I) History
Confucius was a great thinker, politician, educator and outstanding world cultural giant in ancient China. Confucianism, which was founded by him and centered on benevolent governance and rule by virtue, was regarded as the orthodox ideology of feudal society by China, Korea, Japan, Viet Nam and other Asian countries, and was honored as "the most holy teacher" and "a model for future generations". /kloc-in the 0/9th century, Confucius thought was introduced into Europe, which also had a great influence on the Enlightenment in Europe. In order to express admiration and respect for Confucianism, a large-scale Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House were built in Qufu, my hometown. Located in the center of Qufu, it is a group of magnificent ancient buildings with oriental architectural colors and styles gradually developed on the basis of Confucius' former residence.
In the second year after Confucius' death (478 BC), his former residence was converted into a temple, and the clothes, crowns, pianos, cars and books used by Chen Fang were sacrificed on time. In the Han Dynasty, offering sacrifices to Confucius was included in the national sacrificial ceremony, and the Confucius Temple was maintained by the state. After many expansions, the Tang Dynasty has begun to take shape, including a main hall, two halls, a sleeping hall and other buildings. In the fifth year of Song Tianxi (102 1), it was expanded into a three-way layout with four courtyards and a hall of 3 16. Jin Mingchang was rebuilt in five years (1 194), and the number of spring houses in the hall increased to more than 400. In the Ming dynasty, it was expanded by Yongle, Chenghua and Hongzhi, which laid the existing scale.
Kong Lin is the family cemetery of Confucius and his descendants. It is located on the south bank of Weihe River, one kilometer north of Qufu, and is connected with the city gate through Shinto. Kong Yu's tomb is located in the middle of Konglin, and its wall is axe-shaped. In the Han dynasty, temples were set up and holy doors were built; In the Song Dynasty, a stone musical instrument was carved. In the Yuan Dynasty, monuments were erected, walls were built and heavy doors were built; In the Ming Dynasty, the tomb gate of Xiangdian was rebuilt, and Zhushuiqiao Square and Changchun Square were added. Since the Han dynasty, the cemetery of Confucius has been protected by the state, and its scale has been expanding. It expanded to 65,438+0,200,000 square meters in the Ming Dynasty, and 2,000,000 square meters in the 23rd year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (65,438+0,684), and an 8-kilometer fence was built.
Confucius House is the official office of Confucius' eldest grandson, located in the east of Confucius Temple. While respecting Confucius, successive dynasties benefited their children and grandchildren and gave their grandsons official titles many times. In BC 195, the ninth generation of Sun Kongteng was named the god of Confucius, which was followed by later generations. In the second year of the Song Dynasty (1055), the forty-sixth generation Sun was renamed Duke, which lasted until the seventy-seventh generation, becoming the oldest aristocratic family in China (see Table 6). Confucius' eldest grandson has been living in the temple. In the tenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1377), in the sixteenth year of Hongzhi (1503), an independent banquet duke's mansion was established and expanded. Three-way layout, nine yards, * * * has more than 560 buildings, covering an area of more than 70,000 square meters.
Although Confucius died more than 2400 years ago, his thoughts are still playing a role in China and even the world. Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House are the achievements of respecting Confucius for more than 2400 years. They have extremely rich historical connotations and are an important part of human cultural heritage, attracting more and more politicians, thinkers, sociologists and people from all walks of life from all over the world to visit and pay their respects.
(2) Overall situation
Qufu Confucius Temple was originally dedicated to Confucius. It is the first and model of more than 2,000 Confucius temples in China, South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Singapore, the United States and other countries. It was founded in 478 BC and has never given up offering sacrifices for more than 2,400 years. It is the longest-used temple in China and one of the most famous ancient buildings in China. Kong Lin has been used for more than 2,400 years and is the longest clan cemetery in China and even in the world. Confucius' first grandson had a hereditary title of nobility, which lasted for more than 265,438+000 years. He is the oldest aristocratic family in China, and his mansion, Confucius House, is the largest, best preserved and most representative building complex in China. The historical, scientific and artistic values of Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House are all reflected in their preserved cultural relics. More than 300, 65,438+0,300 ancient buildings of Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, reflecting the architectural laws and characteristics of each period. More than 65,438+0,000 Han Dynasty stone reliefs, Confucius' sacred figures, stone tools and dragon columns reflect the changes and development of stone carving art; More than 5,000 inscriptions in the Western Han Dynasty are not only treasures of Chinese calligraphy art, but also precious materials for studying ancient Chinese politics, ideology, economy, culture and art. More than 65,438+10,000 ancient tombs are important objects for studying the tomb system, and17,000 ancient and famous trees are living cultural relics for studying ancient phenology, meteorology and ecology. Among the 654.38+10,000 cultural relics in the collection, Yuan and Ming costumes, portraits of Confucius, portraits of the Duke and Duchess of Feast and ritual vessels are the most famous. Among them, the costumes of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties are rare similar cultural relics handed down from generation to generation in China, which is of great value to the study of ancient costumes and textile art. There are 300,000 files of Confucian documents in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which are rich private files in China and important materials for studying the history of Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially the economic history.
Confucius Temple, Confucius Forest and Confucius House are not only the symbols and symbols of advocating Confucianism in ancient China, but also the important objects of studying the history, culture and art of China.
The overall design of Confucius Temple is very successful. Shinto is on the front, and cypress trees are planted on both sides to create a solemn atmosphere and cultivate the reverence of temple worshippers; The main body of the temple runs through a central axis, the left side is symmetrical and the layout is rigorous. Nine yards before and after, the first three yards are collar yards, and there are only a few smaller doorways. Rows of pines and cypresses grow in the courtyard, creating a refreshing and clear-headed environment, while towering pines and cypresses create a deep tunnel, which not only makes people feel the long history of Confucius Temple, but also sets off Confucius' profound philosophy ideologically. The high plaque at the entrance of the building strongly praises Confucius' achievements, giving people a strong impression and admiration. After entering the Fourth Hospital, the building is magnificent, with yellow tiles, red walls and green trees, which complement each other, showing the profoundness of Confucius' thought and the great achievements of Confucius. The length of people who worship Confucian sages in the East and the West is 166 meters respectively, which also shows the long history of Confucianism.
There are more than * * * buildings 100, with more than 460 rooms, and the ancient building area is about 16000 square meters. The main buildings are the Monument Pavilion of Jinyuan in Ming Dynasty, Kuiwen Pavilion, Xingtan, Defeng Tiandi Square, Dacheng Hall rebuilt in Qing Dynasty, Bedroom Hall, etc. There are many Song-style characteristics in the practice of Jingu Damu, such as sparse barrels, long melon seeds, slow arch of coffins, jumping off two of the six shops, and the appearance of the stigma shop is the same as that of the repair shop. There are cloisters around the main hall, which is a common closed temple in Song and Jin Dynasties and a rare example. Dacheng Hall, Sleeping Hall, Kuiwen Temple, Xingtan, Dachengmen and other buildings adopt wood-stone mixed structure, which is also a relatively rare form. The layout and details of the bucket are flexible. According to needs, the number, density and length of each leveling department are different. Even in order to make up for the visual vacancy, the compartment, Wandan and Gua are lengthened, so that the lengths of two adjacent barrels in the same building are different and the same.
Confucius Temple has preserved the inscriptions 1044 since the Han Dynasty. There are records of feudal emperors paying homage, closing Zen, offering sacrifices to Confucius and building Confucius Temple, as well as poems and inscriptions of emperors, generals and literati visiting Confucius Temple. The characters are Chinese, Mongolian, Basiba and Manchu, and the calligraphy style is a real cursive seal, which studies feudal society and politics. Precious economic, cultural and artistic historical materials, including more than 20 Han Dynasty inscriptions and Chinese characters, are the places where the largest number of Han Dynasty inscriptions are preserved in China. Monument to Ceremony, Monument to the Book of Rites, Monument to Confucius and Shi Chenbei are Han Li's representative works, while Monument to Zhang Menglong and Monument to Jia Shijun are Wei Ti's models. In addition, there are calligraphy works by Sun Normal University, Mi Fei, Dang, Zhang Qiyan, Li Dongyang, Dong Qichang, Weng Fanggang, inscriptions by Yuan Haowen and Guo, and 584 calligraphy posts of Yu Honglou, a large calligraphy collection of Kong. The inscription on the Confucius Temple is a treasure house of ancient calligraphy art in China.
The famous stone carvings in Confucius Temple include Han Dynasty stone reliefs, Ming and Qing stone pillars, and carved sacred pictures in Ming Dynasty. There are more than 90 stone reliefs in the Han Dynasty with a wide range of subjects, which are not only the records of people's social life, but also the reflection of historical stories, myths and legends. There are various carving techniques, such as line carving and relief, and line carving includes reduction, carving, plain and line; Relief is deep and shallow, smooth and rough. The style is rigorous and fine, or bold and unconstrained, with smooth lines and beautiful shapes. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were 74 stone pillars carved in pounds, including 56 flat reliefs and 18 high reliefs. Grinding and engraving are mostly small Yunlong and phoenix peony. In the seventh year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, flowers such as peony, pomegranate and lotus were engraved in Chongsheng Temple, which were relics of Hongzhi in the seventeenth year of Ming Dynasty. Exquisite stone carving is a relief dragon column; There are ten columns on the front eaves of Dacheng, each of which is six meters high and the highest. The two pillars of Chongsheng Temple are vigorous and lively, with the highest level. In addition, the characteristics of Yunlong stone in shallow relief in Shengshimen, Dachengmen and Dachengdian also have high artistic value. Since the 20th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1592), sacred monuments have been added in the Confucius Temple based on wood carvings of Song and Jin Dynasties. It was painted by Mao Fengyi, a Confucian scholar in Qufu, and by Yang Zhi in Yangzhou. There are * * * 120 stone carvings in Suzhou, which vividly reflect the life of Confucius. It is one of the early large-scale comic books in China, with high historical and artistic value. For more than two thousand years, the Confucius Temple in Qufu has been continuously destroyed and repaired, and it has never been abandoned. Under the protection of the state, it developed from Confucius' private residence into a huge building complex similar in scale and shape to the palace. It has been delayed for a long time and the records are rich, which can be said to be an isolated case in the history of human architecture.