What are the compliments of China ceramics and silk among ancient foreigners?

China, lowercase c, means porcelain. Porcelain produced anywhere can be called porcelain, which does not necessarily represent China porcelain. The relationship between China and China is 1. The relationship between China and porcelain entered the17th century, and the royal families and courts in western Europe began to collect China porcelain. A celadon bowl in the Lund Museum in Kassel, Germany, with the heraldic pattern of Count Thelen Borg (1435- 1455) on it, is the earliest surviving Ming dynasty porcelain in Europe, and has been a family heirloom of the Hessian family for hundreds of years. After Portugal opened a new air route, porcelain became the most precious gift in European society. Vasga da Gama and Amanda both won the favor of Portuguese Wang Man Neuer I with porcelain. The existing blue-and-white pot with the emblem of Manuel I (1469- 152 1) in the cortes exhibition hall in Lisbon is the earliest export porcelain specially made by China for western Europe. During the years of Zheng De and Jiajing, most of these orders were sold to Europe through Portugal. 1604, the Dutch looted the Portuguese galleon Santacatalina loaded with porcelain and returned to Europe. These porcelains were named Kraaksporeleint and shipped to Amsterdam for auction. King Henry IV of France and King James I of England also participated in the purchase, so the influence of China ceramics spread in Europe. The European rococo art style, which originated at the end of17th century and continued at the end of18th century, is characterized by vividness, grace, lightness and naturalness. The artistic style it advocates is the same as the exquisiteness, softness, delicacy and elegance in China's artistic style. & ltU> Rococo style. French style prevails, and the French are particularly fond of China's tea, silk and porcelain. At that time, France was the center of European literature, art, drama, etiquette, clothing and decoration, so articles with "Chinese style" spread all over European society. When porcelain first entered Europe, the French called it celadon, the hero of the popular novel estelle the Shepherd. King Louis XIV of France ordered Mazar -e-Lan, the prime minister, to set up a porcelain company to order porcelain with French armor in Guangdong. There is a special room in Versailles to collect China ceramics. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, the British directly referred to porcelain from China as "porcelain". Queen Mary Ⅱ of England also loves porcelain. There are many glass cabinets in the palace to display all kinds of porcelain. As a result, the decoration and daily use of China porcelain became popular in British society, and porcelain gradually became an indispensable display in the living room and inner room. With the wide spread of China porcelain in Britain and continental Europe, the word China has become synonymous with porcelain, making "China" and "porcelain" inseparable puns. According to the Chinese entries in English-Chinese Dictionary of Vocabulary-Ocean (edited by Wang, National Defense Industry Press, 1987), the meaning of porcelain as porcelain originated from Persian chini (from China or China). Due to the influence of China's appearance on China, vowels changed from chini to China and became porcelain. As for when this change was finally finalized, it is still unknown, but what is certain is that it is based on the brilliant achievements of ancient ceramics in China, and the spread of ceramics caused by it, which makes this kind of article with unique China characteristics loved by people all over the world, and makes China and porcelain together forever. And because the place where porcelain was produced at that time was Changnan. So it's called China. 2. The relationship with ancient Sanskrit At the beginning of the 20th century, the origin of the word China was discussed in academic circles, with different opinions. The monk Su (1884- 19 18) is proficient in English, French, Japanese and Sanskrit, and once wrote Sanskrit canon. He believes that China originated from the ancient Sanskrit "zhina", which was originally written as Cina to refer to China. He studied the ancient Indian epics Mahabharata and Ramayana three thousand years ago and found that the word Zena first appeared in these two works, which originally meant "ingenuity". In his view, this is the laudatory name of the degree of Indian rule over the Shang Dynasty in the Yellow River valley during the Balado Dynasty 3400 years ago. The connotation of "ingenuity" is slightly different from that of "thinking" mentioned by Hui Yuan, because the meaning of this word has evolved with the development of the times. Foreigners call me Huaxia. My first name is Cina in zhina, then Tuoba Tuoba, and finally Qidan Jitai. Today's China is zhina, first of all, the country name. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Portuguese sold porcelain to Europe and called it porcelain. If translated into Chinese, it should be "Chinawa". Ceramic products were called pottery in ancient times. The word ware here should be the transliteration of tile. Zhina bricklayer, porcelain also. Porcelain came before porcelain, so we can know that the name porcelain didn't mean porcelain at first. Later, the word "qi" was omitted and the prefix was lowercase, thus obtaining the meaning of porcelain. This is a recent thing. 3. Studying the relationship with silk from the perspective of the evolution history of western languages and the communication history between Chinese and Western civilizations, it is considered that the word "China" comes from silk. According to the evolution history of European languages, the relationship between silk and the word "China" is explained. During the period of Greek civilization, China's silk had already reached Europe through the Silk Road, so the word "silk" appeared in Greek, and its pronunciation in Greek was similar to that in Chinese. Subsequently, in Latin, the pronunciation of "Si" is basically similar to that of "CHINA" in the future, while in French, the spelling of "Si" is "CHINE", which is very close to the pronunciation and spelling of English "CHINA", and finally it officially "transited" from French to the present word "CHINA". In the English translation of SINO- Japanese War in 1894- 1895, China was translated as "SINO", which is close to the Latin meaning of "silk", while in Hindi, "silk" was called "CINA" and was later interpreted as "zhina".