& lt 1 & gt； Liao Daozong
Emperor's name: Yelu Hongji. Nepali, also known as Zara.
Parents: Father Xing Zongye, Lv Zongzhen, and Mother Renyi Queen Xiao.
Temple Name: Emperor Daozong Rensheng Daxiaowen
Mausoleum: Yongfu mausoleum
In office:1055-110/year, counting 46 years.
During Liao's reign, political corruption and national power gradually declined. Daozong himself is idle, decadent and extravagant, and only knows how to travel in the mountains and hunt in the forest. At this time, the landlord wantonly annexed the land, and the people were miserable and complained. Daozong also reused Ye Yuan and other party members, regardless of state affairs, which led to the Luanhe River rebellion. He believed in Buddhism and overhauled the stupa during his administration. The decadent rule of Liao aroused the dissatisfaction of people of all ethnic groups, and the Jurchen nationality oppressed by Liao began to rise, and finally Liao Daozong became a grave digger. 11kloc-0/year, Daozong died at the age of 70. Twenty-five years after the death of Daozong, the once powerful Liao Dynasty perished.
& lt2> Liaoqing Cemetery
Geographical location:
Qingling Mausoleum is located about15km north of Sobliga Sumu Station in Bahrain Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, and about10km north of Liaoqingzhou City Site (daban town) in Bahrain Right Banner. Mausoleums are distributed in a narrow valley at the southern foot of an east-west mountain range in Daxinganling forest region. The mountain is like a barrier from east to west. On the southern slope of the foothills, there are three peaks, which are rugged and straight into the sky. The mountain was named Yong 'an Mountain in Liao Dynasty, and later renamed Qingyun Mountain, hence the name Qingling Mountain. Now it is also called Daheishan, and it is called Walinwula in Mongolian (meaning brick sand dune), and the locals call it "Wangfen ditch". Surrounded by mountains, lush vegetation, elegant environment and numerous wild animals, it is the hunting ground of Liao emperors.
Brief introduction of the tomb owner:
Lu Yelong Xu Ma (97 1- 103 1) was the sixth emperor of Liao. He was the longest-serving emperor in the Liao Dynasty.
Xiao Jinyang, the filial piety queen, is Liao Xingzong's biological mother. After Liao Xingzong was made a prince, he was named Princess Shunshengyuan. In the eleventh year of Taiping (103 1), in November, Shengzong was critically ill, Xingzong ascended the throne and was promoted as the empress dowager. After the funeral, he took charge of the state affairs and took various measures to eliminate dissidents. It was called "authoritarian power after the funeral" and worshiped Xi for two years (1034). After the funeral, he plotted to abolish Xing Zong and set up his youngest son, Lu Ye Chongyuan. After the defeat, he was imprisoned in Qingzhou (now the northwest of Liaoning Province), guarding the tomb of Saint Zong. Liao Daozong died in December of the third year of Qingning (1057). In May of the following year, posthumous title was honored as the mourning queen. Buried in Qingling.
Brother Filial Piety Bodhisattva (986-1036), the daughter of Empress Rende and the younger brother of Empress Ruizhi. At the age of twelve, she was elected to the harem because of her beauty and talent. In 19 years, he reached the age of 16 and was named Monkey King. He has been driving with Luan for more than 20 years and won the favor of Shengzong. Empress Rende gave birth to two princes, both of whom died young. In the fifth year of Kaitai, the imperial secretary gave birth to Liao Xingzong, and Empress Rende came to adopt him. In the tenth year of Taiping (103 1), in June, Emperor Shengzong of Liao was critically ill, and he was appointed as the empress dowager and Jin as the imperial concubine to inherit the throne. At this time, Xiao Jin got carried away and became the empress dowager. After I came to power, I rejected dissidents and framed Queen Rende for participating in the rebellion. Xingzong sent someone to assassinate her when he was driving and hunting in the spring. Empress Rende died at the age of 50 and was posthumously named Queen Rende. The mourning queen * * * was buried in Qingling.
Yelv Zongzhen (10 16- 1055), a famous Khitan Liao Xingzong, was the seventh emperor of Liao, the eldest son of a saint and his mother was a maid-in-waiting.
Yingxian, Shanxi, the eldest daughter of Xiao and his eldest son, Xiao Tari, the queen of benevolence and righteousness. Her late aunt was the queen of Yeluboji. Queen Renyi is generous and beautiful. Liao Xingzong entered the palace as soon as he acceded to the throne and gave birth to Liao Daozong. In the fourth year of Chongxi (1March 035), Liao Xingzong made him the queen. In the twenty-third year, the title was "Sincerity, Kindness, and Wen Huixiao's wide love for the sacred queen". After the same clan acceded to the throne, he was honored as the empress dowager in September of 1055. In the second year of Qingning, he was honored as "Ci Yi people and Empress Dowager Wen Huixiao loved Zongtian extensively". Dakang collapsed in the summer and June of the following year (1076 March), and was honored as the queen of benevolence and righteousness in June. Wu Zixu, Korea, Xixia and other countries sent envoys to pay tribute. Wu Jia was buried in Qingling.
Lu Ye Hongji (1032-1101) was the eighth emperor of Liao.
Xiao Guanyin, Queen of Xuanyi (1040 ~ 1075), was a female writer in Liao Dynasty. She is brilliant, charming, introverted and delicate, very talented, proficient in poetry and calligraphy, and extraordinary in temperament. She played the pipa very well and was called the first at that time. He is the author of poems such as "Hu Fu Lin Ying Zhi" and "Comrade Jun Chen Hua Yi Tong Feng Ying Zhi". She was praised as a talented woman in middle school by Daozong. Chongxi (1032—1055) was accepted as a princess and gave birth to Prince Yelujun. 1055 65438+ Queen in February. Later, because he advised Akiyama not to be taken seriously, he wrote Hui with the word 10 to express his bitterness and disappointment. In the early years of Taikang (1075165438+1October), he was framed by Yeluyixin and others, executed by Daozong, and his body returned to China. 1 10 1 June, buried in Qingling.
Mausoleum layout:
Yongqing Mausoleum of Emperor Shengzong of Liao Dynasty:
The Yongqing Mausoleum of Emperor Shengzong of Liao Dynasty is located halfway up the valley, which is three and a half kilometers long. At present, the inner surface of the Mausoleum still has relics such as the Temple of Appreciation, the Sacrificial Hall, the Taoist Temple and the Mausoleum Gate, which are the best preserved among the Three Mausoleums. There is a Shinto leading to the cemetery under Qingyun Mountain, and there is a mausoleum gate at the foot of the mountain. From the Mausoleum Gate to the Mausoleum, there is a Shinto with a length of 1 300m and a width of 3 m.. On both sides of Shinto, there are architectural sites such as Xiandian and Yurong Hall. Yongqing Mausoleum is a seven-room brick tomb with imitation wood structure. The total length of the tomb is 2 1.2m, the widest is 15.5m, and the highest is about 6.5m. It is divided into three main rooms: front room, east room, middle room and back room. The front room is rectangular with a ticket roof, while the other rooms are round with a dome, and the rooms are connected by a tunnel with a ticket roof. The mausoleum is made of three layers of big blue bricks, plastered with white ash, with a slightly sloping ground to the south, tiled and polished square bricks, and a drainage system under it. In the main room, there is a huge room made of cypress, and there is a passage between rooms, and there is a cypress door. The gatehouse is made of carved bricks, with undulating tile surface, high kiss and full body painting. The objects unearthed in the tomb are very fragmentary. When the Japanese excavated Dongling, they unearthed square, purlin, bucket and other components, which were valuable, but the original structure was unknown.
There are four huge landscape paintings in the middle room of Yongqing Mausoleum, fresh and elegant, with superb painting skills. They depict the scenery of the hinterland of Liaoning in spring, summer, autumn and winter, with rigorous composition and vivid images of birds and animals. They should depict the scenery of the four seasons of the Khitan royal family and show the practice of the Liao emperors (setting up a "bank account" for hunting abroad is called "Sipo", and catching swans with a sea eagle is one kind. Make this underground palace more magnificent.
Liao Xingzong Yongxing Mausoleum:
Yongxing Mausoleum, namely Zhong Ling Mausoleum, is located more than 600 meters west of Yongqing Mausoleum. The topography and architecture of the mausoleum are the same as that of Dongling, and there are existing sites such as Shinto, Mausoleum Gate, Sacrificial Hall and Dining Hall. The tomb is bigger than Dongling, with seven tombs, but all of them have collapsed. There are three main rooms and four side rooms in the front, middle and back, the back room is the main room, and the cross-shaped tunnel is in front of the tomb. The mausoleum has collapsed, only to see that the plane of each room is octagonal, and there are memorial books of Xing Zong and Ren Ren unearthed. There are 1 stone carvings in the southwest of Xiangling Hall, a classic building in Tanoni.
Liao Daozong Yongfu Mausoleum:
Yongfu Mausoleum, or Xiling Mausoleum, is located about 1400 meters west of Yongxing Mausoleum. The cemetery building is the same as Dongling. The existing temples with Shinto, Mausoleum Gate and Sacrificial Place, the mausoleum is similar to Zhong Ling, and it is also a seven-room tomb. There is a cross-shaped passage in front of the tomb, and the plane of each room is octagonal, which is bigger than Zhong Ling, but it has not escaped the fate of being stolen, and all the tombs collapsed. There are murals in the tomb. The unearthed memorial books include Gangzong, Emperor Xuanyi, Qi and Chinese.
The value of Liao Qing cemetery;
Liaoqing Mausoleum was built in the high stage of political, economic, cultural and military development in the heyday of Liao Dynasty. The cemetery is large in scale, luxurious in architecture and rich in funerary objects. There are a lot of paintings on the tomb wall, especially the Dongling mural. There are Qidan figures, architectural decorative patterns of Qidan, and four-season landscape paintings that Qidan people like, which show the scenery in the north and are closely related to the life and feelings of Qidan people. The well-preserved memorial books of the emperor and empress were engraved in the Khitan language and Chinese respectively, which provided valuable information for the study of the Khitan characters. The tombs in Liao Dynasty are one of the important parts of ancient architecture and the essence of ancient tomb architecture. Qingling is of great value to the study of tombs and ancient buildings in Liao Dynasty. Yue, a famous scholar in Taiwan Province, said, "The Liao and Qing cemeteries are beautiful and the cultural remains are basically complete, so it is completely possible to restore a museum of the royal cemetery in Liao Dynasty".
After many vicissitudes:
It has been built for more than 900 years, and it has been repaired, built and expanded after many forest fires. Because Qingling architecture has been in the most prosperous period of Liao Dynasty, there are many funerary objects in tombs, and the temptation of treasure also makes it in trouble. In the ninth year of Tianqing (1 1 19), the Jin people invaded Beijing and all the treasures of Qingling were dug up. Since then, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties have stopped maintaining and protecting them. From the beginning of the 20th century to the 1940s, the Qing Mausoleum was excavated many times: 19 14, 1922, Governor linxi county and French priest Min Xuanhua successively excavated Zhong Ling Mausoleum; 2 1, 65438,0922 June, Belgian priest Kelvin hired someone to rob one of the three mausoleums of Qingling, and for the first time, four volumes of memorial tablets engraved with the fine print of Khitan were unearthed, and then the original stone was lost. 1930, the warlord Tang Yulin robbed all the graves. According to the old Linxi County Records, in the summer of 19 years of the Republic of China, a man named Guo in Jehol Province sent more than 100 civilian workers to dig in other places and found 14 funeral books. According to witnesses, the walls made of cedar in the tomb were painted with colored paint. The corpse bed and altar are made of white jade, engraved with patterns and words. There are also rare things like jade cards, which are stolen. During the Japanese occupation period of 1939, Japanese Tamura actually took photos, copied the murals of Dongling, and stole a number of precious cultural relics. After years of excavation, Qingling is in ruins, and all the cultural relics buried with it are basically lost. The tombs of Xiling and Zhong Ming collapsed, and the water in each tomb was very serious. After 1949, the China government conducted a rescue excavation of Qingling, but only found a few wooden figures and dogs; 199 1, Qingling Dongling was robbed again; Many buried tombs have also been visited by grave robbers ... The funeral books unearthed in the tombs were also tossed and turned in the war, and they were completely preserved after many twists and turns.
An important cultural relic-a memorial book for Qingling Mausoleum;
Most of the cultural relics unearthed in Qingling have been lost, leaving only some stone carvings. The funeral book15m2 unearthed from the Qingling Mausoleum is made of stone. The forms of funeral books are inverted bucket and inverted bucket. * * * is divided into two parts: book cover and book stone, which is in the shape of an epitaph. Among them, the book cover has 8 stones and the book cover has 7 stones. The cover and book are made of white marble, square, with a side length of 130cm and a thickness of about 30 cm. Among them, there are three volumes in Chinese: Aizong, Empress Rende, Empress Qin Ai, Empress Daozong and Empress Xuanyi, among which the volume of Aizong only has the seal cover. 1922, the small-print funeral scrolls of Xingzong and Renyi Qidan were copied from Zhong Ling, and the original stone was lost.
Funeral Book is engraved with two languages, namely, Khitan and Chinese, each with nearly 2,000 words, four of which are in Khitan, which has been recognized as the long-lost national language of Khitan and is of great value to the study of fine print of Khitan. The monument is magnificent, the carver is graceful and graceful, neat and subtle, and it can be called a fine calligraphy in Liao Dynasty. On the side of the book cover and stone, there are exquisite and vivid patterns carved by lines. The four corners of the book cover are carved with Ssangyong or Peony. Dignified and elegant heads and bodies are carved around, and the whole funeral book is rich and colorful. The mourning books of the three parties in Yongqing Mausoleum also filled the gaps in the historical records of the saints and two queens in Liao Dynasty. These books and titles mourning the fine print of the Khitan are the earliest materials found in the fine print of the Khitan, which confirmed the existence of the Khitan language for the first time and provided valuable material for studying the history and culture of the Liao Dynasty and carrying out the study of the Khitan characters. It has high academic value and is a rare treasure. Among them, Mourning for the Empress Daozong Xuanyi (in Chinese and Qidan) is a national first-class cultural relic.
Protection level:
1998 1, Qingling was designated as the third batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the State Council.
Evaluation: Since the mausoleum itself belongs to the national key cultural relics protection unit, if you really have one of them & gt If so, it is worth at least 10,000 yuan.