, saying, "The sun is in the sky, sighing that Pang Weng is agile; The city is self-defeating, and the woman's sorrow is deep. " (Thanks to "Talking about Harriers in April and June", Volume 1) After Zhao Mingcheng was buried, Li Qingzhao was seriously ill. At that time, the country was in an emergency, and Zhao Mingcheng's eldest sister-in-law, Li Zhuo, was appointed as assistant minister of the Ministry of War, the Empress Wei from Hongzhou (now Nanchang, Jiangxi). In order to preserve the cultural relics and books left by Zhao Mingcheng, Li Qingzhao sent someone to deliver his luggage. Unexpectedly, in November of that year, the Jin people were trapped in Hongzhou, and the so-called book of crossing the river was scattered into clouds. Li Qingzhao had to flee south with a small amount of light books and posts. Later, Li Qingzhao went to Yi's younger brother, Li Wei, who was appointed as the current bureau official. At this time, there was a secret talk about Zhao Mingcheng, and there was a so-called "grant of money". Li Qingzhao was forced to follow the emperor with all the bronzes and other things, hoping to throw them into the court. Most of the remaining cultural relics were lost in the drift from place to place.
In the spring of four years (1 130), Li Qingzhao followed the emperor's footsteps and moved to eastern Zhejiang. "To Taiwan, keep has dun. He left the land, abandoned his clothes and was taken away from Huangyan. He hired a boat to go to sea and ran to North Korea. When he was stationed in Zhang' an, the temperature from the imperial ship was higher. " In September, with the support of Jin people, the pseudo-Qi regime was established. Li Qingzhao said in a poem: "Han Cheng Shao, the new room is like a wart. Therefore, it is scattered in the middle, thin and cloudy until death. " 1 1 month, the court released 100 officials, and Li Qingzhao arrived in Quzhou.
In March of the first year of Shaoxing (1 13 1), Li Qingzhao went to Vietnam (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) and lived in Zhong's home. Her paintings and calligraphy were stolen overnight. She was heartbroken and regained her reward and redemption. At this point, most of all books and cultural relics were lost.
In the second year of Shaoxing (1 132), Li Qingzhao arrived in Hangzhou. The great pain brought by the disappearance of books and cultural relics and the ruthless torture given by wandering and fleeing life made Li Qingzhao fall into a desperate situation of pain. Lonely and helpless, marry Zhang Ruzhou again. Zhang Ruzhou has coveted her precious collection for a long time. After getting married, Li Qingzhao found that she didn't have much property at home. When she was disappointed, she kept quarreling, then swearing and even kicking. Zhang Ruzhou's barbaric behavior made Li Qingzhao unbearable. Later, it was discovered that Zhang Ruzhou was also guilty of graft and false reporting of official positions. Li Qingzhao reported Zhang Ruzhou to the authorities and asked for a divorce. After investigation, Zhang Ruzhou was transferred from Liuzhou. Although Li Qingzhao was allowed to divorce, the law of the Song Dynasty stipulated that a wife should be sentenced to three years in prison for suing her husband, so she was also locked up. After being rescued by relatives and friends such as Qin Chongli, a bachelor of Hanlin, he was released after being detained for 9 days. (For the remarriage of Li Qingzhao and Zhang Ruzhou, later scholars are quite controversial. In fact, it was not uncommon for women to remarry in the early Song Dynasty, which did not affect Li Qingzhao's character. Many people in the Song Dynasty talked about this matter, which should be credible. In fact, the ancients' argument of fallacy was the result of being bound by the feudal concept of ethics. )
Although she experienced the disaster of remarriage and divorce, Li Qingzhao's will to survive was not depressed, and her enthusiasm for poetry creation was even higher. After she got rid of her personal pain, she turned her attention to national affairs. In the third year of Shaoxing (1 133), in May, the court sent Han Xiaoyan, the Privy Council, and Hu Songnian, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, to the Jin Dynasty. Li Qingzhao wrote an ancient poem and a metrical poem with passion to see the two gentlemen off. There is a line in the poem, "I want to send blood and tears to the mountains and rivers and sprinkle a mound of land on Dongshan", which expresses my strong desire to fight back against aggression and recover lost land, and is full of feelings of caring for the motherland.
In the fourth year of Shaoxing (1 134), Li Qingzhao completed the writing of the preface to the record of the golden stone. In October, in order to avoid the chaos in Jinhua, it was written as "Ma Tu" and "Preface", and it was also written as "Ma Tu". Although it is a game text, it involves current events. By talking about games, he quoted a large number of allusions about war horses and magnificent actions to eliminate evil and kill the enemy in history, warmly praised the wisdom and courage of loyal generals such as Huan Wen and Xie An, alluded to the mediocrity and incompetence of the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty, and expressed his personal feelings of "dying as a martyr".
During her stay in Jinhua, Li Qingzhao also wrote the poem Wuling Chun, lamenting the tragic life experience of wandering and expressing her grief over the destruction of the country and the separation of her wife and children. He also wrote a poem called Eight Chants Upstairs, lamenting the depression of the Song Dynasty and the difficulty of defending the country. His phrase "the country stays behind, and future generations worry" can be called a swan song.
In the 13th year of Shaoxing (1 143), Li Qingzhao sorted out Zhao Mingcheng's posthumous work "The Record of the Stone" and presented it to North Korea. More than ten years later, in the twenty-sixth year of Shaoxing (1 156) or later, Li Qingzhao passed away quietly at the age of at least 73, with persistent thoughts of her deceased relatives and infinite disappointment at her hometown.