1. Xuanfeng in Luoyang and its eastward journey during the Wei and Jin Dynasties
During the transformation from Confucianism to metaphysics in the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms, Ma Rong, Guo Tai, He Yan and Wang Bi , played an important influence and they were the representative figures of this period.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, in order to seize power, the Sima family adopted brutal suppression against the party's opposition to the Cao family.
This caused divisions in the metaphysical camp. The faction that is attached to the Sima family (some of them are not really attached, but have to bow their heads in the face of terror) talk about mysteries while staying close to the famous religion. For example, Wang Yan, while talking about mysteries, appreciated Huan Xiu's answer that "there will be no difference between Lao Zhuang and Shengjiao". Shantao was a "good-natured old villager" and one of the so-called Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest. He once went to Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty to persuade him to "advocate the customs and teach the common people." ("Book of Jin Shan Tao Biography"). The so-called "Shangjiao" is naturally the famous Confucian religion. The party belongs to Cao's group. They are unwilling to cooperate with Sima, but they are afraid of the danger of beheading. So on the one hand, they bowed their heads to the Sima family, but on the other hand, they were open-minded and unconcerned with worldly affairs. Ruan Ji and Xiang Xiu are examples. According to "Jin
Book·Ruan Ji Biography", Ruan Ji "originally had the ambition to help the world. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were many stories in the world and few celebrities were complete." In the world, it is common to drink and lie down. "After Ji Kang was killed, Xiang Xiuying was transferred to Luoyang.
Sima Zhao asked him: "I heard that Jishan has ambitions, why are you here?" Xiang Xiu replied: "I thought that the people who nested in Xu Gongjie
had not reached Yao's aspirations. How could I do that? "There is so much admiration" ("Book of Jin Xiang Xiu Biography")
Wei Jie,
can be said to be a later representative figure of metaphysics like Ruan Ji and others. He also came from Luoyang. Come to Jiangdong. In the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
The figures in power, such as Wang Dun, Wang Dao, and Yu Liang, were all figures in or influenced by metaphysics.
2. The continuation of the traditional status of Confucianism
The thought of the beginning and end of the Five Virtues became popular again during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The monarchs of the sixteen countries all believed in this system,
determined their clothes, their moral character, and believed in the theory that disasters are unusually auspicious. Shi Le regarded Zhao Chengjin (Jin as Jin De) as water virtue.
The flag was still black, and the animal was still Xuan. When a solar eclipse occurred, Shi Le avoided the main hall for three days and ordered all ministers and ministers to go to their official posts
("Book of Jin·Shi Le's Records"). Murong Qi of the former Yan Dynasty also regarded himself as Shui De. After receiving the gold, the flag was still black and the male sacrifice was still Xuan ("Book of Jin·Murong? Zai Ji"). Yao Chang of the Later Qin Dynasty claimed that he inherited the Qin Dynasty with his fire virtue
His Mu Xing ("Book of Jin·Yao Chang Zai Ji"). Yao Xing used the eclipse of the sun and the moon, and frequent disasters, so he demoted his title to the king.
He issued a letter to all the officials, officials, ministers, and Mu Shouzai to be demoted to one rank each ("Book of Jin·Yao Xing Zai Ji").
3. Translation of Buddhist scriptures and dissemination of Buddhist thought
In the translation of Buddhist scriptures and the introduction of Buddhist thought, eminent monks who made important contributions include Shi Dao'an and Kumarajiva
Shi, Huiyuan and others.
4. The formation and development of Taoism
In the later years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Xiu and Zhang Lu promoted the Five Pecks of Rice Taoism in Hanzhong, which was promoted in eight eastern states such as Qing and Xu.
There is the Tao of Taiping preached by Zhang Jiao.
In the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Ge Hong wrote "Baopuzi", which explained some principles for immortality and seeking immortality. He can be said to be
the theorist of immortal Taoism.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tao Hongjing and Kou Qianzhi became representatives of Taoism in the south and north respectively.
The rulers of the Southern and Northern Dynasties all respected Taoism.
5. The tradition of atheistic fighting
The extermination of Buddhism in the Northern Wei and Northern Zhou Dynasties and the forbidden roads in the Northern Qi Dynasty were both violent and forced activities and cannot be discussed
Atheism versus theism. This is the characteristic of the anti-Buddhist and Taoist activities in the Northern Dynasties. The Southern Dynasties were different from the Northern Dynasties.
From the Song Dynasty to the Liang Dynasty, there were constant debates about whether there were gods or not, and whether gods could be destroyed or not. This kind of debate is a special form of the debate between materialism and idealism in medieval society. Fan Zhen was the standard-bearer against theism in the Southern Dynasty. His "The Theory of Destruction of God" is a masterpiece of materialism that shocked the field of contemporary thought.
Before him, there were Sun Sheng,
He Chengtian, Fan Ye, and Liu Jun, who was about the same time as him, all scholars who promoted atheism and figures from the Southern Dynasties. Sun Sheng, He Chengtian, and Fan Ye are all historians, and Liu Jun is also a person who has extensive knowledge in literature and history.
6. Achievements in historical writing
The pseudo-historical writing during the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties had new achievements after Sima Qian Bangu. Its representative works include Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms", Pei Hong's "Book of the Later Han" and Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han".
The achievements are not as good as these four books, but they still occupy a certain position in biographical history books, including Sima Biao's "Book of Continuation of Han
", Shen Yue's "Book of Song", Xiao Zixian's "Nan Qi Shu" and Wei Shou's "Wei Shu".
7. Jian'an Literature
The Jian'an period (196-219) was a prosperous era in the history of Chinese literature. During this period, famous writers appeared, the most famous of which were Cao Cao and his son and the Seven Sons of Jian'an. Their poems reflected
the turmoil of the times and the pain that turmoil brought to people's lives. The style of their poems is generous and desolate, and their artistic conception is deep but full of vitality. "Wen Xin Diao Long·Chronology" says: "Looking at the literature of the time, it is elegant, generous, and good.
It is a result of the chaos and dissociation in the world, the decline of customs and resentment, and the deep ambition and long writing, so it is concise and full of spirit. Ye."
The seven sons of Jian'an are Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can, Xu Qian, Ruan Yu, Ying Yu, and Liu Zhen.
8. Literature of the Two Jin Dynasties
After the Zhengshi period and until the two Jin Dynasties, Xuanyan poetry was the mainstream. "General Theory of Poetry" says: "Yongjia
The noble Huang Lao, the ancestors still talked in vain, and the articles were very few at that time, and their words were ignored, and they were indifferent. The love reaches Jiangbiao, and it is still passed down in the microwave.
The poems of Sun Chuo, Xu Xun, Huan and Yu are all simple and canonical, similar to moral theory, and the Jian'an style has exhausted its power. "Since the poems
have been ignored, they are bland and tasteless. , they turn to the pursuit of form. Comments on the works of the Western Jin Dynasty
"Wen Xin Diao Long·Emotion Cai Pian" are: "The control of body and emotion becomes more and more sparse, and the articles of prose become more and more prosperous." Emotion is the content, and the text refers to the form. This means that we don’t pay attention to the content, but pursue the form, heading towards the path of formalism. In Taikang, there are the so-called three Zhangs (Zhang Hua, Zhang Zai, Zhang Xie), two Lus (Lu Ji, Lu Yun), two Pans (Panni, Pan Yue), and one left (Zuo
p>思), the title is Article ZTE. In fact, except for Zuo Si, generally his achievements are not high.
9. Mysterious poetry and landscape poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Southern Dynasties
Only Guo Pu can be described as a poet in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty. His poems are rich in literary talent, and his representative work is "Poetry on Immortals".
Wandering around in the name of immortality actually expresses dissatisfaction with reality.
At the end of the Jin Dynasty and the beginning of the Song Dynasty, Tao Yuanming, Bao Zhao, Xie Lingyun and Yan Yanzhi had high literary attainments. Bao Zhao's literary attainments were higher than those of Xie Lingyun and Yan Yanzhi.
10. Yongming Style
During the Southern Qi Dynasty, "Yongming Style" poems appeared. Many literati gathered around Prince Liang of Jingling of Qi.
Among them, Shen Yue and Xie Tiao were particularly important to Prince Liang of Jingling, and were named the Eight Friends of Jingling. Xie Tao is the best at poetry.
Xie Tiao's poems, like Xie Lingyun's, also write about landscapes. However, his poetic style is fresh and smooth, which is different from Xie Lingyun's meticulous writing
.
11. Novels
There are quite a few novels about ghosts, gods and ghosts from the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties that have been preserved or partially preserved.
Among them, "Sou Shen Ji" written by Yu Bao from Jin Dynasty has the highest achievement.
The earliest novel of this kind is "Miscellaneous Notes of Xijing" written under the pseudonym Liu Xin of Han Dynasty.
The earliest novel specifically recording the anecdotes of characters is probably "Yulin" written by Pei Qi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
This book collects anecdotes about the words and deeds of famous families and officials from the Han and Wei dynasties to the time of Emperor Mu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The story is novel and the writing is fresh, and it was very popular at the time. At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Guo Chengzhi imitated the style of Pei Qi's "Yu
Lin" and wrote three volumes of "Guo Zi".
The most famous book of this kind that still exists today is "New Accounts of the World" written by Wang Yiqing of Linchuan, a clan member of the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties.
12. Literary criticism
In the classics of the Pre-Qin Dynasty and the works of the Han Dynasty, there are many fragments of text commenting on literary works, but there are no specialized works of literary criticism.
During the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared successively special critical literary works such as Cao Pi's "Classical Essays", Lu Ji's "Wen Fu", Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long" and Zhong Rong's "Shi Pin"
Works.
13. Painting
A great painter during the Three Kingdoms period was Cao Buxing, who was good at painting large portraits. He is the ancestor of Chinese Buddhist painting.
The famous disciples of Cao Buxing include Wei Xie and Zhang Mo, who were called "painting saints" during the Jin Dynasty. They are also good at painting
characters. The figures they paint are not only realistic in appearance, but also full of charm.
Gu Kaizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, an outstanding great painter in Chinese history, was the disciple of Wei Xie. Gu Kaizhi is good at painting
characters. The characters he painted are expressive and lifelike.
During the Song and Qi Dynasties, there were many famous painters in painting, the most famous of whom were Lu Tanwei and Zong in the Song Dynasty
Bing and others, Xie He and others in the Qi Dynasty, and Zhang Seng in the Liang Dynasty. Yao et al. Zong Bing painted landscapes, and the others painted figures.
14. Calligraphy
Chinese calligraphy is also an art. During the Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, calligraphers emerged in large numbers. During the Three Kingdoms period
there were Zhong Yao, Cai Yong, Liu Desheng and Hu Zhao. In the Western Jin Dynasty, there were Suo Jing, Wei Guan and Wei Shuo (known as Mrs. Wei in the world).
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there were father and son Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi. In the Southern Dynasty, there were Yang Xin, Kong Linzhi, Xiao Sihua, Fan Ye, Bo Shao
zhi, Shi Zhiyong and others. This is the Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties system.