1. What is calligraphy?
Answer: Calligraphy refers to the art of writing Chinese characters. Including aspects such as pen usage, structure, racking, payment, etc.
2. Why should you learn calligraphy?
Answer: The minimum purpose of learning calligraphy is to write straight, stable, fluent and beautiful strokes, which can improve the quality of results in study, work and social life; further, it is reflected through calligraphy Thoughts and expressions of feelings become a work of art, allowing people to enjoy art.
3. What are the basic rules for learning calligraphy?
Answer: To learn calligraphy, you must master the four basic rules of writing, handling, using and structure.
4. Where to start learning calligraphy?
Answer: Copy first and then review.
Execution
5. Why should we pay attention to writing?
Answer: If you don’t hold the pen properly, you won’t be able to write well.
6. What is the correct way to write?
Answer: The correct way to hold a pen is, simply speaking, the four words "finger is strong and palm is empty".
7. How to hold the pen so that the palm is empty and the finger is strong?
Answer: Put your index finger (second finger) and middle finger (third finger) together and hook them with your fingertips in front of the pen barrel; The thumb is on the left side of the pen barrel and the fingertips are rubbed to the right (ye); the middle of the nail of the ring finger (fourth finger) is close to the middle finger and touches the outside of the pen barrel, and the little finger is close to the ring finger. In this way, the five fingers (cuān) are around the pen barrel, the phalanges of the thumb protrude, and the palm is empty, almost empty enough to put an egg in. This is "full fingers and empty palm".
What needs special attention here is that the thumb, index finger, and middle finger must be pressed together, the ring finger and little finger must be close to the middle finger, and the knuckles of the thumb must protrude. (Picture 1)
8. The ancients wrote about "dragon eyes" and "phoenix eyes". How to enforce the law?
Answer: The so-called "long eyes" and "phoenix eyes" are just some Mysterious statements are actually the worst thing to do. "Dragon Eye" law enforcement is to hold the front of the pen barrel with only the tip of the index finger and middle finger in an arc, push the first joint of the ring finger inside the pen barrel, and pinch the flesh of the right thumb on the left side of the pen barrel to form a tiger's mouth. Round shape, using this method of enforcement with twisted wrists is both difficult and impractical.
As for the "phoenix eye" law enforcement, it is even worse. The index finger is hooked high, the thumb is in the middle, the middle finger is below, and the three fingers are distributed into upper, middle and lower sections, so that the ring finger and little finger can pinch naturally In the palm of the hand, the tiger's mouth is long and narrow, like the eyes of a phoenix. If the palm of the hand is squeezed tightly, the pen tip will not move smoothly, so the person who writes the pen must pay attention to correction. In addition, some books also have terms such as "pinch the tube" and "lift the tube", which are also impractical.
9. Is it better to hold the pen tightly or loosely?
Answer: Don’t hold the pen too loosely, nor too tightly. If it is too loose, the pen barrel will fall off easily; if it is too tight, the pen barrel will shake and your hands will get tired easily.
To compare with riding a bicycle, beginners often hold the handlebars tightly for fear of falling. As a result, the body of the bicycle is more likely to tip over. Holding a pen is like holding a handlebar, either loose or tight, just right.
According to legend, Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, saw his youngest son Xianzhi practicing his crafts, and unexpectedly pulled out his pen from behind, but did not move it. Because of this story, later generations mistakenly believed that the pen should be held tightly. In fact, if you hold the pen according to the method mentioned above, you don't need to use a lot of finger force to hold the pen barrel, and the pen barrel is naturally as stable as a rock. It is indeed not easy to pull it out.
10. Is it better to hold the pen high or low?
Answer: The height of the pen should be determined according to the size of the characters. The general principle is that the smaller the character, the lower the pen is held; the larger the character, the higher the pen is held. Generally speaking, when writing small regular script, the pen should be held lower, with the thumb being about four to five centimeters from the tip of the pen; when writing medium regular script (also called inch regular script), the pen should be held slightly higher, with the thumb being about six to seven centimeters from the tip of the pen; when writing large regular script, the pen should be held slightly higher. It should be higher, with your thumb about seven to eight centimeters away from the tip of the pen.
However, this is not a hard and fast rule. In addition to the size of the characters, there are also factors such as the length of the pen barrel and the writing posture (difference between sitting or standing), which also affect the level of holding the pen. Therefore, how high the holding is depends on It is up to the writer to experience and master a suitable scale.
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11. What is pen movement?
Answer: Pen movement refers to the movement of the pen. Learning to use the pen is to learn how to use the pen to put ink on the paper to form the required dot paintings.
12. How to use the pen?
Answer: The movement of the pen can be divided into longitudinal movement (the pen is perpendicular to the paper surface) and transverse movement (the pen is parallel to the paper surface in the front, back, left, and right directions).
There are mainly the following types of vertical movements:
Bipen: press the pen down to call a pen
Bib lift: lift the pen up. Lifting the pen
There are mainly the following types of horizontal movements:
Line pen: The tip of the pen moves from one end to the other, which is called line pen
Frustration pen: The pen pauses. Lift it slightly and apply force in the opposite direction so that the pen tip is perpendicular to the paper.
The stroke of the pen from one end to the other is called the stroke.
Frust the pen: Lift the pen slightly after pause, and apply force in the opposite direction to make the pen tip perpendicular to the paper.
Folding pen: When writing dots, if you want to go down first, go up, if you want to go up, go down, if you want left, right first, if you want right, go left. Changing the direction decisively and intentionally showing edges and corners is called folding pen. For example, when writing horizontally, first put the pen to the upper left, and then fold it to the lower right to write a square edge, which is a folded pen.
Turn the pen: Rotating the tip of the pen is called turning the pen. The purpose of turning the pen is to write stipples without edges, such as "vertical bends".
Back pen: The direction in which the pen returns after stopping is called back pen.
Naphtha pen: When the pen moves downward but reverses, it is called Nabi.
13. Why can’t you use your finger to move the pen?
Answer: If you use your fingers to move the pen barrel, the pen barrel cannot stay upright. The range of movement of the pen barrel is also very small. You can barely handle it when writing small characters. Large characters will not work. Moreover, if you use your fingers to move the pen, the pen will not be steady and the words written will be empty and weak.
14. When writing with the wrist, what should be the posture of the wrist?
Answer: When using the wrist to carry the pen, the wrist must leave the table and make it hang in the air. The hanging wrist must be flattened and parallel to the tabletop.
15. Why should the wrist be flat?
Answer: With your wrist flat, you can keep the pen barrel vertical.
16. Should the pen barrel always remain vertical?
Answer: The pen barrel cannot remain vertical forever. It can and should be tilted when necessary.
For example, when writing a long straight painting, the pen barrel will tilt forward as the stroke moves from top to bottom. If the straight strokes are too long, the pen barrel will tilt forward more. If the strokes of horizontal strokes are from left to right, the pen barrel will tilt to the left. The same can be said for other strokes such as left and right strokes (Figure 2). However, it should be noted that the pen barrel can be tilted forward or to the left, but cannot be tilted backward or to the right. If it is tilted backward or to the right, it is not using the wrist to carry the pen.
17. How high should the wrist be hung?
Answer: The height of the hanging wrist, like the height of the pen, depends on the size of the writing. Generally speaking, when writing Zhongkai characters, the wrist should be about four centimeters away from the table. There are no hard and fast rules for writing big words, hanging your wrists higher, and further away from the table; writing small letters, hanging your wrists low, and hanging your wrists closer to the table (Figure 3).
18. Why should we hang our wrists?
Answer: If you write with your wrist hanging, your hand can rotate flexibly; if you don't write with your wrist hanging, your hand will not be able to move and the pen tube will inevitably not work properly.
19. If you are new to wrist hanging, your hands will tremble. What should you do?
Answer: You must study hard and practice persistently. There are two methods: one is to hold the pen upside down or a chopstick when you are free, hold it according to the correct way of holding the pen, raise your wrist, and circle around the table. After a period of practice, your wrist will gradually become more flexible. Stablize. Another method is to place your left hand flat on the table when writing, and rest your right wrist on the back of your left hand to write. This practice is called "pillowing the wrist" (Figure 4). After a long time, if you remove your left hand, your right hand can also be stable. These two methods can be used at the same time. After practicing for a period of time, you will get results.
20. Do you need to hang your wrist when writing in small regular script?
Answer: You also need to hang your wrist when writing in small regular script. When you start practicing Xiaokai, it is difficult to hang your wrists, so you can use the upward method of "pillowing your wrists". You can also "raise your wrists", also called "empty wrists".
That is, the elbow bone is placed on the table, and the wrist is close to the table but not close to it, so that it can move freely, which is the lowest hanging wrist.
21. How should you write large characters such as slogans and banners?
Answer: When writing large characters such as slogans and banners, you not only have to hang your wrists, but also your elbows. This is called "hanging elbows" (Picture 5). You can practice hanging elbows while practicing hanging wrists. Once you have laid the foundation, you will be able to move freely, and you will be able to do it easily.
22. What should be the body posture when writing?
Answer: The words should be written horizontally and vertically. When writing, you can stand or sit, and your body must be upright. Keep your head upright and lean forward slightly. The distance between your eyes and the paper is about one foot. If you draw a line between your eyes, this line should be parallel to the table. You can write while sitting down when writing words within three inches (Figure 6), and standing when writing words beyond three inches.
23. What is using a pen?
Answer: Using a pen refers to the process of writing dots on paper with the tip of the pen.
24. How to use a pen?
Answer: The key to using a pen is "no drooping, no shrinking, no moving, no closing", which means that no matter dotting, drawing, writing, pressing, etc., any strokes must go and go. Come, don’t just go and never come back. That is to say, you should use "Zhefeng (reverse front)" to start your pen, and you should use "Hui Feng" to end your pen.
25. What is "front"?
Answer: After the pen tip is twisted and flattened, look at it in the sun. There is a transparent part near the tip, which is the "front" . The elasticity of the pen is determined by the "front". The longer the front, the stronger the elasticity. When writing, the tip of the pen falls down when pressed on the paper and straightened when lifted. This is the role of the "edge" (Figure 7).
26. What is "Zhe Feng"?
Answer: "Zhe Feng" is also called "Reverse Front", that is, the front of the pen goes in reverse when starting to write. For example, when drawing horizontally from left to right, when writing, first move the pen backward to the left, to the top of the starting point, press down lightly, and then draw to the right; when drawing vertically, from top to bottom, when writing, first move backward to the top, to the top of the starting point. , press lightly to the lower right, and then draw downwards (Picture 8).
27. What is "returning to the front"?
Answer: "Hui Feng" means going back and forth at the end of the stroke. For example, draw horizontally to the end of the pen, move slightly to the upper right, then press lightly to the lower right, and move back to the middle; draw straight to the end of the pen, gently lift to the upper left, and then move back to the center (Picture 9). Any other strokes such as dot, pick, stroke, and stroke are also written in this way.
28. How to write the point?
Answer: For each basic stroke writing method below, the writing methods of Ou (Ouyang Xun), Yan (Yan Zhenqing), and Liu (Liu Gongquan), which are most commonly used by beginners in calligraphy, are taken as examples, and are illustrated with diagrams.
How to write dot: (as shown in Figure 1O);
29. How to write horizontal?
Answer: The horizontal writing method is as shown in the figure below (Figure 11);
30. How to write vertically?
Answer: The vertical writing method is as follows (such as Figure 12);
31. How to write hook?
Answer: The hook is written as shown below
32. How to write pick?
Answer: The hook is written as shown below (Picture 14):
33. How to write 捺?
Answer: The way to write 捺 is as follows (Figure 15):
34. How to write 捺?
Answer: The writing method of 捺 is as follows (Figure 16):
35. How to write fold?
Answer: The writing method of fold is as follows (Figure 17):
36. How to write Ge?
Answer: The writing method of Ge is as follows (Figure 18):
37. Should every stroke be written like this?
Answer: Every stroke must be written like this.
38. Why does it have to be written like this?
Answer: When you write like this, you can achieve the center of every stroke.
Take horizontal drawing as an example: when writing a horizontal drawing, use the reverse pen when starting the pen, so that the tip of the pen is turned to the right like an L, and then turned to the left to make it look like a J. At this time, the bristles of the pen are spread flat on the paper, and the tip of the pen is in the middle of the drawing. , neither up nor down, but when it is finished, it is pulled back and the tip of the pen is still straight. This is called "center" in calligraphy terminology, also called "front".
39. Writing like this is not slow. Is it difficult again?
Answer: Writing this way is of course slower than using a center, because it requires more transition time to start and close the pen. But the middle section is still fast, so it’s not too slow. Once you get into the habit of writing, you will naturally start to reverse your direction as soon as you pick up the pen, and you will no longer feel strenuous.
40. What’s wrong if you don’t write it like this?
Answer: If you don’t use “reverse strokes” or “back strokes” for every stroke, but follow the strokes, dot the strokes randomly, or sweep across like a mop mopping the floor (this is called “biasing”, the stroke is on one side) , see Figure 19), then the strokes will just float on the paper and will not be calm, and the strokes will never return. For longer strokes, when writing to the middle section, the ink stored in the tip of the pen has been almost used up, and when the stroke is finished, , the pen will inevitably become dry due to lack of ink (Figure 2O), or it may need to be dipped in ink again to finish writing, so it is not necessary.
41. Should the cursive, cursive and official scripts also be written in this way?
Answer: Official script must be written like this. The transition process is the same as regular script, just more exaggerated. Let’s take an example (Figure 21), and analogize the others. Running script and cursive script don’t have to be written exactly like this.
42. How to write running script and cursive script?
Answer: Regular script is written one stroke at a time, so each stroke can be reversed. This is not the case with cursive script. Sometimes two strokes are written consecutively in cursive script, sometimes three strokes are written consecutively. There are more consecutive strokes written in cursive script, so it is unnecessary and impossible to reverse every stroke like regular script. Generally speaking, there is no need to reverse the starting and finishing strokes (including those that connect upper and lower characters); single strokes still need to be reversed. However, because cursive script is more flexible and fluid than regular script, we often cannot see traces of reverse strokes in the dharma calligraphy. This is the so-called "unexpected strokes but unexpected strokes".
Structure
Structure
43. What is structure?
Answer: Structure refers to the organization of stipple drawing.
44. What is the gap?
Answer: The frame refers to the arrangement of glyphs.
45. Why should writing pay attention to structure and spacing?
Answer: If the structure is good, the stipples will have momentum;
46. What are the requirements for structure?
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Answer: The structural requirements are simply ten words, namely: fairness, symmetry, coherence, transfer and change.
47. How to adjust the level and straightness?
Answer: "Pingzheng" is what we often call "horizontal and vertical". This is a basic principle of pointillism structure. But it should be noted that the "flat" in "horizontal, horizontal and vertical" is not an ordinary flat, but a flat with an oblique potential. Because human eyesight is not balanced, the horizontal painting is really flat. Due to the illusion of the eyes, it looks like it has fallen to the right (Figure 22). Therefore, horizontal drawings must be slightly slanted, but not too slanted. The approximate drawing slope should be about 5° to 7° (Figure 23). If it exceeds this angle, it is too slanted (Figure 24); if it is less than this angle, it is too flat (Figure 25), both of which are unsightly. The so-called verticality means that every straight painting, regardless of the middle, left and right, top and bottom, must be painted very straight, and must not be skewed or tilted (except for the straight left of "door", "任", "彳", etc.).
48. What is symmetry?
Answer: "Well-proportioned" refers to the appropriate arrangement of each word and stroke according to the shape of the glyph, rather than "even". Because the glyphs have different lengths and sizes, as well as the number of strokes and their slant, if each character is written in the same size according to the square grid and every stroke is written in the same length, it will be uniform, but it will not look pleasing to the eye. . Generally speaking, if there are many strokes, it should be written thinner; if there are few strokes, it should be written fatter; in each word, the stipple arrangement should be of appropriate length.
Take the example of a lot of horizontally drawn characters (Picture 26):
49. What is coherence?
Answer: "Coherence" refers to the connection of momentum between the dots and the echoes of each other. , there is an organic connection between the strokes, rather than each stroke being isolated and irrelevant to each other. Paying attention to the coherent response between strokes can make the whole character appear powerful and vivid. Let’s take “point” as an example (Figure 27).
50. What is transference?
Answer: " transference" means that the stipples that make up a character give way to each other and echo each other, so that characters with many strokes do not appear Characters with dense and few strokes do not appear sparse. For example, the word "yan" in "實" is written short to make way for the shoulders of the characters "糳" on both sides; the word "Li" in the character "ban" is written lower to make way for the shoulders of the characters "xin" on both sides; For example, the characters next to "horse", "糹", and "bird" should be written straight on the left side to make way for the half character on the right; other characters with left and right radicals should be written in the same way ( Figure 28).
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