How did the "popular celestial group" come through time and space thousands of years ago? What are they singing? In Shaanxi History Museum, as one of the cultural relics forbidden to leave the country, the tri-color camel figurines of the Tang Dynasty attracted many tourists' attention.
1959, this tri-color camel figurine of Tang Dynasty was unearthed in a tomb of Tang Dynasty in Bao Zhong village in the western suburbs of Xi. It is shaped like a camel with its head held high, with seven musicians sitting in a circle on its back and a plump and elegant woman in the middle. Seven men are playing the flute, harp, pipa, sheng, flute, pipe and other musical instruments with great interest, and the woman's lips are light and sleeves are beautiful. ...
"Since Zhang Qian opened the Silk Road in the Western Regions, the exchanges between China and Central Asia, West Asia and Europe have been increasing. This' touring orchestra' thousands of years ago is likely to be performing the' new voice of the family' that was popular during Tang Kaiyuan Tianbao. " Jiang Tao, deputy director of the exhibition department of Shaanxi History Museum, said.
"This set of pottery figurines is divided into two parts. Camels and dancing pottery figurines are formed independently and then assembled. It is complex and rigorous, and it is a masterpiece of ancient pottery figurines in China. It is not only an important material evidence of the prosperity of culture, art and production technology in the Tang Dynasty, but also witnessed the exchange and integration of art on the Silk Road. "
Fuchun Shan Jutu, the pinnacle of China landscape painting.
There is a famous national treasure painting that lives on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. The first one is in Hangzhou, and the second one is in Taipei. This is the pinnacle of China's landscape painting Fuchun Shan Jutu.
Fuchun Shan Jutu was written by Huang Yu, a great painter in Yuan Dynasty, in 1350 (or later). In the late Ming Dynasty, it was acquired by Wu Zhiju, a collector in Yixing, and later inherited by his son Wu Hongyu. 1650, before Wu Hongyu died, people were ordered to burn the paintings and bury them. Although it was robbed, the first piece of it has been burned.
The re-mounted Fuchun Shan Jutu is divided into two parts, which are called Yushan Map and Useless Teacher Volume. The former was circulated among the people for a long time, and the latter entered the court during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.
"1938, Mr. Wu Hufan, a famous painter and appraiser, exchanged the bronzes collected at home for the only remaining mountain map. 1956, with the efforts of the famous calligrapher Mr. Sha Menghai and others, Wu Hufan sold it to the Zhejiang Provincial Museum. " Lu Jia, director of Bo Zhe Painting and Calligraphy Department, said. The remaining mountain map is named after a mountain, a water, a hill and a valley. The beautiful forest and lush vegetation are full of poetry of hermits wandering around nymphs and hills.
On 20 1 1 year, the remaining mountain maps went to Taiwan Province Province and were exhibited in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, which became a much-told story in cross-strait cultural exchanges.
Photo courtesy of Zhejiang Provincial Museum
The "water beast" is budding.
The treasure of the town hall of Chengdu Museum is a budding "water beast", which is the stone rhinoceros unearthed from Tianfu Square in the center of Chengdu on 20 13.
The stone rhinoceros is 3.3 meters long, 1.2 meters wide, 1.7 meters high and weighs about 8.5 tons. It is carved from a whole piece of red sandstone, plump, strong and lovely. It is one of the largest circular stone carvings unearthed in China at present.
Chengdu Plain is known as the "Land of Abundance", which was a place with serious floods before Qin and Han Dynasties. At the end of the Warring States period, Li Bing, commander-in-chief of Qin State, presided over the construction of Dujiangyan, "making Wushi rhinoceros water-repellent". Chengdu has become "drought follows people, and I don't know hunger." Archaeologists have judged that this stone rhinoceros is probably one made by Li Bing, so it is a veritable "still water beast" for thousands of years.
Since its discovery, the stone rhinoceros has been deeply loved by the public. The citizens have nicknamed it "Meng Niu Niu" and "Bao Bao" and praised it as "full of energy and positive energy".
Huang Xiaofeng, a researcher at Chengdu Museum, said that when the stone rhinoceros was first unearthed, its surface was covered with reinforced concrete, and it was weathered, powdered and flaky, which was worrying. After scientific treatment and protection, the public can see such a healthy and arrogant "god beast".
Photo courtesy of Chengdu Museum
Calligraphy works closest to the original work of "Book Sage"
Long live Tian Tongtie collected by Liaoning Provincial Museum is not the original work of Wang Xizhi, but it is called the calligraphy work closest to the original work of the "Book Sage". It has always been a royal treasure. It was taken out of the palace by Puyi and is now in the Liaoning Provincial Museum.
According to Dong Baohou, at that time, Wu Zetian hoped to get Wang Xizhi's calligraphy works and found Wang Fangqing, Wang Xizhi's descendant and prime minister. Wang Fangqing dedicated all Wang Xizhi's handed down works to Wu Zetian. Wu Zetian, who lived for two years, ordered the Hong Wen Pavilion in the Imperial Palace to copy these works.
Dong Baohou said that Wu Zetian must have found the best calligrapher and the best copy for the imperial palace to copy. The copying technology is the highest and the closest to the original.
Unfortunately, the original has never been handed down, and only the copied works have been preserved to this day.
Photo courtesy of Liaoning Provincial Museum
Wu Zetian's bronze inscription on eliminating crime
The golden bamboo slips of Wu Zetian, the treasure of the town hall of Henan Museum, are the only existing cultural relics belonging to Wu Zetian, and its discovery is also very dramatic.
1982 In May, Qu Xihuai, a farmer from Dengfeng City, Henan Province, found a golden rectangular object in the gap of Ji Junfeng in Songshan Mountain. A dealer of cultural relics offered a price as high as 6.5438+10,000 yuan, but he chose to give the "baby" to the country with a bonus of 654.38+ 0.500 yuan.
According to experts' appraisal, this is the golden bamboo slips of Wu Zetian to eliminate evil, and the purity of gold is over 96%. There are 63 words engraved on the front: "Wu Zhao, the Lord of the Great State, is a true immortal. I would like to visit the gate of Song Zhongyue, throw gold bars, and beg three officials and nine offices to get rid of Wu Zhao's sin ... "That is, Wu Zetian sent a Taoist priest to throw a note at the gods in order to eliminate sin and eliminate evil.
"Burying Jane Eyre and writing the emperor's heart was once an important part of ancient sacrifice and meditation activities. This is the' private words' of the emperor and the emperor, and it is also the' top secret' of the country. " Lin Xiaoping, director of the Social Education Department of Henan Museum, said that Wu Zetian's golden slips provided a material basis for understanding the history of the Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's life.
In 20 18, Wu Zetian's golden slips discovered that 36 years later, Qu Xihuai, who was seriously ill, wanted to take another look and finally got his wish. The story of an ordinary farmer and a national first-class cultural relic ended successfully.
Photo courtesy of Henan Museum
Lighting Long Letter Palace Lantern to See the Ancient People's Concept of Environmental Protection
Changxin Palace Lantern, now in Hebei Museum, has witnessed the environmental awareness of ancient people in China and is known as "Yi Deng of China".
Changxin Palace Lantern is named after the word "Changxin Palace" engraved on it. 1968 was unearthed in the tomb of Dou Wan, the wife of Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan scenery, Mancheng District, Baoding City, Hebei Province. It is made of bronze and covered with gold.
Fan Dewei, a research librarian of Hebei Museum, said that the shape of the lamp is the image of a maid-in-waiting kneeling on the ground and holding the lamp. The maid-in-waiting is elegant and graceful, holding a lamp plate in her left hand, and there is a wick in the center of the lamp plate. A short handle that can rotate back and forth is attached to the disc, and two arc-shaped plates on the lamp disc can also be pushed to open and close, which can not only shield the wind, but also adjust the brightness and irradiation direction of light.
"The beauty of Changxin Palace Lantern lies in its environmental protection concept." Fan Dewei said that most of the lamps in the Han Dynasty used animal fat as fuel, and the carbon particles and ashes produced by combustion were easy to cause pollution. Changxin Palace Lantern skillfully connects the sleeves of ladies-in-waiting with their bodies to form a flue. Light the lamp and candle, and the soot slowly enters the body along the sleeve of the maid-in-waiting, who is hollow. Such exquisite design can reduce indoor pollution.
Photo courtesy of Hebei Museum
The "Book of Bronze" 3000 years ago-Dakding
What secrets were recorded in the "bronze book" three thousand years ago? In the Shanghai Museum, the magnificent Dakeding is displayed in the "C position" of the exhibition hall of the ancient bronze museum, which attracts attention.
"Dakeding was cast in the Western Zhou Dynasty at the end of 10 BC, which has been 3000 years." Ma Jinhong, deputy director of the Bronze Research Department of Shanghai Museum, said.
During the Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty, Dakeding was unearthed in Famensiren Village, Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province. It is as high as 93. 1 cm and weighs 20 1.5 kg, which is an out-and-out "national heavyweight".
Ducktin's hoofs and feet and the beast's face are rough in lines and simple in artistic style. There is an inscription of 290 words by Zhong Dingwen on the inner wall of the tripod, which is a bronze "heavenly book".
"Dignified and beautiful, my grandfather has outstanding literary talent! Full and modest mind, indifferent and quiet thinking, pure and intelligent virtue ... "The producer of Dakeding is called" Ke ",and he is an official in charge of diet. This inscription not only remembers Ke's grandfather, but also records the scholar Ping's reward to Ke.
Ding, since ancient times, has been a symbol of the country's prosperity and everlasting mountains and rivers. After the founding of New China, the national treasure guardian-Pan Shiyi family donated it to the country and went to Tibet to visit Bo. After the robbery, Dakeding finally ushered in peace and prosperity.
Photo courtesy of Shanghai Museum
The "male fairy group" formed by "mystery" in Wei and Jin Dynasties
In Nanjing Museum, a 4.8-meter-long and 0.88-meter-high brick carving painting depicts the famous "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" in Wei and Jin Dynasties and eight hermits in the Spring and Autumn Period. They sit on the floor, or undress, or compose music and play the piano, or enjoy themselves, just like a "men's group".
During the period of 1960, archaeologists from Nanjing Museum and other units excavated a royal tomb of the Southern Dynasties at the northern foot of Gongshan Mountain in Xishan Bridge, Nanjing. Among them, the large-scale die-printed brick painting "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest and the Glorious Period" on the north and south walls of the tomb is of great value. Brick carvings are divided into two groups, each group consists of nearly 300 bricks. The south wall depicts Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Dan Tao and Wang Rong, while the north wall depicts Xiang Embroidery, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian and Rong Qi. Everyone has a name, and the characters are separated by pine trees, ginkgo biloba and weeping willows.
According to Zheng Jing, director of the social service department of Nanjing Museum, the making process of brick carving is like a "jigsaw puzzle". It is speculated that people in the Southern Dynasties first painted figures on silk books, then made them into molds in sections, stamped them on bricks, and then engraved numbers on the sides of bricks. After firing, they spliced the bricks in numbered order and embedded them in the tomb wall, forming this complete and grand mural.
Gong Liang, director of Nanjing Museum, said that the lines of the figures in this brick carving painting are smooth and elegant, expressing the feelings of the seven sages of the bamboo forest and days of our lives's lofty indifference, which is a rare treasure in the history of Chinese painting.
"Star Wandering Record" in Sleeping Hou's Tomb.
In 20 13, more than 3,000 exquisite chariots and horses were unearthed in a burial pit of a Han Dynasty cemetery in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, and one of the cultural relics was praised by Jiangxi Provincial Museum as "a star in the road". Later, people learned that this cemetery was the family cemetery of Liu He, the first generation of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, who reigned for only 27 days.
When Star Dang Lu was unearthed, the base was brittle and the pattern rust was difficult to distinguish. Yang Xiaolin, a researcher at the National Museum, and her team of cultural preservation and restoration took more than 20 days to make it shine again.
The restored Danglu decorative pattern composition contains rich cultural connotations. "There are four elements: dragon, white tiger, rosefinch and Xuanwu, as well as deer, feather man and scepter. We learned about the evolution of the four gods through the ornamentation, as well as the cosmic astronomical view and totem worship in the Han Dynasty. " Xu Changqing, secretary of the Party Committee of Jiangxi Provincial Museum, said that the desire for immortality was the prevailing view of life and death in Han Dynasty, and the decoration content entrusted the ancient people's view of life and death from death to regeneration to immortality.
Information pictures of Jiangxi Provincial Museum
The birds of the Jin Dynasty were reborn after respecting the "fragments"
In 2000, a 3,000-year-old statue of "God Bird" was unearthed in the tomb of the first monarch of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Jin State. When archaeologists found it, it was just a pile of "fragments", and the bronze ware was damaged by blasting and excavation.
In 200 1 year, the teachers and students of Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture began to restore the bird image. After repeated splicing, repair and rust removal, an amazing musical instrument reappeared in front of the world. It looks like a bird with a crested head, standing in the back, with round eyes and hooked eyebrows. Its wings are rolled up, and its tail is an elephant head with its nose rolled inward. Its body is decorated with feathers and Yun Leiwen, and its wings and feet are decorated with cirrus clouds. It has a cover on the back, and there are inscriptions inside the cover and inside the equipment. Unfortunately, its tail is incomplete.
In 2002, when Bird Zun went to Shanghai for an exhibition, the staff of Shanghai Museum repaired its tail. In recent years, researchers from Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Cultural Relics found the lost tail fragments of the bird statue among the broken copper pieces, which were returned to Shanxi Museum on 20 18 and restored by the Cultural Relics Protection Center of Shanxi Museum on 20 19.
"It is an important ritual vessel for ancestral temple sacrifice and a symbol and representative of Jin culture. After this repair, many years of regrets have been made up. " Zhang Huiguo, vice president of Shanxi Museum, said.
Photo courtesy of Shanxi Museum
Vision: Xiaohu Li