1. Information about classical Chinese
"Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular".
The first "wen" means written articles. "Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc. "Classical Chinese" means written language. "Classical Chinese" is the last word compared to "oral language". "Spoken language" is also called "literary". , means works, articles, etc., indicating the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language" and "vernacular Chinese" means: "used in commonly used languages." "Articles written in straightforward spoken language".
In ancient my country, to express the same thing in spoken language and written language were different. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, Expressed in spoken language, it is "Have you eaten?" ", and to express it in books and language, it is "Fan? ". "Fan Fou" refers to classical Chinese. In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is the treasure of Chinese culture. The ancients left us a large amount of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a large role in middle school Chinese courses.
What is classical Chinese?
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1. Classical Chinese is undoubtedly the main body of Chinese traditional culture. It can be seen that the history of China’s modern civilization is still very short, and it is still necessary to deconstruct or interpret traditional culture. The inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. Yes, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely text. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and Oracle is also knowledge. Why. Why not learn oracle bone inscriptions? By the way, classical Chinese is the basis for further learning of oracle bone inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing.
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expressions, descriptions, combinations, transformations, metaphors, metaphors, deductions... fully embodies the style of Chinese civilization in the expression of thoughts, masters the physical structure of classical Chinese, has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and has a deep understanding of the structure of new Chinese. There will be "law" to follow.
4. "Classical Chinese" is the opposite of "Vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is: Classical Chinese - Wen. "Yan" means language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It means two things: first, it indicates that the classical Chinese text is a kind of language; second, this language was later "written into words". The language of "transformed" also has two meanings: first, there can be a culture with language but no writing, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language but no writing; second, the language function withdraws from life and becomes history in the form of writing.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: a literary style of language that has been written down.
In addition to archaeological research, classical Chinese is also used. Is there any "future"? In other words, is there any application value in life? I think there is, but it is only because people ignore the social life in some marginalized areas that the traditional form of life fades away. Modern applications are suspicious of or ignore classical Chinese. For example, in religious construction, some inscriptions are still written in classical Chinese, and the use of seal script is also mostly the same. This term can also encompass the cultural-historical relationship between language and writing. In a certain form, once a language—including dialect—is “wen”ized, written, or written, its language becomes “literary.” The charm is suddenly reduced, but the function of writing is doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and is closely related to life. Language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is a preservation of life experience and does not have the extended performance of writing.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: Did people in ancient times also say this? I think this can be "feeled" by the difference in expression between written language and spoken language in the present tense. There is no big difference in structure and rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech was just more casual and popular than classical Chinese. The "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference.
As for when we read classical Chinese today, of course it does not mean that we are repeating what the ancients said, but that we are reciting or silently reading a literary style.
When reading classical Chinese, you feel a very clear line of thought, just like occasionally reading the works of Western philosophers, which has the solemnity it deserves. 2. Information about classical Chinese
Classical Chinese is a written language in ancient China, which mainly includes written language based on the spoken language in the pre-Qin period.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, items used to record text had not yet been invented. Bamboo slips, silk and other items were used to record text. Silk was expensive, bamboo slips were bulky and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to be able to record text in To write down more things on a "one volume" bamboo slip, unimportant words need to be deleted. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the ruling class's habit of using "official documents" for their correspondence had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.
Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular. It is characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to allusions, parallel antithesis, neat rhythm and no punctuation. It includes strategies, poems, lyrics, tunes, eight-part essays, Parallel prose, ancient prose and other literary styles. Mr. Wang Li, a famous linguist and educator, pointed out in "Ancient Chinese": "Classical Chinese refers to the ancient Chinese written language formed based on the spoken language of the Pre-Qin Dynasty and the language in the works of later generations of writers who imitated the ancient times."
Classical Chinese articles, that is, articles written in classical Chinese, are ancient classical Chinese works and works that imitated it in the past dynasties. As a stereotyped written language, classical Chinese has been used for two to three thousand years, from the pre-Qin scholars, the poems and poems of the two Han Dynasties, historical prose, to the ancient prose of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the eight-part essay of the Ming and Qing Dynasties... all fall into the scope of classical Chinese.
In other words, classical Chinese is the written language of ancient China and the source of modern Chinese. The first word "文" means beautiful.
The word "yan" means to write, express, record, etc. The word "classical Chinese" refers to written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "spoken language", and "spoken language" is also called "vernacular".
The last word "文" means works, articles, etc., and indicates the type of literature. "Classical Chinese" means "beautiful language writing", also called stylistic writing.
"Vernacular" means: "articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language." For example, like now, "Have you eaten?".
In ancient my country, to express the same thing, it was different to use "oral language" (spoken language) and "written language" (written language). For example, if you wanted to ask someone if he had eaten, you would use spoken language. The verbal expression is "Have you eaten?" ”, but to express it in written language, it is “Fan?” ". "Fanfou" refers to classical Chinese. Here, the noun "fan" is used as a verb, meaning to eat.
Before 1919, all articles in China were written in classical Chinese. Now we "Ancient Chinese" is generally called "classical Chinese".
During the thousands of years of Chinese history, the spoken language has changed greatly, but classical Chinese has maintained a similar format, allowing users of different languages ??to "converse in writing." ” is a communication method that has a fixed format but is not very difficult. 3. Materials in classical Chinese
1. Separation of words. Linguistic research believes that written language is produced on the basis of spoken language and As they developed, the two influenced and promoted each other, and their relationship was very close. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin spoken language, but as time went by, the distance between classical Chinese and later spoken language gradually widened from the Han and Wei dynasties to the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, due to official promotion and the need for imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and essays, and regarded elegance as a priority. In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language actually used by people became wider and wider.
2. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese was the dominant written language and was passed down from generation to generation. The linguistic components have basically remained unchanged. For example, some basic sentence patterns and the usage of common function words in the pre-Qin period have been preserved in classical Chinese. Even the most active vocabulary among the three elements of language has strong stability in classical Chinese. Sex: The ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken language, but they are still used in classical Chinese.
Although people in later generations will inevitably incorporate some of the spoken language of the time into their imitations, thus bringing about some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese still basically maintains its original appearance in terms of vocabulary system and grammatical system.
3. Concise writing. Most of the important classics in ancient my country were written in classical Chinese, and many of these immortal works have always been known for their simplicity and conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, monosyllabic words are dominant in classical Chinese, and there are relatively few disyllabic and multi-syllable words; second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates, and prepositions. . In addition, famous writers in the past dynasties paid much attention to refining language and emphasized "small words and big meanings", so a strict and concise style of classical Chinese was formed.
4. Ancient and difficult to understand. As time passes, classical Chinese, which is separated from spoken language, becomes increasingly difficult to understand. Weird sentences, uncommon and ancient words, and many unfamiliar names, rules, and systems... all these become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners. Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks that literati and scholars have been diligently pursuing. 4. Ask for Chinese language information, especially about classical Chinese, as well as explanations and analysis methods of poetry
The basic question types for classical Chinese examinations are: multiple choice questions, fill-in-the-blank questions, and question and answer questions. First of all , multiple-choice questions, including interpretation and translation of words and sentences, and selection of the correct gist of the article. For this type of questions, if the answer can be determined, it is no problem. If it is uncertain, it is usually based on the elimination method and the understanding of the words and sentences is selected. In the end, If it conforms to the convention, it must be incorrect. You can also put it into the original sentence to see if it can be explained. As for the choice of the main theme of the article, the most high-sounding and longest one is basically correct! Fill-in-the-blank questions generally rarely appear. This type of question can be found in the multiple-choice and question-and-answer questions. Clues can be found in the questions. Or it is basic common sense. How can you guess based on the multiple-choice and question-and-answer questions? This is completely possible. For classical Chinese in the second grade of junior high school, It can't be too difficult. If you ask questions, you have to know how to organize the language. You can learn from the answers to multiple-choice questions and fill-in-the-blank questions. Try to use beautiful language and no obvious errors, and the teacher will give you points! In addition to remembering the above points, the classical Chinese texts you read outside class also require you to know more about the authors. Sometimes you don’t understand the meaning of classical Chinese texts. It doesn’t matter. You know what kind of articles this author often writes, and that’s fine. Once you guess the general gist of the article, the problem will be easily solved. In extracurricular modern writing, you should pay attention to commonly used rhetoric and expression techniques, and be familiar with their functions, such as: parallelism to enhance the momentum of the article; rhetorical questions/exclamations to strengthen emotions and arouse ** * Ming; to set off, to use stillness to set off movement, to combine movement and stillness, to use music and scenery to set off sadness... Moreover, when reading modern texts after class, try to answer with words from the article. If you can find the main sentence of the article, then talk more around it. Please mention it more often when answering questions, and your score will often be higher. 5. What are the classical Chinese texts?
There are countless of them!
Ancient poetry: "Three Hundred Tang Poems", "Three Hundred Song Ci", "Three Hundred Yuan Songs"
Ancient poetry: "Poems of a Thousand Families", "The Book of Songs", "The Classic of Filial Piety" "Book of Changes", "The Analects of Confucius", "Book of Rites", "Shangshu", "Spring and Autumn", "Warring States Policy", "Laozi", "Zhuangzi", "Hanfeizi", "Mencius", "Mozi", "Xunzi", "Sun Tzu's Art of War", "Thirty-Six Strategies" "Guiguzi" "University? Doctrine of the Mean" "Zhu Xi's Family Instructions" "Yan's Family Instructions" "Lu's Spring and Autumn" "Chu Ci" "Forbearance" "Diamond Sutra" "Zizhi Tongjian"
"Caigen" "Tan", "Night Talk around the Fireplace", "Second Notes on the Small Window", "Lianbi Bibi of Proverbs", "Hundred Family Surnames", "Kindergarten School in Qionglin", "Rhythm Enlightenment", "Six Tips and Three Strategies", "A Hundred-War Strategy", "Dragon" "Wen Bian Ying", "*** Language", "You Meng Ying"
"Biography", "Zhitan", "Zeng Guofan's Family Letter", "Shishuo Xinyu", "Couplets", "Occasionally Posted by Leisure Interests", "Dreams" "Xi Bi Tan", "Suiyuan Poetry", "Wen Xin Diao Long", "Xiao Lin Guang Ji"
Historical categories: "Historical Records", "Three Kingdoms", "Han Shu", "Hou Han Shu"
Among them "Wen Xin Diao Long" and "Long Wen Bian Ying" teach future generations how to write and write, which is very helpful for the study of ancient prose. "Couplets" and "Maxims Lianbi" are more like ancient Chinese grammar.
In addition, "Yang's Son" in the first volume of the fifth grade of primary school Chinese 6. Some information on classical Chinese
Classical Chinese
"Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular Chinese" In terms of.
"Classical Chinese":
The first "wen" means written articles.
"Yan" means writing, expressing, recording, etc.
"Classical Chinese" refers to written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "oral language", and "oral language" is also called "vernacular".
The last "wen" means works, articles, etc., and represents the type of literature.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". "Vernacular" means: "articles written in commonly used straightforward spoken language."
In ancient my country, there were differences between expressing the same thing in spoken language and written language. For example, if you wanted to ask someone if they had eaten, you would express it in spoken language, "Have you eaten?" ?", and expressed in book language, it is "Fan?" "Fanfou" is classical Chinese. In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese". 7. Ancient poetry and prose materials
Li Bai (701-762), born on February 8, 701, named Taibai, also known as Qinglian Jushi, was born in Jiangyou, Sichuan, and was a romantic poet of the Tang Dynasty.
His representative works include: "The Road to Shu Is Difficult", "The Journey Is Difficult", "Sleepwalking Tianmu's Song to Leave Farewell", "About to Enter the Wine", "Yin of Liang Fu", etc., 59 "Ancient Style"; "Changgan Xing" ", "Midnight Wu Song", "Looking at Lushan Waterfall", "Looking at Tianmen Mountain", "Early Departure from Baidi City", etc. Du Fu (712--770 AD), Han nationality, with the courtesy name Zimei, named himself Shaoling Yelao, Du Shaoling, Du Gongbu, etc. A great realist poet in the Tang Dynasty of my country, he is known as the "Sage of Poetry".
Eight poems about autumn, five poems about generals, five poems about historical sites, three officials, three farewells, looking at the mountains, climbing the tower, songs about huts broken by the autumn wind, watching Gongsun's disciples dancing with swords and weapons, Qingming Festival Two poems: The Year of Li Gui in the South of the Yangtze River, Quatrains, Songs of Kuizhou, Presenting Flowers to the Queen, Troops and Chariots, Looking at Spring, Joyful Rain on Spring Nights, Climbing High, Heart-warming on the Water Threshold, Hearing that the Army Takes Henan and Hebei Bai Juyi (772--846) , a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty. His courtesy name was Letian and his nickname was Xiangshan Jushi. His ancestral home was Taiyuan [now part of Shanxi]. The allegorical poems are the most famous, and their language is easy to understand, so they are called "old women can understand".
Among the narrative poems, "Pipa Play" and "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" are extremely famous. He wrote sixty poems including "New Yuefu" and "Qin Zhongyin".
Wang Wei (701-761), courtesy name Mojie, was a famous poet during the Tang Dynasty. He was originally from Qi (now Qixian, Shanxi) and moved to Puzhou (now Yongji, Shanxi). He believed in Buddhism. In his later years, he lived in Wangchuan Villa, Lantian. Su Shi commented, "When you taste Mojie's poems, there are paintings in the poems; when you look at Mojie's paintings, there are poems in the paintings." " and so on, with neat form and flowing momentum, it can be called the best among the seven ancient works of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Meng Haoran (689~740) was a poet of the Tang Dynasty. His real name was Hao and his courtesy name was Haoran.
A native of Xiangyang, Xiangzhou (now Xiangfan, Hubei), he is known as Meng Xiangyang in the world. He mainly writes pastoral landscape poems.
Because he had never been an official, he was also called a Mengshan native. For example, "Climbing Ten Thousand Mountains in Autumn to Send Five Pieces", "Summer at the South Pavilion Huai Xin Da", "Passing to the Old Friend's Village", "Spring Dawn", "Staying on the Jiande River", "Returning to Lumen at Night", etc. Wang Changling (690-756), Shaobo, a famous frontier poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, was known as the "Seven Masters" by later generations.
For example, the poem "Crossing the Fortress": "The bright moon of the Qin Dynasty passed the Han Dynasty, and the people who marched thousands of miles have not returned. But the flying generals of Longcheng are here, and they will not teach Hu Ma to cross the Yin Mountains."
There are other works such as "On the Military March", "Chang Xin Qiu Ci", "Spring Resentment in the West Palace", "Beautiful Resentment", "Lotus Picking Song", etc. The farewell work "Farewell to Xin Jian at Furong Tower" is also an eternal masterpiece. Xin Qiji (1140-1207), a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty.
His original name was Tanfu, changed to You'an, and his nickname was Jiaxuan Jushi. He was a native of Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong) and a Han nationality. He is the author of Jiaxuan Ci, with more than 600 Ci poems in existence.
Strong patriotism and fighting spirit are the basic ideological contents of Xin's Ci. "Partridge Sky" (a guest talks about fame with enthusiasm), "Po Chen Zi" (composing Zhuang words for Chen Tongfu as a message), etc., "Congratulations to the Bridegroom" (Chen Tongfu came from Dongyang to celebrate the New Year), "Touching Fish" (Chunxi has already passed away) Hai) etc.
"Water Dragon Song" (Dengjian Kang Shangxin Pavilion) and "Water Dragon Song" (passing Shuangxi Tower in Nanjian), the fierce conflict between ideal and reality forms a tragic tone for his poems.
Su Shi (1037~1101), also known as Zizhan and Hezhong, also known as "Dongpo Jushi" and posthumously named "Wenzhong", was born in Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan). He was a famous writer, calligrapher, painter and prose writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. Home and poet.
He founded the Bold and Bold Ci School, which stood side by side with the Graceful School. His famous works include "Nian Nujiao, Nostalgia for the Red Cliff", "Shui Tiao Ge Tou, When Will the Bright Moon Come", etc.
Liu Yong (about 987-about 1053) was a native of Chong'an (now Wuyishan, Fujian). Poet of the Northern Song Dynasty, founder of the Wanyue School.
Its original name is Sanbian, with the courtesy name Jingzhuang. Later, his name was changed to Yong, with the courtesy name Qiqing.
Ranked seventh, also known as Liu Qi. There is "Collection of Movements".
Yu Linling (cicadas are so sad), Dielianhua (leaning against the dangerous building, the wind is soft), Wang Haichao (southeast shape is beautiful), Eight Sounds of Ganzhou (to the Xiaoxiao dusk rain sprinkled on the river sky) Li Qingzhao (1084.2.5 .~1155.4.10.) No. Yi'an Jushi, an outstanding female writer in the Southern Song Dynasty, a native of Jinan, Shandong, and a sect of graceful Ci. Historically, he was known as "Jinan Er'an" together with Xin Qiji, a native of Licheng, Jinan.
The existing poems and lyrics were compiled by later generations, including "Shuyu Ci" and so on. Li Qingzhao's Ci can be divided into two periods: Nandu.
The early poems mainly describe the themes of grief, resentment and boudoir life, showing the sentimental personality of the female poet. "Like a Dream" It rained and the wind blew suddenly last night. "Like a Dream" often records the sunset at the creek pavilion, "Drunk Flowers and Shadows" (the thin mist and thick clouds disappear forever).
The later poems are full of the strong sentiment of "things are different and people are different", thus expressing her deep attachment to her motherland and the past. For example, "The Slow Sound" is looking for the search and "Yong Yu Le" evokes sentimentality from the "Lantern Festival" and recalls the "Shengyue of Zhongzhou" in the past.
The Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties are the collective name for the eight representative prose writers in the Tang and Song Dynasties, namely Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty and Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong and Han Yu in the Song Dynasty (768 -824) Zi Tuizhi, worldly known as Han Changli, a native of Henan, "Yuan Dao", "On the Buddha's Bone Table", "Shi Shuo", "Jinxue Jie", "Liu Zihou's Epitaph", "Send Meng Dong Ye Preface", "Preface to Send Dong Shaonan" has seven lines: "Zuo Qianlanguan to show his nephew Sun Xiang", Qijue "Presenting to Zhang Shiba of the Ministry of Water Resources for Assistant Teaching in the early spring". Liu Zongyuan (773-819), courtesy name Zihou, was born in Hedong, known as Liuhedong and Liuliuzhou in the world. He wrote forty-five volumes of "Liuhedong Collection" and two volumes of "Waiji Collection".
"The Story of the Snake Catcher", "Eight Records of Yongzhou" and "The Story of Xiaoshitan". Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072), also known as Yongshu, was a politician, writer, historian and poet in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Claimed to be from Luling, born in Mianzhou (now Mianyang, Sichuan). Ouyang Xiu's achievements in literary creation are highest in prose.
Political works such as "Basic Theory", "Original Malpractice", "Remonstrances from Superiors", "On Clique", "New History of the Five Dynasties: Preface to the Biographies of Lingguan", etc. Lyrical and narrative prose, "Preface to the Anthology of Shi Mi Yan Poems", "Essays on Sacrifice to Shi Manqing", "Preface to Su's Collected Works", "Fengle Pavilion" and "Drunkard Pavilion".
Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Che Su Xun, courtesy name Mingyun, also known as Laoquan, was from Meishan, Meizhou. Su Xun and his sons Su Shi and Su Che were collectively known as the "Three Sus".
Author of "Jiayou Collection". Su Shi (1037-1101), also known as Zizhan, also known as Hezhong, was born in Meishan, Sichuan.
Su Che (1039-1112), also known as Ziyou and Tongshu, was born in Meishan, Sichuan. He is the author of "Luancheng Collection" and "Luancheng Hou Collection".
Wang Anshi (1021-.