Eight-part essay is also called "Shi Wen", "poetic art", "ambition art", "Barbie essay" and "four". Eight-part essay refers to: breaking the topic, answering the topic, starting from the lecture, starting from the stock, starting from the stock, middle stock, late stock and binding stock. Eight-part essay is a special style stipulated by the examination system in Ming Dynasty. Eight-part essay emphasizes form and has no content. Every paragraph of the article is rigidly adhered to a fixed format, and even the number of words is limited. People just perfunctory according to the meaning of the topic. It is divided into the following parts: topic, topic, lecture, starting point, stock, intermediate stock, back stock and tied stock.
Edit the origin and evolution of this paragraph.
Yanwu, "Lu of the day? The Format of Essay Trial explains the origin, format and evolution of stereotyped writing in detail: "The classic essay is called stereotyped writing, and its cover began after Chenghua (Ming Xianzong) (1465- 1487). Shares, dual name also. ..... In the twenty-third year of Chenghua, he will try the book "Lotte Defends the World", which starts with three sentences, namely four shares of "Lotte", four in the middle, four shares of "Defending the World" and ends with four sentences. ..... Every four strands, a reverse is a positive, a virtual reality, a shallow and a deep. ..... so this eight-part essay.
It varies from person to person and is called stereotyped writing. If it is a long topic, it is not limited to this. ..... The first two or three or four sentences are called "breaking the topic", and there are many dialogues, which is the style handed down by the Song people. Make four or five sentences to express your intention, which is called' bearing the topic'. And then put forward why the master made this statement, which is called' originality'. In Wanli, two sentences are broken and three sentences are continued, not starting from the original. At the end of the article, what the sage said and saw, or counted crosses or hundreds of words, was called' big knot'. The system in the early Ming dynasty can be related to the current affairs of the dynasty. Later works are closely related, afraid that someone will show off themselves, but they are not as good as the current dynasties. By the end of Wanli, three or four sentences had come to an end, so the important affairs of the country were in vain, and the ministers in power were timid and saw their images in the articles that should be quoted. "Eight-part essay originated in the Northern Song Dynasty. Wang Anshi's reform thought that it was not practical to choose scholars by poetry and prose in Tang Dynasty, so many subjects were regarded as scholars, all of which were changed to Confucian classics, and the style was not standardized. The imperial examinations in the Yuan Dynasty basically followed the Song Dynasty. The imperial examination was held in the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1368), which had clear requirements on system and style. However, the initial writing is not fixed. During the Chenghua period, under the advocacy of Wang Yong, Zhang Mao and others, a set of strict procedures was gradually formed. Since then, it has been in use, from the middle of the Ming Dynasty to the Reform Movement of 1898, and it was abolished with the cessation of the imperial examination. Every article in an eight-part essay is composed of eight parts: title, topic, beginning, head, middle, back and beam, according to a certain format and number of words. Solving a problem means telling the meaning of the problem in two sentences, and accepting the problem means explaining the meaning of the problem. Speaking is the beginning of discussion, and the first two words begin with "meaning", "ruoyue", "thinking", "husband" and "thinking". "Start" is the place where the lecture begins. Starting stocks, mid-term stocks, late stocks and clustered stocks are formal discussions, and mid-term stocks are the focus of the whole article. In these four copies, each copy has two parallel dual words, which are * * * stereotyped writing, hence the name stereotyped writing. The topic is mainly taken from the four books and five classics. The main content of the discussion is Song Zhuxi's Notes on Four Books and Sentences, and it is not allowed to play freely and cross the line. The number of eight-part essay was set at 550 words in Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty, increased to 650 words in Kangxi period, and then changed to 700 words. Eight-part essay pays attention to composition and style. Originally, it was an ancient prose with reasoning, but it can be merged with parallel prose to form a new style and has its own position in the history of literature. However, from the perspective of education, stereotyped writing, as an examination style, is rigid in content and form, leaving no room for free play. It not only greatly fetters scholars' thoughts, but also corrupts the style of study. The emergence of stereotyped writing has experienced a long historical process. Most scholars of past dynasties believe that it originated from Confucian classics in the Northern Song Dynasty. Jingyi is a style of imperial examination in Song Dynasty, which is expounded by the proposition of sentences in Confucian classics and the composition of candidates. Although there is no fixed format of Confucian classics in Song Dynasty, it has laid the embryonic form of eight-part essay on behalf of saints. Jingyi later absorbed some elements of prose and Yuanqu after the Southern Song Dynasty, and was determined to be an independent eight-part style in the early Ming Dynasty. After Chenghua, it gradually formed strict procedures and evolved into a rigid bureaucracy. In the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), stereotyped writing was abolished. Although there are still four book meanings and five classics meanings in the rural examination and the general examination, the article format is not limited. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong wrote the book "Measures to Stop Imperial Examinations, Widen Studies and Properly Cultivate Studies", which was awarded, so the 700-year-old eight-part essay died. Since then, it has been regarded as lost, dirty and dismissive by the world. In fact, the eight-part essay has had a glorious page in history, and many works that are still charming have been handed down. Some critics even think: "In the Ming Dynasty, in 270, there were dozens of writers who were able to inherit Chu Sao, Han Tang poetry and Yuan Qu, including Hu Siquan, Jin-Hee Kim and Zhang Dali." (Jiao Xun's "Yu Yi Land Rover") It is true that the poetry of the Ming Dynasty is not enough to compete with different generations, and only the eight-part essay dominates. The prosperity of stereotyped writing in Ming Dynasty is not only the call of the times, but also the accumulation of culture. Li jinxi's Outline of the History of the Chinese Language Movement said: "Eight-part essay gradually flourished in the early Ming Dynasty, but it shined brilliantly in the literary world. Ancient prose, which used to be reasoning, can be integrated with parallel poetry and fu, into the beautiful language of poetry and attack the expression techniques of traditional Chinese opera. In fact, it is the most rare style. During the 300 years of the Ming Dynasty, famous writers of eight-part essay came forth in large numbers, such as Qian Fu, Gui Youguang, Jin Sheng, Zhang Shichun, Luo Wanzao and Chen. Yu Changcheng's "One Hundred and Twenty Masterpieces" said: "There are Wang Yan, Longmen (Sima Qian), Shaoling (Du Fu), calligrapher (Wang Xizhi) and immortal. "Qin Wang's works have a great influence on later generations, and all the literati in the Ming and Qing Dynasties take this as the standard, and almost every family has a copy. Wu wrote Fu Gongsun's daughter in Chapter 11 of The Scholars, "When I was eleven or twelve years old, I read books and read a manuscript of Wang". Girls are still like this, let alone scholars.
Edit the basis of this paragraph.
Eight-part essay is an eight-part essay sprouting under the specific historical conditions of China's language, writing and examination system.
Formed by germination, production and development. Due to the characteristics of language and writing, antithetical sentences in China's writing are naturally formed. In other words, to write a neat sentence, everyone should naturally pair up. Moreover, all antithesis is not only the antithesis of sounds and words, but also the antithesis of thinking logic. The article "Wen Xin Diao Long Li Ci" says: "Being the end is the first. Opposition is superior and correctness is not good. " Take the simplest example: such as "red flowers" and "green leaves", which are general tangible things, exist objectively, are visible and are very common. If it is written as "green manure" and "red and thin", it will be different. Not only interesting, but also fat and thin, both right and wrong. Of course, the antithetical sentence pattern of eight-part essay is completely different from that of four or six parallel essays and poems, and it is the most taboo to be contaminated with seals. The so-called "stereotyped writing" in stereotyped writing is four groups of special dual words, which is the product of special and complex dual thinking. The second historical factor of stereotyped writing is that from the Song Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination was abolished, and the main content of learning was the four books and five classics. Learn these and take the exam. Eight-part essay is the product of such educational foundation and learning content. The topics of the eight-part essay are all from the four books, The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, and the words used should imitate the tone of the sages, which is called "generation of sages' words". So, if there are no Five Classics and Four Books, how can there be eight-part essays? Third, the eight-part essay is produced because of the need of the exam. At that time, the exam was different from many subjects, such as Chinese and foreign languages, mathematics, physics, chemistry and so on. , but there is only one China script. Thousands of people write an article on the same topic without some strict mechanical requirements, so there are bound to be a large number of similar articles. You say this is good, I say that is good, and it is difficult to determine the selection criteria only by intuition. Because this is different from a lot of questions and answers, just memorizing knowledge. "Eight-part essay" is formed by long-term development to meet the requirements of this kind of examination. The difficulty of "eight-part essay" can be summarized in a few simple sentences, that is, "the meaning of the article is rooted in the topic, the strategy of dealing with things, reasoning, drawing materials and strict statutes." How to explain these words? That is, the meaning of the article cannot be played at will, and it must be written in the tone of the ancients according to the topic. Talking about things like countermeasures, that is, answering questions and reasoning like writing a paper. Quoting materials should be as profound as writing fu and as rigorous as writing regular poems. Although I have explained the main difficulties here in a more popular way, readers nowadays are generally too far away from this historical thing and have changed too much. I am afraid that after reading these explanations, I still can't get to the point and can't understand it. I will make some supplementary explanations later. First, we must have excellent basic skills. In other words, we should memorize the Four Books and Five Classics. Second, you have to go through a long period of writing practice, including complicated writing steps and step-by-step practice. After you can write a complete "eight-part essay", you can write a variety of topics and hundreds of writing exercises, and then you can learn to skillfully write an eight-part essay that meets various requirements under the constant revision of teachers and famous artists. Thirdly, under the restrictions of a certain number of words, a certain structure, a certain syntax, a certain number of sentences, and the strict opposition between the four groups, it is also necessary to innovate to write stereotyped writing that imitates the tone of the ancients. In addition to thousands of ready-made stereotyped writing, there are also scholars, jurors and scholars. Only at this level can you qualify for the exam, which is even more difficult.
Edit the source and history of this paragraph.
The form of stereotyped writing can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. The so-called "enclosed" is an eight-part essay.
Notes on a certain kind of scripture by dictation. Although the Tang Dynasty used poetry to recruit scholars, the reading of "Jing" has not been completely abolished since Wang Anshi and Bing Zheng in the Song Dynasty. Scholars have always taken "Jing Yi" as the test, and once students are in charge, they will use "Jing Yi" as the text in the test, which is different from the "Tiejing" in the Tang Dynasty. The "Tiejing" in the Tang Dynasty focuses on memorizing and annotating the original text, and summing up the answers in the test plays a role in understanding the scriptures. Jing Yi and Jing Yi were the topics of the examination in the Yuan Dynasty, and the range of questions was limited to four books: University, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. This is the earliest prototype of stereotyped writing. In the third year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang promulgated the imperial examination law, and the examination paper imitated the "Confucian classics" in the Song Dynasty. Later, this writing emphasized meter, and the meter form of eight-part essay was formed. Gu Rizhilu said: "The classic Confucian writing is called stereotyped writing, which began in the Chenghua period of Ming Xianzong (1465~ 1487). For example, in the article "He who enjoys the world must protect the world", the first three sentences are four shares of "Lotte", followed by four middle sentences. For example, in the article "Blame on Jun, Call it Gong", three sentences should be mentioned first, namely, four shares of "Blame on Jun", two indirect sentences, four shares of "Blame on Gong", two more sentences should be answered and a big knot should be made. Between every four strands, one is positive and one is negative, one is virtual and one is solid, and one is shallow and one is deep. If there are two pairs of titles and two pairs of words for two fans, then each fan has four kinds, and the second method is the same. According to legend, it is stereotyped writing. Long questions are not limited to this, but there are also two sentences and four sentences related to each other, and they are more than a dozen pairs, not just stereotyped writing. Broadly speaking, the eight-part essay is the system of righteousness, or the system of art, which is also called current essay, current essay, eight-part essay and four-book essay. " "Zuoyi" refers to "Jing Yi" written in a prescribed format. The word "creating art" has the same meaning as above, and "art" refers to the use of one of the six arts. "Six arts" refers to six subjects: ceremony, music, shooting, imperial art, calligraphy and mathematics. "Contemporary art" is one of the six great arts at that time. "Contemporary prose" is an article and style at that time, which is different from ancient prose and parallel prose. The meaning of "eight-part essay" is the same as that of "eight-part essay", which is an eight-paragraph parallel dual article. "Four Books" refers to all the topics in the four books, so it is called "Four Books". Level 3 exam: the government tries all students, commonly known as "scholars", and only takes four books and eight essays. After obtaining the provincial examination (that is, taking the provincial examination), I took the eight-part essay for the first time. Will try (in Beijing, including does Gong Yuan exam and palace exam) into the jinshi, the first also want to take an eight-part essay. In addition to the court examination, the three levels of government, province and capital, from the primary examination to the Jinshi examination, are mainly eight-part essays. Because the first eight-part essay was written, the examiner couldn't get it in the evaluation, so they all read the first essay and didn't enter the examiner's eyes. I don't read theories, judgments, cases and so on. Write it in the second and third place. Therefore, stereotyped writing is the only writing in the examination room. Whether you can be admitted depends on how well the students write the eight-part essay. So Shu Hede, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, wrote to the emperor and suggested abolishing the eight-part essay.