/kloc-in the 0/7th century, the Han population was over 80 million, while the Manchu population was only over 3 million. Manchu ruled an ancient empire with an absolute majority of population, and it was in danger of being digested at any time. Of course, they are very scared. " Therefore, the Manchu ruling class put forward the principle of "respecting Manchu", and suppressing the Han people's national resistance consciousness will inevitably lead to conflicts. Dai Mingshi wrote "Nanshan Ji" with the title of Zhu Youlang, the last emperor of Ming Dynasty, and quoted Fang's Chronicle of Guizhou and Guangxi, praising Fang for accurately remembering Wu Sangui. As a result, Deming died one inch and the whole family was slaughtered. Fang xiaobiao died, opened the coffin and filed the body, and all the descendants were beheaded. Fang Bao, a famous writer who prefaced Nanshan Collection, was almost hanged. During Yin Zhen's reign, Chasiting, assistant minister of the Ministry of Education, presided over the examination in Jiangxi. Because of the sentence "Wei Min dismissed from office" in the examination questions, he was considered to have deliberately cut off Yongzheng's head, and all his sons committed suicide after being beheaded. Minister of Education Shen Deqian wrote a poem Ode to Black Peony: "When Zhu Fei is valued, foreigners are also kings". The misunderstanding of Qianlong is an inverse word alluding to the fact that the Qing Dynasty was seized by an alien to the throne of Zhu Ming, which led to an autopsy. Many years after Xu Shukui's death, 1778, Emperor Qianlong read Xu's posthumous work "The breeze can't be read, why turn over a book", "Raise a glass to see tomorrow, throw a pot halfway" and "Cheer up in the Ming Dynasty and go to Beijing in one fell swoop", thinking that he was "obviously prosperous and clear." The "literary inquisition" truly reflected that Manchu aristocrats at that time were very sensitive to the national sentiment of the Han nationality, and they were also afraid of the upsurge of the national sentiment of the Han nationality, so literati often suffered corporal punishment or lost their lives because of the misunderstanding of words.
In administrative management, although Han people are used, they dare not give them real power, and even speculate and guard against Han officials in their hearts. Yin Jiaquan once served as the director of Dali Temple (President of the Supreme Court of the State), calling himself an "ancient and rare old man" and "the teacher of the king". Li Hong thought it was absurd and arrogant, so he hanged him. Mentally subjugating the Han nationality means putting one's national status above the Han nationality and other ethnic minorities, cultivating people's sense of obedience in the spiritual field, and thus governing the country smoothly.
2. Psychological conflict of national culture. By reconstructing or compiling literary classics, China people's national consciousness will be diluted. The Qing government put forward that "all Song people are in Liao, Jin and Yuan, and Ming people are in Yuan, recording their deeds and using the words of their enemies", and that "Yi Yi, De Di" should be used in Si Ku Quan Shu. Mr. Lu Xun once commented: "Thieves, traitors, dogs and sheep are taboo; It is taboo to say that the plunder of Jin people is taboo; "Alienation" should of course be taboo, but you shouldn't see the word "China" either, because it is the antonym of "Alienation", which easily leads to racial thoughts. The imprisonment of spirit and thought and the castration of cultural consciousness have led many Han intellectuals to immerse themselves in the traditional eight-part essay and imperial examination all day and devote themselves to textual research, becoming "scholars" who do not need to imagine and understand in ancient books. There are many academic research achievements in Qing dynasty, especially textual research on famous books.
3. Conflict and suppression of national traditional customs. In the early years of Shunzhi, the Qing Dynasty ordered Han people to grow hair and change clothes like Manchu, almost all of which were Manchu. Obeying the people of our country, those who hesitate are the same as those who don't obey orders, and they will all be sentenced to felony. Conquer the Han people spiritually by changing national customs; Focus on learning Manchu. In the eighth year of Tiancong, Huang Taiji ordered that all official names and city names of China be changed to Manchu. "Later, are not allowed to attack China time-honored. ..... If you don't follow the new name of our country, once you find out, you will never be lightly forgiven. " He also asked Manchu officers and men to abide by the rules of their ancestors, and "riding and shooting clothes" should not be ignored. "After entering the customs, Manchu was listed as the official language, and the new Hanyuan celebrities were required to learn Manchu, and they were summoned to play in Manchu. When practicing the Eight Banners, only Manchu is spoken. Yongzheng also ordered the Guards and the Guards to speak only Manchu "(4), and asked the Han people to abandon the Han tradition in clothing style, manners and even some living customs and follow the Manchu tradition.
The ruling class of the Qing Dynasty weakened the traditional consciousness of Han culture and Han nationality, which was strongly and even violently reacted by the Han people. According to historical records, when the Eight Banners soldiers of the Qing Dynasty marched down to the south of the Yangtze River and announced the order of "leaving their hair headless, leaving their hair headless", the soldiers and civilians of Jiading and Jiangyin issued the order of "the head can be broken, but the hair can't be pheasant", and the literati even fell into a long-term argument that "a scholar can be killed but not humiliated", while Wang Fuzhi insisted on China's great defense first: "Don't waste ancient and modern foreign countries and summer."
Interaction and learning among all ethnic groups of the Chinese nation have a long history. The long civilization and profound cultural connotation of the Han nationality have always attracted Manchu people and their ancestors. Yuan Haowen, a jurchen nationality, is a famous writer of Chinese poetry. Manchu people have studied and absorbed Chinese culture in various ways since they entered the customs. Empress dowager cixi is the top figure who formally asked to stop writing Manchu.