On the Problems of Modern Chinese Components

Analysis of the structure of Chinese characters combined with Chinese characters There are about 50,000 to 60,000 Chinese characters, including 48,000 words in The Great Chinese Dictionary and 9,000 words in Xinhua Dictionary. Calligraphers can use it. It is not surprising that there is no exact statistics on the number of Chinese characters combined, but we can probably feel that combined characters should account for the vast majority. Calligraphers almost know that each stroke has its own thoughts, and the structure of each word has its own special circumstances. Moreover, the structure we understand in calligraphy teaching is not the same as that of Chinese character printing. Therefore, as far as the current calligraphy teaching is concerned, it is a glorious and arduous task to study the structure of compound words. Past experience is mostly based on some typical examples. Of course, we can't talk about every situation and every sentence in our teaching. The following is my teaching experience based on the past, which I would like to discuss with my colleagues. I hope it can play a role in attracting jade! Some compound words are simple in structure and consist of only two parts, while others are complex in structure and consist of multiple parts. For example, the word "Wei" consists of two parts: I and female, the word "Yuan" consists of five parts: Wu, Kou, Yue, Bei and Fan, and the word "Gan" consists of Li, Ri, Ten and Fan. A combined Chinese character composed of three or more parts is no longer a simple combination. But no matter how complicated it is, there must be rules to be found. According to the orientation of the knot, we can divide the combined words into three forms: horizontal combination, vertical combination and enclosing combination. According to the relationship between parts and the whole, there are two forms: "master-slave relationship" and "equal relationship" First, the collocation relationship of orientation combination in the structure (first) the collocation relationship of horizontal combination 1 Don't leave. The gaps between the parts of the horizontal combination should be neither too close nor too far, inseparable and interdependent, and the writing arrangement should be "just right". 2. patchwork. There are few horizontal combinations of flat heads, and the left and right parts are different in height, which is vivid and natural. 3. Avoid infiltration. In the horizontal combination, several strokes are very close, so be careful not to conflict. As the saying goes, "Never commit a crime if you refuse to accept it", you should pay attention to avoiding or intervening left and right, know "restraint" and "comity", and maintain basic harmony and integration. 4. Call left and answer right. The left and right parts of the horizontal combination cannot be pieced together mechanically, and most of them echo each other and take care of each other. (2) Vertical combination and collocation relationship 1. The heart must be intimate. In principle, no matter how complicated the structure is, a word can only have one center. The upper, lower, left and right parts all follow this principle, and each part can't be divorced from morality. If you make a mistake when writing horizontally or vertically, that is, the "small centers" of each part go their own way, and one word in a line can give birth to two, three or even more centers, then the thrown part can easily be misunderstood as another word. 2. It is neither too tight nor too loose. Roughly the same as the horizontal relationship, the gap between the upper and lower parts of the vertical combination must be close. It's not crowded or obscene, and it's taken care of from top to bottom. Between parts, that is, the center and center of gravity of each unit focus on the overall situation, that is, abide by the principle of one center and one center of gravity. 3. Folding degree. The words are not closed, and all sides are flushed, dull or lifeless. Or pick it up and put it down, or pick it up and put it down. All parts should be picked up and put away, put away, put away. In particular, although it is arbitrarily placed, it must be noted that it cannot be allowed to expand at will and ignore its neighbors. It is necessary to be able to predict the farthest limit and clearly know where the "word edge" is. 4. Echo up and down. Similar to the left-right echo, the upper and lower parts of the vertical combination also echo up and down in action, look at each other, care about each other and connect with each other. (3) Peripheral combination and collocation The so-called peripheral structure refers to the relationship between the core part and the peripheral part. In writing, it is relatively more difficult to deal with the surrounding structure than others. The seemingly surrounded part is mostly attached to the surrounded part, but when writing and expressing, it often changes with the author's interest, or takes care of each other or hugs each other. When arranging, we should pay attention to the moderate gap between each part and the grasp of the center and center of gravity. Pay attention to the proportion between parts in the box structure. If the size of the box is not handled properly, it is easy to be uncoordinated, and if the parts inside the box are not handled properly, it will make people look uncomfortable. In addition, some special situations such as "qi", "smallness", "deficiency" and "qi" also need teachers to explain in detail in teaching. Second, the "master-slave relationship" and "peer-to-peer relationship" in the structure As far as the relationship between parts and parts and between parts and the whole is concerned, most Chinese characters are "master-slave relationship". For convenience, we use "dichotomy" to analyze. "Peer-to-peer relationship" is rare, generally based on the fact that the areas occupied by each part are basically the same. It seems that some words are between "master-slave relationship" and "equal relationship", such as "double", "subordinate", "multiple" and "jujube", but you can still see the difference if you look closely. Therefore, when the "master-slave relationship" lacks sufficient reasons, it is also an "equal relationship", such as "JIU", "bow", "V" and "drum". The so-called "dichotomy" is to separate the main part from the secondary part, that is, to divide it into two parts. The confirmation of the main part is basically subject to the main part, and the subsidiary parts are mostly subordinate parts. For example, Xiang and Mu are the main characters, while Dao and Miao are the main characters. In complex cases, the larger part shall prevail. For example, the words "Guo" and "Kou" are the main body, the words "Song" and "Guan" are the main body, and the words "Charm" and "Ghost" are the main body. The main part is also the core part, and the center and center of gravity tend to the main part. The significance of dichotomy is related to the layout, proportion, and the coordination between parts and parts and the whole, which has a basic basis and can even take care of the "edge conditions" of "deep structure" and "white distribution" and "various conditions from the center of the word to the edge" Dichotomy determines the overall situation of a word, that is, after the master-slave relationship, many words in multiple structures can be pulled into the master-slave relationship or equal relationship at the next level again. If the word "praise" takes "double" as the unit, the upper "double" is the subordinate part and the lower "double" is the main part; At the lower level, you are the unit, and the upper level of "double" is "equal relationship", while the lower level of "double" is "master-slave relationship". When the word "I" takes "Yan" as the unit, the "Yan" on the left is the subordinate part and the "Yan" on the right is the main part; At the next level, the fire is the unit, the left inflammation is the equal relationship, the right inflammation is the master-slave relationship, the word "positive" is the main one, the "positive" is the slave, and the "qi" is the master-slave relationship. Regarding the next extension in the multiple structure, I won't give an example here. The word-breaking part in the structure, such as the upper part of the word "see" ("two verticals" plus a "you"), is also broken down in this way. The purpose of this analysis is not to make any rules, but to facilitate learning and research.