For example, the tomb of Mu Ying in Hongwu period was discovered in Nanjing. Mu Ying, Zhu Yuanzhang's adopted son, was an important hero in the early Ming Dynasty. Mu Ying's Tomb (A.D. 1349- 1392) unearthed "Xiao He chasing Han Xin's plum vase under the blue moon". Judging from the glaze color, shape, ornamentation and even blue-and-white hair color of this plum blossom bottle, it has typical blue-and-white characteristics of the Yuan Dynasty. The author thinks that this piece is a blue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, which was buried with people in the early Ming Dynasty, but some people think that it was fired during the Hongwu period. It can be seen that the identification of transitional porcelain needs further research and discussion.
Hongwu's early porcelain research can not be separated from the tomb era, because many tombs are buried with artifacts handed down from the Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, we should pay comprehensive attention to the following two points:
1. Hongwu porcelain is in the alternate period of Yuan and Ming Dynasties. When dating, we should not only pay attention to the characteristics of Yuan Dynasty, but also find out the unique style of Ming Dynasty.
2. Tracing back to the source, we should not only contact the characteristics of porcelain in the late Yuan Dynasty, but also consider the difference between the lower limit and porcelain in Yongle Dynasty, and make a comprehensive and detailed analysis to reach a correct conclusion.
First, the characteristics of Hongwu blue and white porcelain
1. Modeling: The fetal bones of the utensils are not as thick as Yuan porcelain, but they are still thicker and thinner than Yongle and Xuande blue and white flowers. Folk kilns are bigger. The edges of the dishes are lip-shaped, the dishes are hard and curved, and the foot diameter is large.
2. Carcass and foot: The texture is denser than that of Yuan Dynasty. Hongwu foot has many forms, such as round vortex coarse foot, high foot, inclined inner wall and inclined outer circle foot. However, during this period, a new feature of flat foot cutting appeared on the bowl, which was inherited by Yongle and Xuande porcelain in the future.
3. Fetal glaze: the glaze is bluish white. The tire color is beige and individual beige, and the official kiln porcelain is white and delicate. Generally, the feet are brushed with white glaze paste, and the thin part is yellow, and the thick part is milky white or cyan, and the gloss is not strong.
4. Blue and white materials: During the Hongwu period, there were many blue and white materials in China, and a small part of them were imported blue and white materials left over from the Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, the hair color of Hongwu blue and white is gray, and a few are dark brown, which is caused by the thick, turbid and blue bottom glaze.
5. Pattern decoration: there are many strokes, such as the word "Fu", with a deep beginning and a shallow end. In particular, the blue-and-white porcelain patterns in folk kilns inherited the tradition of China's calligraphy and painting, and created "one stroke and one painting" in the early Ming Dynasty. Apart from words, they mainly describe nature and unpretentious.
In the decorative layout, it is elegant and elegant. It changed the style of excessive levels and complicated patterns of blue and white ornamentation in Yuan Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Hongwu began to change the patterns of the Yuan Dynasty, tending to leave more white edges and simple patterns, which became popular as theme patterns in utensils and dishes.
The design of the official kiln is also simpler than that of Yuan blue and white, with flowers and plants as the mainstay, especially the flat chrysanthemum pattern, and some utensils are decorated with the theme of bound branches and flat chrysanthemums. In addition to flower patterns, Yunlong patterns are slightly more. The blue and white dragon pattern has five claws, and the tips of the five claws are connected into a circular coil. The moire is wind-banded, some are fireworks-shaped, and the tadpole shape of the Yuan Dynasty is no longer seen. Lotus petals covered with lotus patterns are not separated from each other by borders, and the petals are not filled with color. Lotus leaves are deformed and have no regular gourd shape. The leaves of peony flowers are slender and irregular.
Hongwu's painting method of flowing clouds is different from that of Yuan Dynasty: Hongwu's blue-and-white painting has a method of inheriting the internal positive print and external blue-and-white decoration of Yuan Dynasty. Double Yunlong plates printed in blue and white outside the official kiln of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty. There is a thin spiral at the bottom of the shallow sand to dig out the residual roots, and there is a mottled "kiln red" on the bottom. The inner wall of the round foot turns into an inclined plane in the centrifugal direction, and its longitudinal section forms an obtuse angle with the bottom surface. The interior and exterior walls are decorated with Shuanglong, with embossed flowers inside and blue-and-white paintings outside. There are three blue and white clouds in the center of the dish, and the feet of the clouds are arranged clockwise. This font arrangement is a major feature of walking clouds painting in Ming Dynasty. The Ming dynasty continued to the period of Zhengde, and there were great changes between Jiaqing and Wanli.
As for the broken branches or lotus leaf patterns painted by blue and white flowers, they are mostly spiral, while the common lotus leaf patterns in Yuan Dynasty are gourd-shaped. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, the leaves were large, and the flowers were big leaves, while in the Hongwu period, they were small leaves and small flowers.
The edge decoration of the mouth or circle foot of utensils is a common back-word pattern in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The difference between them is that the palindromes in Yuan Dynasty are folded in the same direction, and the palindromes in Hongwu period are paired with one positive and one negative. The palindromes after Leshui basically inherited the form of Hongwu, which is also a positive and negative connection. The difference of palindromes has become an important criterion to distinguish Yuan porcelain from Ming porcelain.
6. Description: Up to now, Hongwu style blue-and-white porcelain of official kiln or folk kiln has not been found. There is a "Ming Hongwu Year System" handed down from generation to generation, imitating the Ming Wanli. As for China's porcelain catalogue, there are pure fake blue and white flower pots made by Hong Wu.
At present, there is only one blue and white porcelain seal jar with an inscription, which was made by Hong Wu on February 27th, 2007.
Second, Wen Jian's porcelain.
Wen Jian (A.D. 1399- 1402) reigned for four years, which was very short. Due to the confrontation between the north and the south for years, the political power is unstable, and the production of porcelain industry is affected. So far, no cultural relics handed down in Wen Jian style have been found, and no tombs of Wen Jian era have been excavated. Therefore, people sometimes count Wen Jian dynasty as Hongwu years and Hongwu dynasty as 35 years. As for whether the porcelain style in this period is the same as that in Hongwu period or whether it has a new firing appearance, all these need new discussion, and it is still a historical blank at present.
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