After Cheng Zheng's death, he was designated as an "anti-thief" by the Northern Dynasties and was later corrected. However, in the works of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, they were praised as "a good general with wisdom, benevolence and courage", "a turtle mirror of a loyal minister and a righteous man" (Taiping Ji), or "a scholar" and "a military commander" (Song Mei Lun). Confucianism prevailed in the Edo period, and Cheng Zheng's diligent behavior was greatly praised. After the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government stepped up its efforts to publicize Cheng Zheng and his deeds in order to maintain the Mikado system. Not only was he posthumously awarded the highest rank, but he also built a Sichuan shrine to worship him as a "military god" and wrote his deeds into primary and secondary school textbooks. Since then, this historical figure has become a household name in Japan. After World War II, with the democratization of politics, some works were denounced as "evil party traitors" and "dynasty watchdogs", while others were avoided. It seems that how to correctly evaluate Nanshu Cheng Zheng, an influential figure in Japanese history, has not been solved so far, and has to become one of the important research topics of Japanese ancient medieval history researchers. This paper attempts to put forward some superficial views on the Cheng Zheng issue from the perspective of Marxism-Leninism.
First, the hero who ended.
Overthrowing the Kamakura shogunate is a historical feat that meets the requirements of the times. Kusunoki Masashige took the lead in this battle, opened the gap and laid the foundation for victory. This great contribution must be fully affirmed.
The Yuanlai era and the Kitajima Taishi era have passed, and by the end of13rd century, the rule of the Kamakura shogunate was in jeopardy. The lower peasants exploited by manor owners, manor officials, landlords and famous landlords went bankrupt and fled. Many of them became "mountain thieves" and "pirates" and rebelled against the shogunate. After the Anti-Yuan War, the unrequited royal family became poorer and poorer, and their dissatisfaction with the shogunate increased day by day. Non-royal officials and western royal officials who have always been dissatisfied with the shogunate's dependence on the royal policy in the East often broke into the manor, deprived them of their annual tribute, engaged in commercial activities, controlled traffic, and armed bankrupt farmers to form new samurai groups. Some researchers believe that the old samurai group cares about the land, is committed to maintaining and expanding the territory, and is proud of having many "families" and "Langdang". In addition to managing land, the new samurai also engaged in commercial activities in combination with the unique commercial organization "Left" in the Middle Ages. This kind of samurai group had existed for a long time, and by the beginning of the14th century, it almost spread all over the country, attacking the manor everywhere and confronting the Tokugawa era, posing a threat to the shogunate, because it was called "evil party" by the shogunate. The northern clan strengthened its rule over the clan and intensified the contradictions within the Tokugawa era group, with infighting one after another. After Anda Rebellion (1285), Anton Rebellion (1332) happened again. The essence of the problem is the development of economy, especially the development of commodity economy, which requires completely breaking the manor order and establishing a wide range of peripheral economy. Obviously, the old-school policy of North Island can't meet this historical requirement, while the activities of the New Knight Corps conform to this historical trend.
Nanben samurai is the representative. According to legend, Cheng Zheng's father, Nanhe, was once an elder in a scattered place, and he had power on the transportation lines from Somo to Shejin and Hanoi to Nara. He put the transportation hub leading to Nara Avenue in Yamato under his control and mastered the commercial circulation route. It is also speculated that nanmu is managed in cinnabar mining, because Hanoi and Akasaka are famous for their cinnabar producing areas. This guess may not be completely realistic, but it can be seen that nanmu is closely related to commercial activities.
The fact that Nanmu lives at the foot of Mount Kumgang shows that Cheng Zheng, as an "evil side", is likely to have a deep relationship with people in the Gecheng Mountains. According to reports, before the change of the center (1324), Ji Jun Hino, a recent minister of Go Daigo (hereinafter referred to as the Emperor), once came to Dahe Hanoi disguised as mountains and rivers to observe the terrain, select the land suitable for building castles and collect anti-screen troops. Since then, Cheng Zheng's actions have been combined with the emperor's curtain fall movement, which is entirely possible. 132 1: In, after the Emperor ascended the throne, he carried out some reforms, such as announcing the cancellation of all checkpoints except Ye Nan and Otsu. Control food prices; Forcing wealthy families in Kyoto to sell their hoarded rice to the people at an open price; The emperor is frugal, etc. These reforms are undoubtedly welcomed by the people and praised by emerging warriors with broad vision and education. Therefore, in the closing movement, Cheng Zheng and the emperor had the same language. It is mentioned in Lin Senji's Collar Catalogue that in 133 1 year, Cheng Zheng once invaded Ruosongzhuang, Hequan County. Scholars believe that this may be, as Taiping Ji said, its purpose is to "deliver rations" and "as part of the preparation for the curtain call". If so, then Cheng Zheng has actually participated in the closing ceremony since then.
Cheng Zheng was also one of the first people who publicly responded to the emperor's call.
The situation was extremely serious at that time. The emperor single-handedly, in the middle of regime change (1324), the only military commanders, such as Tajimi Guo Chang, were killed by the Six Polo Army, and their close ministers, Nozichao and Ji Jun, were arrested. The emperor drew up a new plan to beg for the curtain, and once again attempted to organize the military forces with the "evil party" and "wild fu" as the core who opposed the curtain. At the same time, the monk soldiers from Ruishan and Du Nan, the samurai led by the royal family, the Kyushu local samurai who were dissatisfied with the shogunate because of the reward problem, and the powerful foreign royal family represented by Ashikaga and Xintian, who were critical of the clan rights in the North Island, captured six Polos in one fell swoop. A few days later, the plan leaked again, and the emperor fled hastily and came to the mountain city to buy mountains. At this moment, the love affair came here to see the emperor, indicating the determination to reverse his conviction. He said: "As long as I hear that Cheng Cheng is not dead, the karma will be realized. Please rest assured. " I see. Return to Hanoi base immediately and dispatch Akasaka troops.
Cheng Zheng played the role of the leader of the armed opposition, which required great determination and courage. North Island's life is not long. It can be said that people with a little political mind are very clear, and even people like Emperor Jimiaoyuan can see it. 13 17
In 2006, he said, "Dongfeng has failed in recent years." However, it is very difficult to take risks and act immediately. Most of them take a wait-and-see attitude. It was in May of 1333 (Yin) that they stood up and protested. At that time, Cheng Zheng had laid a military foundation for the end.
Soon after, Ge Xishan was captured by the troops sent by the shogunate (September 28th), and the Emperor was arrested on his way to Akasaka and sent back to Kyoto for house arrest. The shogunate army turned to Akasaka City. (Yin)1October 2 1 day, the city fell, and Dagong cleverly escaped and disappeared into the deep mountains of Katsura. 1332 (Yin) In March, the emperor was exiled to seclusion, and the curtain-seeking plan seemed to be dashed again. In fact, from 133 1 year 10, Xiaakasaka was trapped and was recaptured in 13331month. In this year, Cheng Zheng and Prince Hu Liang did not do nothing, but went underground according to the situation that the enemy was strong and we were weak, and secretly connected in series to rebuild and expand the anti-curtain team in a few years. Prince Hu Liang's curtain call petition even achieved the purpose of broadcasting, honoring, giving, building and Satsuma, which promoted the rise of anti-curtain call movements in various places. A document proves that they also kept in touch and exchanged information with Yin Di during this period. According to the Records of Tianye Mountain Empty City Plan, on December 9th (Yin), in two letters to empty city plan Sangang and his disciples respectively, Zuo Weiwang was signed, and in the order issued by Kitano Family on the same day, he said that he was becoming a Nanmu soldier Wei. This makes people feel very strange. Why are the titles in the two documents different on the same day? According to research, Cheng Zheng claimed that he had been promoted from Ice Guard to Saemonnojo during his hiding. Of course, this promotion will not be played by the shogunate, but appointed by Prince Hu Liang. Of course, Kitajima knows nothing about this. The active activities of Prince Hu Liang and Cheng Zheng have made great achievements, expanding the base areas and promoting the dispatch of troops from monasteries and local tyrants. During this period, Prince Hu Liang issued a decree instead of the emperor to lead the curtain falling movement, but this is only a name, but the essence is that he is in command, and he advises Prince Hu Liang. Even the Emperor in Kyoto Garden thinks that Cheng Zheng is the central figure of the closing movement. Justin wrote in his diary on 2002 1 1 month 12: "Nanmu's career is very prosperous."
After a year of secret activities, the ending situation has been greatly improved. 1332, Cheng Zheng recovered Xiaakasaka City. The following year 1 month, he drove away He Quan's guards and the guard generation in Hanoi, and destroyed He Quan Tudi's royal family. Furthermore, Tianjin Men defeated Sumida and Gao Qiao in World War I, and then defeated Gonggang Army, thus taking control of Jiyi, Hanoi, Hequan and Shejin in one fell swoop. Under the influence of victory, riots broke out everywhere. 1333 (three years) In January, Chisongze Village was built and the original field was sown. In February (Yin), Chongqing and Tuju in Yiyi entered the curtain-dropping war, and the curtain-dropping movement reached its first climax.
Cheng Zheng has become the main enemy of the shogunate. At the end of January, the shogunate sent three armies to suppress it, claiming to be "a million", which can be said to be a rush. At the same time, a reward order was issued, which read: "Anyone who kills Cheng Zheng will be rewarded with Danbo Yuechi Village." Since February 22, it has captured the upper and lower Akasaka City and its surrounding sub-cities, and is now sticking to Qianzao City (a thousand swords break the city). With wisdom and courage, he persisted in the battle for victory for three months until the fall of the shogunate. On March 22nd, the first sentence of Kyushu Tanmachi's report after his arrival in Kamakura was "Mount Kumgang has not been captured", which shows that the shogunate attached great importance to this battle. Qianzaocheng is like a star on the top of the mountain, and its flashing light inspires people's fighting spirit. Thus, in March, the fattened Takeshi Kikuchi and Ichiro Ozawa stood upright, and in April, Lu Ao Jiecheng Guangzong revolted one after another, which set off the second Japanese anti-curtain climax. The battle of Qianchencheng contained the main force of the shogunate army, which made it possible for the Akamatsu anti-curtain army and thousands of anti-curtain troops to jointly attack Kyoto, and also prompted people like Luhe to take the opportunity to rise. No wonder some people say, "Cheng Zheng's contribution to the development of Jianwu is mainly to defend Qianzao City. From the overall situation, defending thousands of dates is the most valuable. "
Cheng Zheng's indomitable struggle played a decisive role in the downfall of the shogunate. Compared with Ashizumi Zun's family, Shinta Yizhen and others, he is a hero.
Second, the wisdom of many stars
Cheng Zheng was able to win the military victory in this opening match, among other reasons, because he had a deep understanding of Sun Tzu's Art of War and had a good strategic mind and operational command ability. According to legend, Cheng Zheng was a teacher when he was young.
Learning Sun Tzu's Art of War won its wonderful use. In the war, he can make full use of Sun Tzu's art of war thought, and often he can win more with less and win by surprise. After the Edo era, there was a saying in Japan that "China's Kong Ming is Japan's Nanmu", and Cheng Zheng was known as a first-class strategist.
It is related to the success or failure of the ending cause and the two overall strategic policies of ZTE's fate. Once, in September of 133 1 year, he sent troops to talk with the emperor in Gexishan, and the other time was in April of 1336 (the third year of Jianwu), and he put forward a plan to welcome the emperor.
Sun Tzu's Art of War advocates "fearlessness" strategically, that is to say, we should despise all enemies, but we should be careful in guiding operations. When the Emperor asked in Gexishan "What tactics can be used to overthrow the North Island family", Cheng Zheng replied: "The achievements of grassroots work in creating the world are military strategy and ingenuity. If we fight only by force, even if soldiers from more than 60 States are gathered, it is difficult to defeat the shogunate army of Musashi and Sagami State. If we fight strategically, we can even defeat all the Kanto forces. Victory or defeat is common in military strategists, and one or two failures are not worth mentioning, so don't mind. As long as I hear that Cheng Zheng is not dead, the karma will be realized. " It seems that the strategy of falling behind the curtain has existed for a long time, and the content of the strategy has not been revealed, but the emperor is convinced of it and is becoming it. Judging from future actions, Cheng Zheng's strategy is mainly to fight a protracted war, take defense as the attack, consume the enemy, establish and consolidate base areas, develop counter-insurgency forces throughout the country, and launch an attack when the time is right.
Cheng Zhengyuan's original base was Xiaakasaka City, which fell in 133 1 year and was rebuilt after being recovered in 1332. Akasaka City was built in the southeast of Gecheng Mountain. Further south, Qianzao City will be built in the western foothills of Jingang Mountain and on both sides of Qianzao River, and a defensive position in depth will be built between Shangakasaka and Qianzao City, that is, more than a dozen sub-cities (satellite towns) will be arranged on the two wings of the fan-shaped highland, and several sub-cities will be arranged around Qianzao City, closely surrounding the two urban villages of Shangakasaka and Maeda, forming a chair corner with Prince Hu Liang occupying Yoshino, echoing from a distance. With a solid foundation, we can advance and attack, retreat and defend, which increases our initiative and mobility. Only in this way can the attack of the shogunate be crushed.
The first part of this paper points out that even in the most difficult times, Cheng Zheng always sized up the situation, paid close attention to the development of the situation, and achieved "knowing yourself and yourself". Calling for local uprisings in various ways, including in the name of Prince Hu Liang, and actively striving for the development of the anti-conspiracy situation in a direction favorable to himself are all components of Cheng Zheng's strategic measures. The lasting strategy was successful. Although it experienced difficulties and obstacles, it was finally realized with the collapse of the shogunate and the emergence of the "Zhongxing" regime. Compared with Cheng Zheng, Kikuchi Takeshi, the obese Duke of Ju Chi, showed a lack of strategic vision. 1March 333, rashly attacked Hakata, and the whole army was sometimes drowned.
Secondly, about the plan of 1336 (Yin) to attack Kyoto in April. (Yin) In February, the ancestor Zun, who retired from Kyoto, was replenished in Kyushu, and his strength was greatly increased. (Yin) In April, he led 200,000 people on a trip to Kyoto. At this time, the main force of the imperial army, Beichang Xianjia Austrian army, has returned to Austria. Only Shinta Ichiro and his men have more than 20,000 people deployed in Somo (Hyogo Prefecture). The Kyoto court convened a command meeting in a hurry. According to Taiping Ji, the emperor ordered Cheng Zheng to sow, grind, unite with Yizhen, and fight against respecting teachers. Cheng Zheng analyzed the situation and put forward his own strategic policy. He said: "Since respecting teachers has led all beings in nine countries to become successful, the situation in Kyoto is like a cloud. We are dealing with the surging troops with a few exhausted troops. If we adopt conventional tactics, we will undoubtedly fail. I really should be recalled. Like last time, the king was lucky at the mountain gate, and Cheng Zheng still went to Hanoi. He blocked the mouth of Dianchuan River with soldiers from Guinea, and attacked the enemy who entered Beijing from two wings, so that his rations were exhausted. In this way, the enemy will be exhausted, and we will take this opportunity to gradually withdraw our troops. At that time, if we really attacked from the rear, the enemy could be wiped out in one fell swoop. There may be such an idea. If you retreat without a fight, people will think it is cowardly and shameful, so you should defend Hyogo. But the most important thing in the war is the final victory. We should consider the situation at this time and then decide. "
Sun Tzu said that "a good fighter can harm others but not himself", which means taking the initiative to attack. The grain strategy put forward by Cheng Zheng here is the strategy of turning passivity into initiative. According to this strategic plan, a real army was ordered by the emperor to stick to the mountain gate and cut off the grain route in the north, precisely to block the mouth of the Yunnan-Sichuan River, curb the invading enemy of the navy and water army in Shuhu Lake, and then attack from the south. Then Kyoto was not only cut off from the grain route, but also attacked between Scylla and Charybdis, which may change the outcome of this battle. However, Cheng Zheng's excellent strategy was not adopted by the Emperor under Fujiwara's opposition. The Emperor still asked Cheng Zheng to go to Hyogo to see Ichiro. As a result, this wrong decision caused serious consequences, such as the death of Cheng Zheng's army, a real failure and the immediate collapse of the "Zhongxing" regime.
Cheng Zheng also demonstrated his military ability in battle command. In all previous battles, he used the ideas and principles of Sun Tzu's Art of War flexibly, such as "taking the enemy as a cheat", "avoiding the enemy when you are strong", "attacking the enemy unprepared", "winning by surprise", "avoiding the real and attacking the imaginary" and "staying far when you are near, and waiting for the work when you escape". The famous battle of Shimonoseki, the battle of former city building, the battle of Watanabe Bridge in Amano Temple, and the battle of Akio Toyoda Beach are all examples of successful operations using various tactics according to local conditions.
133 1 year1October, after the collapse of Kaori Temple, Masayoshi Akasaka resisted the "300,000" shogunate with 500 troops, and then secretly evacuated after a sudden attack on the enemy. On a dark night in early April of the following year, Zhengfang led 500 troops to raid Akasaka. First of all, they ambushed the garrison commander Tang Gansun's commissary transport team, seized the commissary, then put the weapons in the commissary bag, the soldiers disguised as husbands, and then let the rangers chase the goods carried by the disguised wolves. After the defenders saw it, they quickly took the "transport team" into the city. Camouflaged soldiers immediately took out their bellies from their grain bags, waved broadswords and shouted in unison, and soldiers swarmed in outside the city. In this way, Shimonoseki was recovered through deception and surprise attack.
/kloc-in the first month of 0/333, Cheng Zheng took the initiative to eliminate the shogunate local armed forces around the base area. Six Polos quickly sent five thousand soldiers from Sumida and Gao Qiao to "crusade". The army crossed the river from Shejin Watanabe Bridge and took an offensive. Cheng Zheng first concentrated in the south of Amano Jia, deployed troops near Watanabe Bridge as bait to lure the curtain army south, and then turned the main force ambushing in the south of Amano Jia to counterattack, flanked by two wings, stormed and drove all the enemy troops to Yunnan and Sichuan. Then, the shogunate's reinforcements arrived at Gong Dou's Miyaoka and his men. When the Gonggong death squads arrived near Watanabe Bridge, Cheng Zheng ignored them and retreated again. When Gonggang occupied Tiannu in overtime, Cheng Zheng bluffed and feinted every night, which made the enemy restless all night and finally forced the enemy to retreat. In this campaign, Sun Tzu's strategic thoughts and tactical principles such as "making people not make people", "keeping oneself straight" and "avoiding the strong" have been fully exerted and implemented.
1333 (Yin) The defending battle of Qianzao City from February to May was a successful example of thousands of defenders defeating the siege army (actually more than 20,000 people) who claimed to be millions. The tactics of guarding the city are to defend the highland and take various measures to repel the climbing enemy. Cheng Zheng usually uses the methods of throwing stones and shooting arrows, and sometimes uses scarecrows to lure the enemy to attack. (Yin) On March 5, the enemy launched a general attack on a ladder 20 feet (60 meters) high, while the defenders threw torches or used water bombs (pumps) to burn the ladder short, and launched a battle of "If water accumulates, it should be cut a thousand times (left to west, right to valley)", which defeated the general attack. Cheng Zheng not only guarded the city fortress alone, but also mobilized more than 7,000 "wild sleepers" who were familiar with the local situation, using them to cut off the route of the enemy to provide food, or sneak into the enemy's rear to attack the enemy, effectively cooperating with thousands of defenses.
1336 1 month, in the offensive and defensive war in Kyoto, the tactics of "cunning" and "avoiding reality and being empty" were used brilliantly. At first, the Ashikaga army entered Kyoto, and the Emperor fled to Ruishan. In the middle of the year, the arrival of the North Chang Olympic Army turned the situation around. On the 27th, loyalists attacked from Jiamao River Beach and Anmakou and defeated the Ashikaga Army. At this time, Yizhen did not deploy in Kyoto according to Cheng Zheng's coup, but retreated to Sakamoto, threatened to kill seven generals, including Xintian, Beichang and Nanmu, and sent dozens of monks to the battlefield to look for "bodies". The first step is to respect the world and believe it. The next night, Cheng Zheng asked thousands of soldiers to hold torches and pretended that Xiangzi was retreating in the direction of Dayuan and Mama An. He respected the people's pursuit plan, so loyalists entered Kyoto from all directions, and the Ashikaga army was defeated.
Zunshi, who was defeated in the direction of Hyogo from Danbo, (Yin) arrived in Duichuan on February 11th, and fought with Xianjia and others who came to meet him until the end of the evening. In a short time, Cheng Zheng arrived at the beach of Yifeng Island in Lany. According to his own analysis and judgment, he did not reinforce the friendly troops in the bitter struggle, but quickly went south along Inagawa, from Shenqi to the rear of the army that respected the teacher, and won. The enemy retreated, and with accurate judgment, Cheng Zheng set an ambush near the Shuidaokou at the foot of Liujiashan Mountain. The enemy found the ambush, retreated without fighting, and the team was in chaos and fled to Kyushu in a hurry.
1336 (Yin) In April, Ashikaga respected teacher led 200,000 amphibious troops to set out from the east of Kyushu. (Yin) In mid-May, he was ordered to go to Hyogo to help meet the troops. More than 20,000 generals gathered in Hotan to meet Zun's water army. Cheng Zheng led seven hundred soldiers to ride, gathered in Sichuan Society, and went down the mountain to meet the enemy (the younger brother of Zunshi). On the 25th, a real army was forced to retreat under the threat of being attacked from both sides. Cheng Zheng was surrounded by the front rebel army, while the left water army landed in the east. Fighting for four hours, outnumbered. He and the other 73 riders finally committed suicide, ending his diligent career.
Third, the curtain has fallen, and the royalists have come into being.
At the beginning, Daigo, who supported Weiqi because of dissatisfaction with the rule of Kamakura shogunate, led the closing movement. I hope that the new regime will care about the interests of their respective classes and meet their demands, but the result is counterproductive and disappointing. After the establishment of Jianwu regime, the emperor tried his best to use princes and nobles in the distribution of political power and entrusted them with heavy responsibilities; Except for a few individuals, meritorious soldiers are generally cold. The emperor seized most of the vast territory of the North Island for the royal family, and made every effort to restore the land ownership and manor sovereignty of the aristocratic temple fair taken away by the shogunate. Most samurai's land claims were ignored. The emperor also built large-scale buildings and palaces and apportioned taxes and labor to western countries, which passed these burdens on to farmers. The actions of Jianwu New Deal not only made most warriors extremely dissatisfied, but also aroused the indignation of farmers. It can be seen that the emperor implemented such a series of policies in a short time, in the name of the emperor's personal rule, to restore the rule of the old feudal main classes such as royalty, nobility and temple fairs, and to crack down on the rising samurai feudal main classes. This is a retrogression in history. In this sense, Cheng Zheng's "loyalty" really helped a lot. There is nothing wrong with saying that he is a "representative of the revival forces" or a "sinner of history" in principle. But the evaluation of the characters should be cautious.
I think that after the establishment of Jianwu regime, Cheng Zheng kept a clear head on the political line and did not reach an agreement with the emperor. The death of Seed River is not directly related to the political line of the Emperor. Let's make a brief analysis.
As mentioned earlier, 1338 (Yin) In February, the offensive of the Ashikaga Army was defeated by the joint forces of Xianjia and Fujian and retreated to Kyushu. According to "On Song Mei", just as the Manchu emperor and civil servants celebrated their victory, thinking that they could sit back and relax and indulge in joy from now on, they unexpectedly said, "Please punish Yizhen and recall your surname, so that the monarch and his officials can live in harmony better." Cheng Zheng's suggestion surprised everyone at first and was immediately laughed at. So Cheng Zheng went on to say: "The king was able to destroy the North Island family, mainly due to the Ashikaga family. Yizhen also made a great contribution to the capture of Kamakura, but now all the warriors in the world follow the teacher, and even the warriors who stayed in Beijing followed the teacher to Kyushu, destroying the victory of the monarch. Obviously, Ichi really doesn't have the virtue of attracting samurai. Zun and Zhiyi brothers will definitely attack after the reorganization of western countries, and then we will have no defensive tactics. Although the king has a thousand worries, he still has to believe that his talent is exactly what he has achieved, and it is urgent to consider reconciliation with the respect teacher. "Of course, the records of Song Mei Lun cannot be fully believed, but the content of Cheng Zheng's plays is generally affirmative. Saying benevolence and morality is an innuendo criticism of the emperor, implying that the emperor lost to respect the teacher politically. Because the Jianwu regime did not meet the demands of all social strata and did not eliminate social unrest, the goal and policy of respecting teachers and rebuilding the Wu Jia regime won the hearts of the people and the army. The opposition between the people and the army cannot be reversed by military means alone, not to mention the military advantage in respecting teachers. On the political line, the differences between Cheng Zheng and the emperor appeared as early as the beginning of "Zhongxing". 132 1 year (the first year of Yuan Heng), Cheng Zheng was encouraged by taking some enlightened measures at the beginning of the emperor's personal rule, so he responded to the call of the emperor's curtain call with great enthusiasm and supported it. In fact, the emperor's enlightened measures were just a means to buy people's hearts and win over the samurai who were dissatisfied with the shogunate. When the shogunate was overthrown and "Zhongxing" was realized, his true colors were immediately exposed. What you see is the decadent life of the emperor, the policy against public opinion, the dissatisfaction of the people and the samurai, the serious social unrest, and the sharp opposition between Xintian School and Ashikaga School. All this made Cheng Zheng stunned and at a loss.
According to Taiping Ji Gu Zhuan, Cheng Zheng cared about the sufferings of the people, advocated good governance and did many good deeds. For example, in order to "save the poor", a frivolous tax is levied, allowing two-tenths of the prescribed tax amount to be levied; In order to increase geographical location and develop production, farmers are called upon to dig ponds, develop new fields, lend rice seeds, teach people to plant willow trees in the mountains and mulberry trees in the villages, and formulate good laws beneficial to the people; Sympathize with patients and try to treat them. "All political affairs are for the people, not for themselves." He is strict with himself, takes the lead in frugality and often wears linen clothes. Banquet dishes are only one soup and three dishes, while flat dishes are one soup and two dishes. He lives in a reed house with a simple structure. Don't put on airs, often chat with subordinates and talk about everything. They also play Go and chess together, sometimes practice martial arts together, and hunt and sell together. Deepen the feelings with subordinates and win the respect and love of the people and subordinates. So when the news of his death came, "the people in Hanoi, Hezhen, Hequan, Jiyi, Yamato and other countries are just like hearing the bad news of the death of their own flesh and blood, and every household is crying and lamenting." How can a person like Cheng Zheng stand on the same line as the establishment of Jianwu government?
1Feb. 336 (Yin), after his proposal of reconciliation with Zunjia and his plan of confronting Zunjia in May (Yin) were rejected one after another, his heart was full of contradictions and pains, and his spirit was shrouded in depression. He fully understands that the "Zhongxing" regime has not brought light to society, and there is no possibility of changing those wrong policies now. People's hearts have turned to respecting teachers, and the collapse of the "Zhongxing" regime is inevitable. Therefore, when he was ordered to lead his troops to Hyogo to meet the Ashikaga Army, he said to his younger brother, "This battle for the king is bound to lose." "This time, Zhengfang, as the guardian of Kawasaki and Hanoi, called the army, and relatives were reluctant to part with it, let alone China people! This is the evidence that the world deviates from the king. " Cheng Zheng's efforts were to carry out social reforms under the new policy of the emperor after overthrowing the shogunate, and now his hopes are completely dashed. What should we do, stay away from the emperor? This is unthinkable. "As long as I hear that Cheng Zheng is still alive, the sacred luck will flourish." This oath still lingers in my ears. Now it seems that "it's no use living", so we have to fight and die.
Some people think that Cheng Zheng's death is an "angry death" to eliminate their dissatisfaction with the emperor. If it is really "angry", then some plots are difficult to explain. As mentioned above, Cheng Cheng has long predicted that this battle will fail. As far as the military situation is concerned, the enemy is outnumbered, and it is necessary to have a water army that can fight against the Ashikaga water army, which did not exist at that time. After estimating these situations, the strategic goal formed in Cheng Zheng's mind is to reduce the loss of defeat as much as possible after his death and save his strength so as to make a comeback and carry out a protracted war. Therefore, when Yizhen came to ask for help, he suggested that Yizhen should be deployed in the jungle of Shengtian, with the intention that Yizhen could avoid being surrounded and wait for an opportunity to withdraw to the eastern capital, retaining the main force, while his subordinates would defend the enemy and undertake all combat tasks. If it is "angry", it is very simple, so why consider so many things!
Some people think that it is the glory of future generations and generations, so they don't intend to surrender to respecting teachers, but embark on the road of loyalty to the emperor. This is a wrong reasoning that does not conform to the reality of Cheng Zheng Thought. Cheng Zheng is not that kind of person. With regard to the relationship with Zun's family, please see a record in Taiping Ancient Biography: Zun's family was defeated in the Battle of Taiping, and when they made a large-scale expedition to the west, they sent envoys to send letters to them, proposing to let them manage eleven states in the South China Sea and three countries near Jiang, yi river and Yi Shi in exchange for Cheng Zheng's support. Cheng Zheng immediately refused, saying, "Please come back as soon as possible. I saw through your brother's ambition to win the world three years ago. Even if you give me the whole of Japan, I can't change my life. I don't envy the injustice and wealth of respecting teachers. I hate it. "
The real cause of Cheng Zheng's death can be found in some of his remarks. He said, "The courtiers who can be trained are all smart people. * * * into * * * honor, me too. If you don't accept his words and don't use his ministers, you will die or retreat or hide. This is the way to be a good minister. " He also said: "today you are on our side, tomorrow you will join the enemy, or today you are the enemy, tomorrow you will join us." This is unjust. I am becoming the king of the world as a master, taking righteousness as my own responsibility, and I have no honor or disgrace in my heart. This heart is suitable for me. " Even he said, "In the last days, even people like Xia and Yin should be unfaithful." "Don't just pursue fame, but die wholeheartedly for righteousness." These remarks show that in the moral concept of justice, "the meaning of monarch and minister" is above everything else. Once in the relationship between the monarch and his subjects, regardless of merits and demerits, subjects should not have second thoughts on the monarch and his subjects. When they are abandoned, they are either dead or retired, even if they treat a tyrant like Yin. Loyalty to the monarch and hard work is the essence of "the meaning of monarch and minister" and the embodiment of "the way of being a good minister" Weiqi once strongly advocated Zhu's "Three Cardinals and Five Permanences" and "Benevolence", encouraged courtiers to be honest and devoted to public service, and worked hard for their own "Zhongxing" cause. Some scholars argue whether "loyalty" is the "loyalty" of Song studies. In my opinion, it doesn't matter whether it is Xuanzang's disciple or whether his "learning" is Song Xue. The important fact is that he is a loyal Confucian and a staunch defender of feudal dogma. Therefore, Cheng Zheng's tragedy lies in that he neither agrees with the emperor's retro political line, but also wants to be unconditionally loyal to the emperor, and he is caught in an unavoidable pain. In the end, he died for the emperor against his will and became a victim of the theory of "righteous name".
Kusunoki Masashige has insight into the current situation, and has the talent of a military commander and the courage to do great things. On the stage of history, in just six years, military forces galloped on the battlefield. Raise the banner of righteousness first, hold Akasaka, keep early for thousands of hours, win more with less, promote the counter-curtain army, lay the foundation for counter-curtain, and make great achievements. It is beyond reproach to be a moral person, who loves the people and the army, is not greedy for money, regardless of fame and fortune, and has no personal ambition, far better than respecting family loyalty. However, Daigo, who was fascinated by Confucian preaching, feudal loyalty to the monarch, Bushido and Weiqi, died consciously but against his will, and lost the dispute over the route, which contributed to the development of history. Different dynasties and people have different views on Cheng Zheng. Praise is praised as "great loyal minister" and "military god", and demotion is destroyed as "anti-thief", which is generally the case.