In p>19, Wang Yuanlu, a Taoist living in the Mogao Grottoes, carried out a large-scale cleaning in order to transform some long-abandoned caves into Taoist temples. On June 22nd, when he was clearing silt from Cave 16 (now numbered), he came across a small door on the north side of the tunnel wall. After opening it, a square cave room (now numbered Cave 17) appeared, which contained more than 5, pieces of documents, paper paintings, silk paintings, embroidery and other cultural relics from the 4th century to the 11th century (that is, from the Sixteen Kingdoms to the Northern Song Dynasty).
The inner wall of the Tibetan Sutra Cave is painted with images of bodhi trees, monks and nuns, among which there is a low altar in the form of a Zen bed, on which a monk Hong? There is another stone tablet, which seems unfinished. Judging from the documents unearthed in the cave, the latest one was written in the Northern Song Dynasty, and there are no Xixia characters. Therefore, it can be inferred that the Tibetan Sutra Cave was closed by monks in the Mogao Grottoes in the 11th century, when they were preparing to flee from the Xixia army.
The Buddhist scriptures in the Mogao Grottoes is a very important discovery in the archaeological history of China. Most of the unearthed documents are written, and a few are engraved. About five-sixths of them are written in Chinese, while others are in ancient Tibetan, Sanskrit, Qiluwen, Sogdian, Hehe, Qiuci and so on. The contents of the documents are mainly Buddhist scriptures, in addition to Taoist scriptures, Confucian classics, novels, poems, historical records, cadastres, account books, calendars, deeds, letters, scripts, etc., many of which are unique and unique. These are of great historical data and scientific value to the study of the history of China and Central Asia, and thus form a discipline-Dunhuang studies, which focuses on the study of Tibetan scriptures and the art of Dunhuang grottoes.
After the discovery of the Sutra Cave, Taoist Wang did his best and did everything he should do. First of all, I walked 5 miles on foot and rushed to the county seat to find Yan Ze, the magistrate of Dunhuang County, and presented two volumes of scriptures taken from the Tibetan Sutra Cave. Taoist Wang's purpose is very clear, that is, to attract the attention of this official. It's a pity that this magistrate named Yan is ignorant and just regards these two volumes of scriptures as two yellow waste papers.
In p>192, a new magistrate Zonghan Wang came to Dunhuang. Wang Zhi-xian is a grave-digger and has a good knowledge of epigraphy. Taoist Wang reported the situation of the Tibetan Sutra Cave to Wang Magistrate. Wang Zhi-xian immediately took a group of people to visit the Mogao Grottoes, and conveniently picked up several volumes of scriptures to take away. Leave a word for Taoist Wang to keep it on the spot and watch the Tibetan Sutra Cave.
Wang Yuanlu is still unwilling after two unsuccessful attempts to find the magistrate of a county. So, he picked out two boxes of scriptures from the Tibetan Sutra Cave and hurried to Suzhou (Jiuquan) with the donkey. He slept in the wind, single-handedly, risked the wolf to eat and rob, traveled more than 8 miles before reaching his destination, and found the pavilion building at that time. The Lord Tingdong browsed it and finally came to the conclusion that the words on the scrolls were not as good as his calligraphy, so that's it.
A few years later, Ye Changchi, a epigraphist who was studying politics in Gansu, learned about the Tibetan Sutra Cave, and was very interested in it. He asked for some antiquities through Wang County. Unfortunately, he did not make up his mind to take effective protection measures for the Tibetan Sutra Cave. It was not until 194 that the provincial government ordered the Dunhuang checkpoint scrolls to be preserved on the spot. This decision, like Wang Zhi-xian's original statement, is to shirk the responsibility. Unable to think about it, Wang Yuanlu dared to write a secret message to Galeries Lafayette in the Qing Dynasty. However, when the Qing Dynasty was in turmoil, officials who lived in the Qing palace could not hope to care about such "small things". Wang Yuanlu's hopes are like mud cows entering the sea, and there is no news.
In p>197, when Stein arrived, he captured Taoist Wang through the exchange of religious spirit. Stein said: "The Taoist worships Xuanzang, and the paintings on the newly-built veranda opposite the cave temple have obvious evidence. The paintings are all ridiculous legends ... I told Taoist Wang about my worship of Xuanzang in my limited Chinese and how I followed his footsteps across the mountains and deserts from India, so that he was obviously moved by me."
At that time, Taoist Wang sold the scriptures to Sri Lanka for three reasons: First, for seven years, he repeatedly turned to the authorities for attention, and reported them step by step, but no one asked, which made him disheartened. Second, in order to fulfill his ambition, he cleaned the caves, built three floors and erected wooden bridges. Third, Tang Xuanzang communicated their thoughts, and Stein's spirit of pursuing career moved him. Therefore, although his thoughts are extremely contradictory, he is extremely reluctant for foreigners to take these cultural relics away, but in the helpless situation, he has to give way.
When Stein publicized Dunhuang cultural relics all over the world, the officials of the current dynasty realized its important value, but instead of considering how to protect it, they tried to steal it for themselves. Therefore, theft became a common practice for a time, and Dunhuang papers were seriously lost, which was the biggest disaster since Dunhuang papers were discovered. Later, even Zhang Daqian, who was obsessed with murals, joined the ranks of destruction. In 191, the Qing government made a decision to transport all the remaining Dunhuang papers to Beijing for preservation. On the way of transportation, almost every place was stolen.
The loss of a large number of scriptures once made Wang Yuanlu feel very sad, because he discovered the cave of scriptures, and there has never been a large number of loss for no reason during his custody for many years. The official was so plundered and greedy that he felt great indignation. Therefore, when Stein visited the Mogao Grottoes for the second time in 1914, Wang Yuanlu made a thought-provoking remark to him, as described in Stein's Archaeology of the Western Regions: "Speaking of the damage caused by the government's handling of his favorite Chinese papers, he expressed regret that he didn't have the courage and courage at that time. He listened to Master Jiang's words, received a large sum of money from me and gave me all the books. After being harassed by the government, he was so scared that he hid his Chinese notebook, which he regarded as particularly valuable, in another safe place. "
Lv Zhengcao [6](195.1.4—29.1.13[5]), Lv Zhengcao was awarded the rank of general in 1955. He was an outstanding party member of China Producer Party, a tried and tested loyal proletarian fighter, proletarian revolutionary, strategist and founding general, and an outstanding leader in China's railway transportation front. The word must be, Haicheng, Liaoning Province, former member of the Central Advisory Committee, general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, the second Minister of Railways of New China, vice chairman of the Sixth National Committee of the China People's Political Consultative Conference, former member of the Central Military Commission, and former political commissar of the China People's Liberation Army; [1] General Lv Zhengcao was the last founding general to die.
Lv Zhengcao was born in January 195 in a poor peasant family in Houcun, Tangwangshan, Haicheng County, Liaoning Province. His ancestors were from Qinghe County, Hebei Province. In 1922, he joined the Northeast Army Guard Brigade of Zhang Xueliang. Because he was smart and able to read and write, he was selected by Zhang Xueliang and admitted to the Northeast Jiangwu Hall for further study. In December 1925, Zhang Xueliang established the headquarters of the Third and Fourth Army Corps in Jinzhou, and Lv Zhengcao was called by Zhang Xueliang to serve as the adjutant of the major.
since p>1929, he has been the chief of staff of the 116th Division of Northeast Army. From 1932 to 1936, he served as the head of the 647 regiment of the 116 th Division of the 53 rd Army of the Northeast Army. In 1936, he served as the head of the anti-Japanese and national salvation vanguard of armed comrades in Northeast China. In January 1937, he served as the head of the 691st regiment of the Northeast Army. In May 1937, he joined the China * * * Production Party.
after the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he led his troops to Jizhong according to the instructions of the working Committee of the 53rd Army of the CPC Central Committee, and was reorganized into the People's Guard of Jizhong as the commander. From May 1938 to the autumn of 1943, he served as commander of Jizhong Military Region and commander of the third column of the Eighth Route Army. During this period, he served as a member of the Party Committee of Jizhong District, a member of the Jizhong Military and Political Committee, a director of the Jizhong Administrative Office, and a deputy commander of the Jizhong District General Command. From November 1943 to August 1945, he served as commander of the Jinsui Military Region, and was a member and member of the Standing Committee of the Jinsui Branch of the Central Committee.
during the liberation war, he served as a member of the Northeast Bureau of the Central Committee from October 1945 to May 1949. Since October 1945, he has served as the first deputy commander of the Northeast People's Autonomous Army and the president of the Northeast Military and Political School. Since December, he has served as the Standing Committee of the Central Ximan Branch and the Commander of the Ximan (Liaore) Military Region. From January 1946 to December 1947, he served as deputy commander-in-chief of the Northeast Democratic Allied Forces. From January to August 1948, he served as the deputy commander of the Northeast Military Region and the Northeast Field Army. From August 1948 to May 1949, he served as deputy commander of the Northeast Military Region. He used to be Minister of Railways of Northeast People's Government and Director of Northeast Railway Administration.
The portrait of Comrade Lv Zhengcao served as the deputy director of the Ministry of Railways of the Central Military Commission from January to October 1949, during which he served as the deputy commander of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Railway Corps from May 1949. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, he served as deputy minister of the Ministry of Railways from October 1949 to January 1965, and minister of the Ministry of Railways from January 1965 to the early days of the "Cultural Revolution"; From November 1949 to March 1961, he served as deputy secretary of the party group of the Ministry of Railways, and from March 1961 to the early days of the "Cultural Revolution", he served as deputy secretary and secretary of the Party Committee of the Ministry of Railways. In the meantime: since November 1954, he served as the Minister of Military Communications of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army. In December 1954 and April 1959, he was elected as the Standing Committee of the Second and Third National Committees of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and was awarded the rank of General on September 27, 1955. Won the first-class medal of independence and freedom and the first-class medal of liberation. Since 1958, he has served as Acting Minister of the Ministry of Railways and Minister of Military Communications of the General Staff of the People's Liberation Army. Since 1962, he has served as Acting Minister of the Ministry of Railways and Deputy Commander of the Southwest Railway Construction Headquarters, Commander and Political Commissar of the Site Command. Since November 1964, he has served as Acting Minister of the Ministry of Railways and First Political Commissar and Party Secretary of the Railway Corps (since December 1964). Since January 1965, he has served as Minister of the Ministry of Railways and First Political Commissar and Party Committee of the Railway Corps.
persecuted during the "cultural revolution", on July 12th, 1967, Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Group imprisoned Lv Zhengcao for seven years on charges of "counter-revolutionary revisionist", and his wife William Liu was also imprisoned. In the early autumn of 1973, William Liu, who regained his freedom, wrote to Mao Zedong to avenge her husband. In July 1974, he was released from prison under the personal questioning of President Mao Zedong. In January 1975, he was elected as the fourth member of the the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC). From August 1975 to December 1977, he served as political commissar of the Railway Corps and the second secretary of the Party Committee of the Railway Corps. From August 1977 to September 1982, he served as a member of the Central Military Commission. From December 1977 to January 1983, he served as the first political commissar of the Railway Corps and the first secretary of the Party Committee of the Railway Corps. In January 198, the Party Group of the Ministry of Railways issued the Decision on Rehabilitation of Comrade Lv Zhengcao, which officially rehabilitated him and restored his reputation.
In June p>1983, he was elected as the vice chairman of the Sixth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Member of the first, second and third national defense committees; In July, 1988, he was awarded the first-class Red Star Meritorious Medal of China People's Liberation Army.
Lv Zhengcao is an alternate member of the 7th Central Committee, a member of the 8th and 11th Central Committees, a member of the Central Military Commission at the 1st Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee, and a member of the Central Advisory Committee at the 12th Central Committee. Later, he became the president of China Tennis Association.
He is the author of Memoirs of Lv Zhengcao, Memoirs of Jizhong, General Lv Zhengcao's Self-report, Xi 'an Incident and Comrade Zhou Enlai (co-authored with Luo Ruiqing and Wang Bingnan).
CANUTE, the creative leader of China People's Liberation Army Fu, once wrote an inscription for General Lv Zhengcao: aboveboard, honest and upright.