(1) Step by step
In reading, Zhu advocated gradual progress. It contains three meanings: first, reading should be in a certain order and cannot be reversed. He proposed that the second study is the second reading of any book. "Every reader, read Yu and Meng first, and then look at history. Here, like a mirror, ugliness cannot escape. If you don't read through language, Mencius, the Doctrine of the Mean and universities, you will go to see history. Without a little balance, you will be confused. " Not only reading a book has a secondary problem, but reading the same book also has a secondary problem. "The last sentence is followed by the next sentence, and the first paragraph is followed by the next paragraph. It can really be seen that nothing is reasonable." This process from simple to complex accords with the law of human cognition. Human understanding of objective things always goes through a process from immaturity to maturity and from imperfection to perfection. Second, we should arrange the reading plan according to our actual situation and ability and earnestly abide by it, that is, the principle of ability. From the psychological point of view, everyone's ability is different, not only their own and others' ability level is different, but also their own ability level is different at different stages of development. So make a study plan according to your own ability. Third, we should lay a good foundation for reading, and we should not swallow our dates and rush for success. Zhu divided a person's education into childhood, primary school and university. The division of these three stages is also based on the principle of gradual progress. From learning "Everything should know from clothes, words, cleanliness, reading, writing and chores" and "Children's Instructions" to "Teaching how to sweep away, cope with, advance and retreat, and shoot books by courtesy and music" and "cultivating one's morality, keeping one's family in order, governing the country and leveling the world", this step-by-step method is conducive to making the knowledge structure clear and consistent with "knowing"
(2) Read carefully and think carefully
Another consolidation principle of reading is to be familiar with reading and be good at thinking. Some people learn "so they can't remember, they can't say it, and they are born and sick in their hearts, and they are inexperienced." His request for perusal is to "make everything come out of my mouth". To this end, he advocated that reading should be able to recite, emphasizing that reading must be read a certain number of times. Even if you can recite it, if you don't have enough times, you still have to read it enough times. Because in his view, "a hundred times is not as good as a hundred times." Familiar reading really helps to understand, "read it a thousand times, its meaning is self-evident", that's what I mean. However, Zhu's emphasis on the reading era is too mechanical.
The purpose of close reading is to think carefully. Zhu's requirement for careful thinking is to "make his meaning come from the heart". For the method of careful thinking, Zhu proposed the process of "no doubt-doubt-solution". He said: "When you start reading, you will have doubts about the unknown." Secondly, there is a growing suspicion. In the middle, it is doubtful. After a period of time, doubts gradually solved, and even reached mastery. There is no doubt that learning is the beginning. "The process from doubt to doubt to solution is the process of finding and solving problems here. Finding and solving problems are the results of careful thinking. If you can really read and think well, then you can really read this book, and this book will really benefit.
(3) Swimming with an open mind
Swimming with an open mind contains the objective principle of reading. Reading method includes two meanings. The so-called "modesty" means that when reading, you should be open-minded, think carefully and understand the meaning of the book carefully, and don't be preconceived and far-fetched. When you find problems in reading, you should be modest and calm, and don't make hasty decisions. The so-called "culvert swimming" means chewing repeatedly and pondering carefully when reading. He said: "There is no other way to study, only sincere and open-minded, repeated serious play, is a useful ear."
(4) observe yourself.
Self-observation includes the principle of combining reading with practice. Zhu stressed that reading can't just stay in books and words, but must be seen in one's own practical actions and practiced. He said: "Reading depends not only on paper, but also on yourself." He strongly opposes the reading method of seeking meaning only from books, rather than "focusing on the body" He believes that even "extensive knowledge, carrying five cars every day" is not conducive to learning, but to experience the reality of doing things, then calm down and understand, and gradually see the meaning. "
(5) Tighten and apply force
Tightening force includes the principle of reading enthusiasm, which includes two meanings: first, we should pay close attention to practice, forget to eat with anger, and oppose idleness; Second, we must be full of energy, be brave in fighting and oppose looseness. To this end, Zhu profoundly compared the image of reading to fighting fire and treating diseases, propping up a water boat and burning a bridge. It is believed that reading should have the same sense of urgency as fighting fires and treating diseases, the tenacious style of supporting the water boat to retreat if it does not advance, and the indomitable spirit of cross the rubicon.
(6) Respect and ambition.
"Stay at a respectful distance from others" contains the purpose principle of reading, which is not only an important method of Zhu's moral cultivation, but also his most important reading method. "Respect" means having the right attitude and doing it sincerely and seriously. He pointed out that "the method of reading is not good at order, and the essence of being good at precision lies in respect and ambition." It's not easy. "The so-called' respect' means that you have a correct attitude, single-minded spirit and concentrated attention when reading. Zhu said: "When reading, you must restrain your heart. This is respect. " He also said: "when reading, you must stick your heart to the book, word for word, each has its own advantages and disadvantages, and it is easy to discuss." A scholar must tidy up his mind, let the experts be quiet and pure, and there is no distraction between daily activities before he can read the text carefully. "The so-called' perseverance' is to establish lofty aspirations and lofty goals, and stick to them for a long time with tenacious perseverance. He said, "Not sure how to study? "Only by establishing a clear ambition can we' blindly advance' and make continuous progress in our study.
All reading must be familiar with it first, so that everything in it seems to come from my mouth. Think about it further and make its meaning seem to come from what I think in my heart, then I can learn something. As for those who have doubts about the meaning of the article, everyone's comments are confusing, so you should calm down and think carefully, and don't rush to choose. First, list one of them separately and state it, and follow the ideas of the article to verify the smoothness and blockage of its ideas. Then those who have no obvious meaning and reason will automatically give in before comparing with other theories. Then cross-examine and refute each other's remarks, and then seek the soundness of its truth to verify its correctness or error. What seems to be right or wrong will also be denied by the public and cannot be established. Generally speaking, stop and look at it slowly, deal with it statically and observe it dynamically. If you attack hardwood, attack its easy place first and then its key point; It's like unwinding a tangled rope. If something doesn't make sense, just leave it there for the time being and deal with it slowly. This is the way of reading.
When reading, we should first tidy up the desk for reading, make it clean and stable, put the books neatly on the desk, let the body sit up straight, face the books, read the words on the books carefully and calmly, and read the articles carefully and clearly. Every word you want to read is loud and clear. You can't mispronounce a word, read one less word, read one more word, read one word backwards, or just memorize it. Read it a few times and it will come out naturally, even if it takes a long time. The ancients said, "When a book is read many times, its meaning naturally emerges." In other words, if you read the book well, you will naturally understand its meaning without relying on others to explain it. I once said: there are three kinds of reading, called heart to heart, eye to eye and mouth to mouth. If the heart is not in the book, then the eyes will not read it carefully. Since the heart and eyes are not absorbed wholeheartedly, they just look at it casually, which is definitely unforgettable, even if they remember it, it will not last long. Of the three, the heart is the most important. The heart is here, can't the eyes be there?