In the Ming dynasty, becoming an official became the only way for the imperial examination. People who entered imperial academy to study in the Ming Dynasty were generally called Guo Jianzi. There are generally four kinds of supervisors: those who send students to prison for study, those who send bureaucratic children to prison, those who send people to prison and those who donate money to prison. Guo-zi-jian diploma can be an official directly. Especially in the early Ming Dynasty, many officials were appointed by Guo Jianzi as central and local officials. After the Ming Dynasty became a ancestor, Guo Jianzi had fewer and fewer opportunities to be an official directly, but he could directly take the provincial examination and pass the imperial examination to become an official.
In addition to the students in Guo Jian, there are also those who take the imperial examinations in the provincial examinations. Only when you enter school and become a student can you go to prison or become a student in the imperial examination. In the Ming Dynasty, Fuzhou County School was called County School or Confucianism. Those who pass the examinations at all levels in this province and enter government, state and county schools are generally called students and scholars. The entrance examination for obtaining students' qualifications is called children's examination, also known as test or test. Delivery test includes three stages: county test, government test and hospital test. The college examination is presided over by the provincial academic affairs office, also known as the prefect college, so it is called the college examination. Those who pass the college entrance examination are called students, and then they are divided into official, state and county schools to study. Students are divided into three grades: students, students, and students. The food provided by the government is called foodie, or foodie for short. Those who increase beyond the quota are called co-opted students, and the branch is called proliferation; In addition to the growth of students, the number of places will be increased, which is attached to the end of students and is called an attached student, and the branch is called an attached student. Getting a bachelor's degree is the starting point of fame. On the one hand, students from schools in various prefectures, prefectures and counties were selected as palace students, and they could go directly to imperial academy to become children. On the one hand, provincial academic promotion officers hold two-level examinations, namely, annual examination and science examination, which are divided into six grades according to the results. Ranked first and second in scientific research, those who are eligible to take the provincial examination are called imperial examination students. Therefore, admission is the first level of the imperial examination ladder.
The official imperial examinations in the Ming Dynasty were divided into three grades: after having obtained a local examination, the senior high school entrance examination and palace examination. The rural examination is a local examination held by the southern and northern Zhili provinces and ministries. The location is in the south, where the Beijing government and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are stationed. Held once every three years, it is every child, noon, Mao, and unitary years, also known as. The examination place is called Gong Yuan. The examination period is in August of autumn, so it is also called Autumn Wei. Candidates and invigilators in this province can take the exam. There are two examiners, four co-examiners, one transfer, and several other officials who preside over the provincial examination. The exam was divided into three sessions, which were held on August 9th,12nd and15th respectively. Jurors in rural areas are commonly known as Lian Xiao, and their first name is Xie Yuan. Tang Yin won the first place after having obtained the provincial examination, so he was called Tang Jieyuan. After passing the provincial examination, it is called B list, also called B section. When the list was released, it was sweet-scented osmanthus, so it was also called Guibang. After the announcement, the governor presided over a banquet. During the dinner, Luming Literature was sung and Kuixing Dance was performed.
The examination is a national examination presided over by the Ministry of Rites, also known as the Ministry of Rites. It was held in the second year of the rural examination, that is, every day, every day and every year. The national juren will take the exam in Beijing, and the exam time is in February of spring, so it is called the end of spring. There are also three exams, held on February 9th,12nd and15th. Because the final exam is a higher-level exam, the number of examiners is twice that of the provincial exam. Officials such as examiners, examiners and transfer officials are all senior officials. The examiner is called the chairman, also known as the seat owner or seat teacher. Gong, commonly known as Gong Chu, is called Mingjing, and his first name is Huiyuan.
The palace exam was held in the same year after the meeting, and the time was originally the first day of March. Ming Xianzong changed to March 15th from eight years ago. The candidate is Gong. The palace test did not fail, but was rescheduled by the emperor. The court exam was presided over by Angel, who only took the current affairs exam. After the palace exam, I will read the papers the next day and release the results the next day. Admission is divided into three classes: first-class and third-class, which are given to Jinshi and Ding Yuan respectively. The first one is the champion, the second one is the second one, and the third one is the flower exploration, which is collectively called Sandingjia. Second, I am a scholar, and third, I am a scholar. Second, the first of the top three is called biography. A, B and A are collectively referred to as Jinshi. Jinshi list is called Jiabang, or Jiake. The Jinshi list is written in yellow paper, so it is called Huang Jia, also known as the Golden List, and the sergeant base is called the champion.
After having obtained the provincial examination, the first place was Xie Yuan, and the first place was Hui Yuan. Together with the number one scholar in the palace examination, it is called the three principles. Three yuan in a row is a much-told story in the imperial examination field. In the Ming Dynasty, only Guan Xu in Hongwu period and Shang Lu in orthodox period participated in the tripartite confrontation.
After the court examination, the champion was awarded the editor of imperial academy, and the second prize and Hua Tan were awarded the editor. The rest of the Jinshi passed the exam, known as Jishi Shu of the Imperial Academy. Three years later, those who pass the examination will be awarded editors, reviewers and other officials respectively, and the rest will be assigned to the ministries as directors, or the magistrate of a county will give priority to employment, which is called scattered libraries. People born in Jishi Shu are promoted very quickly. After Yingzong, the imperial court formed a situation that Jinshi or Hanlin did not enter the cabinet.
Eight-part essay in the first session of the rural examination and unified examination in Ming Dynasty. Whether you can be admitted depends mainly on the quality of the eight-part essay. Therefore, ordinary readers often spend their whole lives on eight-part essays. Eight-part essay takes the sentences in the Four Books and Five Classics as the topic, and can only explain the meaning according to the meaning of the topic. The wording should be in the tone of the ancients, that is, the so-called generation of sages. The format is also dead. The structure has certain procedures, the number of words is limited, and the syntax requires duality. Eight-part essay is also called Zhi Yi, Zhi Yi, Shi Wen, Barbie and Si. Eight-part essay is an article composed of eight pairs, generally divided into six paragraphs. Use the first sentence to solve the problem, two sentences to bear the problem, and then explain the reason, that is, the origin. The main part of the eight-part essay consists of four parts: initial sharing, middle sharing, post-sharing and binding sharing, each of which has two paragraphs. At the end of the article, a big knot is used, which is called a big knot. Eight-part essay evolved from Confucian classics in Song Dynasty. Eight-part essay is extremely harmful and seriously binds people's thoughts. It is a tool to maintain feudal autocracy, and it also leads the imperial examination system itself into a dead end. Gu, a famous scholar in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, said indignantly: "Eight-part writing is flourishing, six classics are weak, eighteen are flourishing, and twenty-one is abolished." He added, "I think stereotyped writing is more harmful than burning books."
▲ Qing Dynasty-the demise of the imperial examination system in ancient China
The imperial examination system in the Qing Dynasty was basically the same as that in the Ming Dynasty, but the policy of ethnic discrimination was implemented. Manchu people enjoy all kinds of privileges, and it is not necessary to pass the imperial examination to be an official. Before Yongzheng, the imperial examinations in Qing Dynasty were divided into two lists: Manchu and Chinese. The standard-bearer enjoys a special advantage in the provincial examination and the general examination, and only one translator is tested, which is called the translation department. In the future, although Manchu and Chinese took the exam together, Han people still took the most exams.
The imperial examination system developed to the Qing dynasty, and it declined day by day, with more and more disadvantages. Although the Qing rulers severely punished cheating in the imperial examination, cheating became more and more serious due to the shortcomings of the imperial examination system itself, and the imperial examination system eventually died out.
In order to qualify for the official imperial examination, the Qing people had to take the children's examination first. Those who take the children's exam are called Confucian scholars or children's students, and they are called students after entering school (there are official schools, state schools and county schools in Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as Confucianism). Confucianism and Confucius Temple are called Gong Xue together. Students are disciplined by instructors (professors, scholars, teachers and instructors) as soon as they enter the school. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, students were still studying in Gong Xue (there were monthly classes and quarterly exams, which later became a name), also known as earning a living, commonly known as scholars. This is the starting point of "fame".
There are three kinds of students: the best student is Lin Sheng, who has a certain quota and is fed by the government; Secondly, there is diffusion, but there are also some places; The new "students" are called affiliated students. Every year, students will take political exams, and they will rise and fall in turn according to their grades.
The imperial examination is divided into three grades: after having obtained the township examination, the senior high school entrance examination and palace examination.
After getting the exam, it is usually held every three years in the provincial capital, also known as Dabi. Because it is held in autumn, it is also called Qiu Wei. Scholars (students) take the provincial examination, but before taking the provincial examination, scholars must pass the scientific examination held by the provincial government, and only those with excellent grades can be selected to take the provincial examination. After having obtained the provincial examination, it was called Juren, and its first name was Xie Yuan.
In the spring of the second year after having obtained the provincial examination, the examination was held in the department of rites, so it was also called Li Wei and Chunwei. The person who took the exam was Juren. After he won the exam, he was called Gong, and his first name was Huiyuan. After the exam, there is usually a second interview.
The above exams are mainly about eight-part essay and poetry. The title of the eight-part essay comes from the four books and five classics, which is slightly similar to the Confucian classics in the Song Dynasty, but the wording should be the tone of the ancients, the so-called generation of sages. The structure has certain procedures, the number of words is limited, and the syntax requires parallelism, also known as Babiwen, Shi Wen, Shi Yi and Zhi Yi.
Gong Kao is the emperor's examiner, and Kao Ce asked. Gong Shi participated in the palace test, and after winning the prize, they were collectively referred to as Jinshi. The palace exam is divided into three levels of admission. The first one is for Jinshi and, the second one is for Jinshi origin, and the third one is for Jinshi origin. The first one admitted three students, the first one is commonly known as the number one scholar, the second one is commonly known as the second one, and the third one is commonly known as Tan Hua, which is collectively called Sandingjia. Second place, first place, commonly known as biography.
The champion was awarded editing by the Hanlin Academy, and the second prize and flower exploration were awarded editing by the Confucian Academy. The rest of the Jinshi took part in the imperial examination and studied the poems and fu written by the imperial edict. Jishi Shu, who is good at literature and calligraphy, was chosen, and the rest were awarded to the headmaster (staff of various ministries) and magistrate of a county (in fact, to get the position of headmaster and magistrate of a county, you need candidates and alternates, and you can't be an official for life). Jishi Shu held a "three-year-old" exam at the end of his three-year study in the special church (also known as the ordinary church) in imperial academy. Those with outstanding achievements were awarded the editor by imperial academy (originally the second-class editor in imperial academy and the third-class editor in imperial academy), and the rest were assigned to the ministries as principals or provincial magistrates.
The fragment of "Fan Jinzhong Residence" is selected from the third episode of "The Scholars", "Zhou Xuedao School's scholar pulls out the real talent, and Hu's murder stops the good news". This time, I wrote a story about Jin Fan's success. This novel describes Zhou Jin who studied Taoism in Guangdong. When he took office in Guangzhou, he first took two exams for students. After two exams, students from Nanhai and Panyu counties took the exam for the third time. There was Jin Fan in childhood. Jin Fan took part in the exam and won the first place. People call him "xianggong" After entering the school, Jin Fan wants to further test people. After being admitted to Juren, people will call him a "master".
Zhongju is a process of imperial examination. Before commenting on this story, let's briefly introduce the imperial examination system in Qing Dynasty.
The imperial examination system in Qing dynasty was divided into two stages, one was the preliminary examination of the imperial examination, and the other was the formal examination of the imperial examination. There are three kinds of initial examinations of imperial examinations, one is called children's examination, the other is called age examination, and the other is called science examination. Children's test, also known as "intelligence test". When a boy begins to take the first test, he is called a "boy". After a certain examination and selection, you can be called a "scholar" if you go to the county to take the exam. Jin Fan worked as a male student for many years, and finally he was admitted to a scholar. Scholars take the exam once a year, which is also a process of merit-based admission. This is the so-called "annual exam". I have to take a big exam every three years, which is called "Science Exam". Take the exam once every three years, mainly to recommend candidates for the exam. If you pass the nomination of this exam, you are eligible to take the juren exam. Jin Fan just caught up with the children's exam, which was also the year of the first exam. He was admitted to the Children's Day Champion, so he was naturally qualified to take the Juren Examination. This is the first test of the imperial examination.
Then there is the official imperial examination, which also has three types: after the provincial examination, after the provincial examination, and the court examination. After having obtained the provincial examinations, it is held once every three years, that is, in August of the fourth year of Zi, Mao, Wu and You. Passing the provincial examination is called juren, and juren is actually an alternate official who is qualified to be an official. According to the imperial examination system in Qing dynasty, juren can register with the official department, obtain a certain official position and become a county official. Of course, this position is very few, and the number of people is about 40 to 130 every year. There are few places on the jury, so there are even fewer people waiting to be an official on the jury, so there are often alternate officers. This is the first rural exam. The next step is to try. Following the provincial examination, the examination was held in February of the following year. After the township entrance examination, it will be spring in August of the first year and February of the second year. When I went to Beijing to take the exam, it was called the "spring exam", which was the exam. Once admitted, they are called Jinshi, and there are about 300 places for Jinshi every year. After the final exam, in the second month after the final exam, about April, there will be the third exam, the palace exam. Palace examination was personally tested by the emperor in the Hall of Supreme Harmony. After he passed the exam, he was appointed as a scholar in the imperial examination, and he can directly enter the official position.
The content of the imperial examination is mainly eight-part essay. Eight-part essay mainly examines the contents of Confucian classics, poems, books, rites, changes and the Spring and Autumn Period, and chooses certain topics to write in the Five Classics. The title and writing style have certain formats. Eight-part essay was very important at that time. So people at that time were preoccupied with eight-part essay, and only eight-part essay could knock on the door of imperial examination.