During the Ming and Qing dynasties, whether the candidate can win the bid mainly depends on the pros and cons of the examinee's eight-part essay. Not only is it dead in form, but it is also dead in ideological content, only within the scope of the Four Books and Five Classics. It must also be based on Zhu and others' interpretation of the classics, demanding "acting on behalf of the sages" and never allowing them to perform themselves.
This naturally severely fetters people's thoughts and makes Confucianism a stepping stone to gain benefits. As for how to further develop Confucianism, no one cares at all. Moreover, the core of Zhu and others' theory is "loyalty to the monarch", and the imperial examination has completely become a tool to maintain feudal autocratic rule.
This makes the scholar's thoughts rigid, and also makes the imperial examination system itself into a dead end. An obvious example is that although there are not many excellent poems in the Tang Dynasty, there are still some beautiful sentences such as "How many peaks are there on the river", but if you collect the eight-part essay in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, I am afraid it can be said that you are sweating, but who can remember what it is? Even people who have embarked on their official career with stereotyped writing are embarrassed to show those things to others.
The main means of selecting talents is just visiting the door, which is really a great irony to the imperial examination system. No wonder Gu, a famous scholar in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, said indignantly, "Eight-part writing is flourishing, six classics are weak, eighteen schools are flourishing, and twenty-one histories are abolished".
He added, "I think stereotyped writing is more harmful than burning books." In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong wrote the book "Measures to Stop Imperial Examinations, Widen Learning and Properly Cultivate Learning", which was awarded, so the 700-year-old eight-part essay died.
Since then, it has been regarded as lost, dirty and dismissive by the world. In fact, the eight-part essay has had a glorious page in history, and many works that are still charming have been handed down.
Some critics even think: "In the Ming Dynasty, in 270, there were dozens of writers who were able to inherit Chu Sao, Han Tang poetry and Yuan Qu, including Hu Siquan, Jin-Hee Kim and Zhang Dali." (Jiao Xun's "Yu Yi Land Rover") It is true that the poetry of the Ming Dynasty is not enough to compete with the past dynasties, and there is only one eight-part essay.
The prosperity of stereotyped writing in Ming Dynasty is not only the call of the times, but also the accumulation of culture. Li jinxi's Outline of the History of the Chinese Language Movement said: "Eight-part essay gradually flourished in the early Ming Dynasty, but it shined brilliantly in the literary world. Ancient prose, which used to be reasoning, can be integrated with parallel poetry and fu, into the beautiful language of poetry and attack the expression techniques of traditional Chinese opera. It is actually the most rare style. "
During the 300 years of the Ming Dynasty, famous writers of eight-part essay came forth in large numbers, such as Qian Fu, Gui Youguang, Jin Sheng, Zhang Shichun, Luo Wanzao and Chen. Yu Changcheng's "One Hundred and Twenty Masterpieces" said: "There are Wang (Yan) as a righteous person, Longmen (Sima Qian) as a historian, Shaoling (Du Fu) as a poet, Jun (Wang Xizhi) as a calligrapher, and even more immortal."
Qin Wang's works had a great influence on later generations, and all the literati in Ming and Qing dynasties took this as the standard, and almost every family had a copy. Wu wrote Fu Gongsun's daughter in Chapter 11 of The Scholars, "When I was eleven or twelve years old, I read books and read a manuscript of Wang".
Girls are still like this, let alone scholars. What exactly is an eight-part essay like? Gu's trial text format of Rizhilu said: "The words before Tianshun were only perfunctory explanations, either correct or scattered. At first, there was no definite formula and there were few single sentences.
In the twenty-third year of Chenghua, I tried to write a text, first mentioning three sentences, that is, Lotte and Siwu; There are four sentences in the middle, with four repetitions. Take back four sentences and tie a big knot. Hongzhi nine years, I will try to write. Let me mention three sentences first, that is, I blame you, four shares; There are two sentences in the middle, followed by Gong, four shares; Take back two sentences and tie a big knot.
Between every four strands, one is positive and one is negative, one is virtual and one is solid, and one is shallow and one is deep. (original note:' there are two subordinate sentences, four of which are correct, and they are arranged in dozens of pairs, not just eight-part essays.
) two of them are standing, (original note:' there are two pairs of texts and two pairs of texts on the title book.' Each sector has four strands, followed by the first grammar.
So it has been called stereotyped writing for generations. If it is a long topic, it is not limited to this.
After Jiajing, the style of writing changed day by day. If you ask Confucian scholars, you don't know what stereotyped writing is! "And he said," the first two sentences, or three or four sentences, is the key. Generally speaking, there are many dialogues, which were handed down by Song people.
Explain what you mean, make four or five sentences, and call it a topic. Then put forward the master (original note:' Ceng Zi, Zisi and Mencius are all natural.
Why did you make this statement? It is the origin. To Wanli, break two sentences and carry three sentences, not from the original.
At the end of the article, what the sage said and saw, or a few crosses, or more than a hundred words, is called a big knot. There is no clear formula in this article. Now that there is a definite formula, at night, the word "eight-part essay" has finally become the general representative of all dead words.
It goes without saying that stereotyped writing is sinful in history. First, it erodes the seeds of reading.
In order to earn fame and fortune, scholars are proud of their poor classics and polish the words and deeds of sages and the words of the times. Later, I didn't even read the classics, but only "remembered the articles that I could write and articles on dozens of topics" (Gu's "God knows the spirit and proposes the topic").
Xu Dachun in the Qing Dynasty wrote a satirical book "Daoqing", saying that "a scholar is the most unjust. Swearing, rotten as mud.
The country tried to make a living, but it turned into a scam. Three sentences bear the title, two sentences break the title, wag your tail and shake your head, and the sidewalk is the height of the holy gate.
Do you know what "three links" and "four histories" are? Which emperor is Huang Song and Han Zu? Hold your head high on the desk and talk about chapters, and buy new sharp tools in the store. I can read books side by side, and quarrels are all booing.
Bagasse, chewed and chewed, what's the smell? Fail to live up to time and be in a coma for life. Teaching him to cheat senior officials is also bad luck for the people and the court. "
(According to Yuan Mei's Poems with the Garden, Volume XII) What can such a scholar do on earth? Gu Rizhilu's Novel angrily pointed out: "Foolish thinking that stereotyped writing is harmful is equivalent to burning books to pit Confucianism and corrupt talents, which is more than those who have been pitted in Xianyang suburbs, but more than 460 people." Some people even think that the Ming Dynasty perished because it used stereotyped writing to test scholars.
"In the last years of Chongzhen, someone put forward an instrument cloud:' I would like to have a big mountain and a couple of Chongzhen to pay tribute to you. The late stereotyped writing suddenly nodded.
Stick it on the court, too.
2. In the classic ghost stories in ancient China, the ghost finally turned into a sheep, Nanyang Song Dingbo. When he was young, he walked to see ghosts at night. Ask: "Who?" The ghost said, "Ghost also." The ghost said, "Who do you want to reply to?" Ding Bo said, "I am a ghost, too." The ghost asked, "Where do you want to go?" Answer: "I want to go to Shiwan." The ghost said, "I also want to go to Shiwan." Then a few miles.
The ghost said, "You are in a hurry, so you have to carry each other." . ) that's right. "Ding Bo said," great. "The ghost will bear the miles first. The ghost said, "Qing is more important than ghosts?" Ding Bo said, "I'm a new ghost, so I'm in Zhong Er. "Ding Bo again in ghosts, but the ghost is not heavy. If so, repeat.
Ding Bo replied, "I am a new ghost. I don't know what ghosts are afraid of? " The ghost replied, "but this is not satisfactory." So * * * Okay. When the Tao meets the water, it must first make the ghost cross, and listen to its words to know that it is silent. Ding Bo crossed the river alone, and Cao Shu was silent. The ghost replied, "Why don't you speak?" Ding Bo said, "Don't blame me, new ghost, because I'm not used to crossing the water."
When he wants to go to Wancheng, he will carry a ghost on his shoulder and hold it in a hurry. Ghosts are shouting and voices are screaming. ) However, under the cable, no longer ignore. The road to Wancheng. When it lands, it becomes a sheep for sale. Fear of change, spit on it. Get the money, 500, and then go. Shi Yuchongyan: Selling ghosts will get you 1,500 pence.
3. What are the truly recorded terrorist incidents in history? It seems that you are a black cloud, right?
I am not a fan of clouds, nor am I a dark cloud. Let me explain from an objective point of view.
The reflection-Zhao Yunchuan, the original text is as follows:
Zi Zilong, Changshan is really human. Originally from Gongsun Zan, Jun sent Tian Kai to refuse Yuan Shao, and Yun Sui followed and rode for him. The former Lord was hunted down by Tso Kung in Osaka, Dangyang, abandoned his wife and went south, holding his weak son, the late Lord, in his arms to protect Mrs. Gan, the late mistress, and no one was spared. Move to the general's yamen. When my ancestors went to Shu, why did they stay in Jingzhou?
I will attack Liu Zhang first and call Zhuge Liang. Bright rate cloud, Zhang Fei are traced back to Jiangxi, set the counties. To Jiangzhou, send a cloud from the outer water to Jiangyang, and the light will be in Chengdu. Chengdu is determined to take the cloud as a general. In the first year of Jianxing, he was a general to protect the national army, recruited the south, sealed Yongchang Pavilion, and moved to the east of the town. In five years, Zhuge Liang entered Hanzhong. Next year, the army, lift up their voice by Xiegu Road, Cao Zhen sent all when it. Bright clouds and Deng Zhi refused and attacked Qishan again. Yun and Zhi Dou were weaker than the enemy and defeated by. However, they gathered all the people to persevere and did not suffer a big defeat. The army retired and was demoted to general of the town army.
Seven years dead, chasing Shunping Hou.
At the beginning, when being the first master, only the law was right. During his absence, Zhuge Liang's achievements were unparalleled, and the weight of Jiang Wan and Fei Yi in Holland was also evident. Chen Re was spoiled to death and gave a special prize. Xia Houba came back from far away, so he was rewarded. Therefore, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Pang Tong, Huang Zhong, Yun Nai and others all pursued stone and were proud of it. Yunzi is the heir, the official is the warrior, and the governor is the leader. The second son, Hiro, kept his teeth and died in battle with Jiang Wei.
First of all, we can see that Zhao Yun's early record is only one sentence: "Return to Gongsun Zan, send Tian Jie to refuse Yuan Shao, and Yun Sui will ride as the first master", and then there is Nagano, the previous sentence.
What does this mean? Explain that Zhao Yun's performance was not particularly good before. If there is a famous story that shocked the world in the host, such as Guan Yu stabbing Yan Liang in the Three Kingdoms, it is impossible not to record it. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhao Yun was at war with Wen Chou when he appeared. Although it is wonderful, it is not recorded in the history books, so it is fake.
And what was Zhao Yun's initial positioning? Riding for the First Master is really low.
The next step is nagasaka. The biggest highlight of this Zhao Yun is actually a sentence in the history book, "My late master was chased by Tso Kung in Osaka, Dangyang, and abandoned his wife to go south, so I was able to protect Mrs. Gan, my late mother."
In other words, Liu Bei was chased by Cao Cao, and Liu Beilian's wife and children were unwilling to escape. At this time, Zhao Yun was holding the children, covering Mrs. Liu Bei's retreat and protecting them from death.
You see, there is no rescue sinus among the hosts, no seven in and seven out, no killing more than 50 people, no bloody battle in Nagano. Cover the retreat, they all take the path, and may even pretend to be ordinary people. Take your wife and children, you idiot, and go to the enemy to kill people. Change clothes. Who knows you? Besides, Zhao Yun's status was low and his fame was not great.
Judging from this incident, Zhao Yunli has made great contributions, so he "moved to the yamen general".
Well, I'm the general from now on. And he's a general with a miscellaneous brand. By the way, Zhao Yun was just a general with a miscellaneous number in the end, never a general.
Everything recorded in Shu is a compliment to Zhao Yun. Even if Zhao Yun was demoted after defeat, it was because "the soldiers were weak and the enemy was strong, and they lost to Basket Valley, but they would not be defeated." As a cloud black, don't look at these.
Finally, talk about posthumous title of Zhao Yun-Shunping Hou.
What do you mean? That means he is obedient.
Posthumous title is a simple summary of a person's life.
In a word, Zhao Yun is very obedient.
It can be seen that courage and wit are not the characteristics of Zhao Yun. His greatest characteristic is obedience.
Zhang Fei or Huan Hou? What do you mean? Expanding the territory to Huan shows that Zhang Fei is good at fighting and has laid a lot of territory. Sun Ce, too, was chased by Sun Quan as the King of Huan.
Guan Yu is still strong, Miao Hou ~ ~ Although Miao is not a good word, this strong word is definitely a compliment, which shows that Guan Yu is powerful and ordinary people can't beat him.
On the contrary, Zhao Yun is neither charming nor strong. To sum up, the biggest feature is obedient.
4. There are different folk horror legends in the history of China. Liu's corpse hotel dates back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
He has extensive reading and profound literary attainments, but he has never married or been an official. He once wrote a book "The Final Theory of Revolution", which quoted Confucius' words: "The essence is things, and wandering souls are changing, so it is not difficult for us to know the situation of ghosts and gods.
Although his words are concise, his meaning is quite mysterious. He also quoted Ji Zha as saying: "When the flesh and blood returned to the land, the soul did not disappear.
The body is an unconscious substance, but the knowledge of God is a conscious body. Therefore, the body is just a hotel for passers-by to stay in! Later, Liu devoted himself to studying Buddhism.
One day, Taoist Bao Zhi met Liu in the temple and said in surprise, "You practice in seclusion, but I didn't expect you to practice so well!" (The Biography of Liang Shu is in) (Comment) Mr. Xu Zhijing said: Liu's works and the words of Confucius and Harmony he quoted still only know that there is divine knowledge, but he did not see that nature is immortal and filled the whole legal world. Because an unconscious mind becomes ignorance, and then it leads to karma, it becomes divine knowledge, and it is like a tourist entering and leaving a hotel.
There is no difference between ontology and self, just like the projection of the moon and water. The surface is similar, but the position is far from each other. God knowledge is the root of life and death, which is not particularly precious and not worth adhering to.
However, some more stupid people think that the spirit comes from the body, and when the body dies, the knowledge of God is destroyed. When they read Liu's theory, they can certainly awaken their infatuation! If you are in a hotel, you can just pass by. Li Shu is the magistrate of Linzhang County. Because of something, he was imprisoned and died in prison.
His wife, a native of Yuanshi County, married Zhao Qi. One night, Yuanshi County dreamed of saying to her, "My blessings are very thin, and I have been reincarnated as the daughter of the Liu family. Tomorrow morning, she will go out.
Her family is so poor that I'm afraid she can't live. Because husband and wife are old friends, I'll tell you. I hope you can sympathize with me and help me.
Liu Jiajin entered the poor lane southeast of Qidifang Cross Street! "Genji county didn't promise. Li Shu added, "You seem a little afraid of Mr. Zhao. I will speak for myself! " Therefore, Zhao Qi also had the same dream.
When Zhao Qi woke up, he asked his wife Yuanshi County, and they both said exactly the same thing. So they took money, clothes and silks, and searched for Liu according to the address in their dreams until they brought her up and married her.
(History of the North, Chongchuan, Qi Li) (Comment) If you are convinced of this historical fact, you will know that this body, like a hotel, started to leave when passing by. There is no greed for fantastic wealth.
(Historical Induction Series, Volume III, Page 6 1) It is true that ghosts guard the tomb. Lu Yun of the Jin Dynasty got lost one night because it was dark. Just when he didn't know where to go, he suddenly saw a light in the grass.
He walked into the grass, came to a family and asked to board the plane. There is a handsome young man in that family, who speaks Lao Tzu (Tao Te Ching) eloquently and with mysterious words.
After dawn, Lu Yun said goodbye to the beautiful young man. He walked more than ten miles before he came to his old friend's house.
An old friend told Lu Yun, "Nobody lives in Fiona Fang for dozens of miles in this area!" Lu Yun was very surprised. He went back to find the place where he stayed yesterday and found it was Wang Bi's grave. Lu Yun didn't study metaphysics, and since then, he talked about Laozi with relish and depth.
(The five elements in the Book of Jin are similar to those in different gardens, so they are ground machines. (Comment) It can be seen that there are not only ghosts in the world, but also ghosts guarding graves. In ancient times, people who talked about sacrifice were controversial about whether to pay homage to memorial tablets or sweep graves, and they were all biased opinions.
In the Enlightenment Sutra, Ananda asked Sakyamuni Buddha, "If a person dies and a grave is built outside the mountain village, will that person's spirit be in the grave?"? The Buddha replied: "If he didn't do good or create evil when he was alive, because there is no good to enjoy and no evil to suffer, the spirit is in the tomb tower. If he practiced great kindness and great happiness before his death, he would ascend to heaven to enjoy happiness, or be born in a noble family on earth.
If he kills animals and cheats others when he is alive, he will degenerate into a hungry ghost, an animal or hell, so his spirit is not in the tower tomb. Moreover, the spirit is gone, the bones are not rotten, and the spirit will still exist.
If the bone is eroded, this weak spiritual power will be destroyed immediately. Some evil teachers who are enchanted use it to bully others.
What a pity that stupid people kill sacrifices to worship temples and shrines and degenerate into heresies after death! Only the Buddha can thoroughly understand the situation of ghosts and gods, and worshippers should know the difference. (History of Induction, Volume II, page 18) After the animal died, there was also a soul who knew that Emperor Wu was ill and sought a doctor.
Jingdi wanted to test him, so he killed a goose, buried it in the garden, built a hut, put some beds on it, and put women's shoes and clothes on it, so he called the man to see it. Emperor Jing said to the man, "if you can tell me the ghost shape of the woman in this grave, I will be rewarded!" After a day and a night, the man didn't say a word
Jingdi asked him urgently. He said, "I really didn't see a ghost. I only saw a white goose standing in front of the grave, so I didn't tell your majesty immediately. "
I suspect that this white goose is a ghost, so I have been waiting for it to show its true colors, but I didn't expect it to change. I don't know why, but I dare not tell you the truth! "Jingdi repay people with kindness. Doesn't this mean that the goose is dead and there are gods or ghosts? (The Story of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Zhi, Zhao Da Chuan) (Comment) If an animal dies without ghosts, how can it get revenge or have six divisions in The Wheel of Karma? So it is obvious that geese have ghosts, and it is not a special phenomenon.
Because all sentient beings are spiritual and have the possibility of becoming a Buddha, they are subjected to various forms only because of ignorance and different karma. If we explore their origins, there is no difference between things and buddhas, let alone people. Because the industry is too deep to extricate itself, it has been an ant since seven buddha; I robbed 80 thousand, and I didn't take off my pigeons.
People who gain personal status have as little dirt as their paws, while people who lose personal status have as much dirt as the earth! We are fortunate to have a person's body, how can we not cherish it and create many bad karma, leading to depravity and heresy? (Historical inductive system, Volume II, p. 14.