The Yuan Dynasty had the widest territory, and the most powerful one was Genghis Khan Temujin (1162～1227), the founder of the Yuan Dynasty. /pic/2/11574697532711826_small.jpg The territory of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368), is the most important part of Chinese history. The last dynasty was founded in 1271 by the Mongolian ruler Kublai Khan (the founder of the Yuan Dynasty). He destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty in 1279 and established its capital in Dadu (now Beijing). It perished in the Ming Dynasty in 1368. History of the Yuan Dynasty Mongolia before the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty The Mongolian Plateau was originally an affiliated area of ??the Jin Dynasty. With the gradual decline of the Jin Dynasty, Mongolia's power began to grow and they no longer surrendered to the Jin Dynasty. In the fourth year of Jin Taihe (1204), the Mongolian leader Temujin unified all tribes on the Mongolian plateau. In the sixth year of Taihe (1206 AD), Temujin received the honorary title "Genghis Khan" and founded his country in Mobei, with the name "Yeke Mongghol Ulus" (Yeke Mongghol Ulus). After the establishment of the Great Mongol Kingdom, it continued to expand outwards. It destroyed the Western Liao Dynasty in 1217, and conquered Khwarezm in the west in 1219, reaching the Volga River Basin, and returned eastward in 1225. Xixia was destroyed in 1227, and Genghis Khan also died of illness during the journey. The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty. Yuan Lugou rafting map. It depicts the scene of the Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty transporting stones and wood from the Western Mountains by water to build the Dadu Palace near Marco Polo Bridge. After Meng Ge died in Sichuan in 1259, his younger brothers Kublai Khan and Ali Buge began to compete for the throne. In March 1260, with the support of the majority of Mongolian orthodox factions such as Zong Wang Asotai, Ali Buge passed the "Hulil Tai" conference in Harakhorin, the capital of the Great Mongolia, and became the Great Khan. At the same time, Kublai Khan returned to Kaiping (today's Duolun, Inner Mongolia) after negotiating peace with the Southern Song Dynasty. With the support of Confucian officials from the Central Plains and some Mongolian kings, he gathered to call himself the Great Khan. In April, Kublai Khan established the Zhongshu Province to take charge of national government affairs. In May, Kublai Khan promulgated the "Edict of Accession to the Throne" and established the Central Government of the Yuan Dynasty. Because Kublai Khan gathered on his own to proclaim himself Khan in the Han areas of the Central Plains and implemented Han law, he obviously violated Mongolian traditions and aroused strong dissatisfaction among Alibaba and the Mongolian orthodox faction. Kublai Khan and Ali Buge immediately started a four-year civil war until Ali Buge was defeated and surrendered in 1264. Kublai Khan was designated as one, but his idea of ??"conducting Han law" caused dissatisfaction among many Mongolian nobles and refused to submit to Kublai Khan. As a result, the four major khanates broke away, and Kublai Khan's regime only included China and Mongolia. Native. Great Mongolia ceased to exist. In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271 AD), Kublai Khan promulgated the "Edict on the Founding of the Kingdom", taking the meaning of "Great Qian Yuan" in the "Book of Changes", and officially named the founding of the country "Yuan". This was the watershed when Mongolia transformed from a world empire to a Central Plains dynasty. Mongolia’s previous rule over the Central Plains was a predatory colonial rule. It was only with Kublai Khan that it transformed into a dynasty with China as the main body. Before that, the Yuan Dynasty The name "Yuan Dynasty" has not yet appeared, so the establishment of the "Yuan Dynasty" should be calculated from this time. In the ninth year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1272), under Liu Bingzhong's plan, the capital was built in Dadu (now Beijing) in the Central Plains. Unifying China In the thirteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1276 AD), the Yuan army captured Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), the capital of the Song Dynasty, and captured the 5-year-old Emperor Gong of the Song Dynasty and the Queen Mother Xie. In the sixteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1279 AD), the Yuan army wiped out the last remaining troops of the Southern Song Dynasty at the Yashan naval battle. Lu Xiufu threw himself into the sea carrying the 8-year-old young emperor Zhao Bing on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed. The Yuan Dynasty unified all of China. After that, the Yuan army invaded some surrounding areas, such as Vietnam and Japan. Among them, the invasion of Japan was the most famous. It is generally believed that typhoon (called "kamikaze" by the Japanese) was the biggest reason for the failure. In the 11th year of Dade (1307) in the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Chengzong of the Yuan Dynasty named Confucius the "Dacheng Supreme Saint Wenxuan King" and conferred various titles on Confucius' family and disciples. In the second year of Yanyou (1315), Emperor Renzong of the Yuan Dynasty ordered the restoration of the imperial examination system and set the Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism in Confucianism as the main content of the examination. From then on, Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism became the official ideology of the Yuan Dynasty (and subsequent dynasties). In the third year of Zhizhi (1323), Yuan Yingzong ordered the compilation and promulgation of the official code of the Yuan Dynasty - "Dayuan Tongzhi", with ***2539 articles. In the third year of Zhizheng (1343), Huizong of the Yuan Dynasty ordered the compilation of the three histories of Liao, Jin and Song, which were completed in 1345.
The demise of the Yuan Dynasty In the late Yuan Dynasty, the rulers continued to collect various taxes from the people, and the people were oppressed even more seriously. As early as the second year of Taiding (1325), an uprising led by Zhao Chousi and Guo Bodhisattva in Henan occurred. The Red Scarf Army uprising led by Liu Futong that occurred in the eleventh year of Emperor Shun's reign (1351) opened the prelude to the demise of the Yuan Dynasty. From the sixteenth year of Zhizheng (1356) to the nineteenth year of Zhizheng (1359), Zhu Yuanzhang continued to expand his power and unified half of the country south of the Yangtze River. In the twenty-seventh year of Zhizheng (1367), Zhu Yuanzhang began the Northern Expedition. With the assistance of generals Xu Da and Chang Yuchun, he captured Yuan Dadu in August 1368. Emperor Yuan Shun fled north, and the rule of the Yuan Dynasty ended. In the same year, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang (now Nanjing) and established the Ming Dynasty. From then on, the monarchs and ministers of the Yuan Dynasty in Mobei still used the name of the Yuan Dynasty, and it was called Beiyuan in history. In 1388, Emperor Tianguang of the Northern Yuan Dynasty was attacked and killed by Yesudier, a descendant of Ali Buge (some say after Guilichi ascended the throne in 1402). The Rule of the Yuan Dynasty In the era of Kublai Khan, the Mongolian ruling group became more and more aware that: "Those who fight for the country only take the land and the people." As a result, the destruction of wars is decreasing day by day. The policy of "conserving the new city wall so that the people can work in peace and prosperity" has been partially implemented. In the Han region of the Central Plains, the Yuan government also took some corresponding measures to reverse the dilapidated situation caused by long-term war. The social economy of the Yuan Dynasty gradually recovered from the decline during the war and even developed to a certain extent. This kind of recovery and even development shows a quite obvious imbalance in various regions of the country. The Mongolian rulers followed the Jin Dynasty's approach in employing people first, Jurchen, Bohai, Khitan, and Han, and divided the country's residents into four categories: Mongols, Semu, Han, and Southerners. As far as is known, the Yuan Dynasty government did not issue a special decree for the division of the four classes. But it is reflected in many unequal provisions regarding their political and legal status and other rights and obligations. Confucian scholars lost the superior status they had during the Song and Jin Dynasties in participating in national governance. In addition, the Yuan government's preferential treatment of Confucian households in terms of taxation was often not implemented, and their social status had to be greatly damaged. There was even a joke on the stage that day about one official, two officials, nine Confucians and ten beggars. The ruling order of the Yuan Dynasty was still established on the basis of feudal social relations. The Mongolian and Semu nobles became feudal landlords who owned large areas of land through land grants, wars, plunders, and seizures and annexations. Bureaucrats and warlords among the Han and Southerners also relied on the political power of the new dynasty to expand their feudal rights and interests. However, the Yuan Dynasty, as a regime established by the Mongolian people and after conquering vast areas of Eurasia, was ideologically a hybrid of multiple civilizations. This resulted in the Yuan Dynasty’s ruling policies being very different from those of the traditional Han dynasties: it valued commerce and trade, Pay attention to financial management, and relatively deviate from agricultural-oriented thinking. The commodity economy developed rapidly from this, and the prototypes of comprador capital and industrial capital emerged. At the same time, banknotes became the national currency. Therefore, throughout the reign of the Yuan Dynasty, there was a dispute between the "Han Method" and the "Semu Method". Genghis Khan (1162～1227), Taizu of the Yuan Dynasty. The founding Khan of Mongolia (reigned from 1206 to 1227). Outstanding military strategist and politician. His name was Temujin, Mongolian, and the Borzhijin clan. Born in 1162 and died in 1227. In 1206, he ascended the throne as the Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongolian Empire and unified the various tribes of Mongolia. During his reign, he launched many aggressive wars and conquered areas as far as the Black Sea coast in the west and almost all of East Asia in the east. He became one of the famous great empires spanning Europe and Asia in world history. Temujin was born into a noble family of the Mongolian Qiyan tribe. The sixth generation ancestor Haidu, the great ancestor Dunbinai, the great ancestor Ge Buluhan and the great ancestor An Bahai were all prominent figures or leaders in the Mongolian tribe; my father Yesu should have the title of Batu (warrior). At that time, there were more than a hundred tribes on the Mobei Plateau, fighting each other. When Temujin was born, his father captured Temujin, the leader of the Tatar tribe, in battle. To commemorate his military exploits, he was named this. When Temujin was 9 years old, his father was poisoned to death by the Tatar tribe. The tribe was separated and he lived hard with his widowed mother Yuelun. He was captured by other tribes and almost killed, but he escaped with his cleverness. A little later, he attached himself to Tuoli (later known as King Khan), the most powerful leader of the Kle tribe in the Mongolian Plateau, and respected him as his father, and was able to gather his father's old tribe; brothers) and gradually develop their power.
In order to avenge the Mierqi tribe's robbery of their wives, Wang Khan and Jamuka were asked to send troops. Their combined troops numbered tens of thousands, and they suddenly attacked the Mierqi tribe, killed many enemies, and recaptured their wives. In the last years of Dading in the Jin Dynasty, he moved his camp to the upper reaches of the Qinglulian River (today's Kerulun River), established an independent account, made many allies, selected talented people, and treated others generously. This attracted many Mongolian tribesmen and Qiyan nobles to join him, and he was promoted as the leader of the Qing Dynasty. Khan. Around the end of Dading in the Jin Dynasty or the beginning of Changchang in the Ming Dynasty, Jamuka turned against him and led 13 coalition forces of 30,000 people to attack. Temujin summoned 30,000 troops from various tribes and divided them into 13 wings (wings, meaning battalions or circles) to fight. They were defeated. The troops retreated, known in history as the Battle of the Thirteen Wings. Because Temujin was good at winning people's hearts, Jamuka's tribe rebelled one after another and strengthened his power. In the first year of Cheng'an (1196), together with Wang Khan, he cooperated with Jin Prime Minister Wan Yanxiang to kill many people below the minister of Tata'er Department, and was awarded the title of Zhawuhuli (tribal official) by the Jin Dynasty. Then he joined forces with Wang Khan and defeated 11 coalition forces including Hadjin who were meeting for an alliance. In the first year of Taihe (1201), he led his army to break the loose alliance of Jamuka organization. The next year, they were attacked by the Naiman coalition forces and retreated into the Phnom Penh Wall. They defeated the Naiman coalition forces in the wilderness of Kuoyitian (the upper reaches of the present-day Halaha River) and took advantage of the victory to attack and destroy the four tribes of Tata'er. As his power grew stronger, Wang Khan became jealous and hostile. Three years later, he was attacked by Wang Khan and fled to the Banjuni River (southwest of today's Hulun Lake). He drank turbid water and swore an oath with his followers to tide over the difficulties. Then they moved to the middle reaches of the Heluhe (Hahaha) River and collected more than 4,600 (some say 2,600) cavalry from the disbanded tribe. After resting and recuperating, they gradually regained their strength. Later, it was discovered that Wang Khan was arrogant and unprepared, so he attacked Wang Khan's camp at night and routed his troops. Wang Khan fled alone and was hunted and killed by the Naiman people. The Kelie tribe was killed. In the fourth year, Yongxue (Guard Army) was established. Soon, Taiyang Khan, the leader of the Naiman tribe, came to attack. He cleverly set up a suspicious formation, captured and killed Taiyang Khan, conquered his tribe, and forced Hatajin, Duoluban and other tribes to surrender. By the first year of Genghis Khan (1206), more than a hundred large and small tribes on the Mongolian plateau had been defeated one after another, and the five major tribes of Tataer, Kelei, Merqi, Naiman and Mongolia were unified under the banner of Temujin. Temujin then held a large gathering at the source of the Onon River (today's Onon River), established Yeke Mongol Uluth (Great Mongol Kingdom), and was revered as Genghis Khan (the name has "ocean" or "powerful"). meaning of the emperor). Expand Qixue to ten thousand people and call it the Great Central Army. The people were organized into a thousand-household system with soldiers and civilians as one. When they mounted their horses, they prepared for battle, and when they dismounted, they gathered for herding. The "four heroes" Borhu, Borshu, Mu Huali and Chi Laowen were appointed as the four timid Xue leaders. After the founding of the country by Genghis Khan, his power grew stronger and he began to launch large-scale wars with foreign countries. After more than twenty years of war between Mongolia and Xia, the main force of the Xia army was repeatedly defeated, forcing the king of Xixia to surrender, removing the northwest barrier of the Jin Dynasty, and being able to successfully move south to attack the Jin Dynasty. In the sixth year, he personally led an army to attack the Jin Dynasty and began the 24-year Mongolian-Jin Dynasty War. The first battle was at Wushabao (now northwest of Zhangbei, Hebei) and he won a victory; he then fought at Yehuling (now northwest of Wanquan, Hebei) and Huihebao (now southeast of Huai'an), annihilating a large number of elite Jin troops; and he fought again at Huailai (now in Hebei). ), Jinshan (now Yanqing, Beijing), defeated more than 100,000 Jin troops; they also severely damaged the Jin army in Tokyo (now Liaoyang, Liaoning), Xijing (now Datong, Shanxi), Juyongguan and other places. Later, he continued to change his tactics and divided his troops into three groups to attack the hinterland of the Central Plains and the western Liaoning region. In March of the ninth year, troops were gathered under the city of Zhongdu (now Beijing). It was expected that it would be difficult to conquer the city for a while, so he sent envoys to force peace, forcing the Jin Dynasty to sacrifice the princess of Qi State, gold and silk and horses, and led the troops to withdraw from Juyong Pass. In June, under the pretext of "breach of contract" due to the Jin Dynasty moving the capital to Nanjing (today's Kaifeng, Henan), and taking advantage of the unrest in the hearts of the people of the Jin Dynasty and the mutiny of the army to subjugate Mongolia, he sent the generals Sanmo to join Batu and Shimo Ming'an to lead the army. He joined forces with the surrendering Mongolian troops to attack Zhongdu, and adopted the strategy of besieging the city for reinforcements and recruiting surrender, and captured the city in May of the following year. In order to meet the needs of siege, Genghis Khan adopted the advice of his generals and gradually established an artillery army. The first priority was to attack the city with artillery and stone. Later, in siege operations, hundreds of cannons were used at one time, and the city was quickly broken. At the same time, we attach great importance to absorbing the advanced technologies of various ethnic groups and recruiting craftsmen, tens of thousands of whom can be obtained in one city. Later, an army of craftsmen was established and factories were set up to smelt iron and make weapons. In terms of communication, the "Arrow Speed ????Transmission/url]" was created. The speed was hundreds of miles per day, and the speed of military order transmission and troop deployment was accelerated. He is good at giving full play to the strength of the cavalry, making the Mongolian cavalry as fast as soaring and as powerful as a mountain. It is known as the "Mongolian whirlwind". In the twelfth year of his reign, Genghis Khan made Hua Li the grand master and king, commanded the war against Jin, and led the main force back to Mongolia to prepare for the Western Expedition. The following year, he sent the vanguard general Zhebie to destroy Qu Chulu's forces in the Western Liao Dynasty and clear the obstacles to the Western Expedition.
In the fourteenth year, on the pretext that the Khwarezm Kingdom in the Western Regions killed Mongolian merchants and envoys, and with the purpose of military expansion and plundering property, he personally led an army of about 200,000 to march westward. In the past few years, they have successively conquered places such as Nadala (in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya River today), Bukhara and Samarkand. He sent Zhebie and Subotai to lead an army to pursue King Mahamo of Khwarezm, forcing him to flee to a small island in the Jisi Sea (today's Caspian Sea) in Kuantian (he later died of illness). He then ordered Jebie and Subotai to continue marching westward as far as the Crimean Peninsula. He then led an army to pursue Zalandin, the son of Mahamo, to the Shen River (Indus River). In the 19th year, the class teacher returned to Mobei. In the twenty-first year, he led an army of 100,000 to annihilate the main force of the Xixia army (Xixia was destroyed the following year). Genghis Khan was about to concentrate all his efforts on attacking gold. He died of illness in Qingshui County (now part of Gansu) under Liupan Mountain on July 12, 1227 (August 25, 1227) at the age of 66. His last will and testament: Take advantage of the feud between the Song and Jin Dynasties, take advantage of the Song Dynasty, and unite with the Song Dynasty to destroy the Jin Dynasty. His sons Wo Kuotai and Tuo Lei followed this policy and destroyed the Jin Dynasty in the sixth year of Wo Kuotai Khan (1234). Genghis Khan's military career lasted nearly 50 years. He used his talents and strategies, relied on a group of generals and counselors who were good at fighting, and took advantage of the cavalry to create world-shaking achievements. He was good at running the army. The Mongolian army he founded and commanded was well-trained and disciplined. He was good at field battles and capable of attacking fortresses. In the face of numerous enemies, he is good at using contradictions to attack each other together and defeat them one by one; in terms of tactics, he is good at exploiting strengths and avoiding weaknesses, skillfully using deception, avoiding the real and striking at the weak, attacking in multiple ways, making roundabout raids, and winning battles quickly. Pay attention to fighting to support war. His military thought and command art have an important position in the world's military history and have a great influence on future generations. Genghis Khan is an outstanding figure in the history of the development of the Chinese nation. The military conquests of Genghis Khan and his descendants overcame the artificial obstacles to land transportation between the East and the West at that time, greatly promoted cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and promoted the progress of human civilization. In the east, Genghis Khan and his descendants overcame the separation and confrontation between several regimes in mainland China since the Tang Dynasty, and finally established the basic territory of modern China. Therefore, Chairman Mao Zedong, in his poem "Qinyuanchun·Snow", juxtaposes Genghis Khan with the Qin Dynasty's first emperor, the Han Dynasty's Emperor Wu, the Tang Dynasty's Emperor Taizong, and the Song Dynasty's Emperor Taizu, who were outstanding martial arts emperors.