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Yonghe nine years, aged in Guichou, will gather in Lanting to repair things in late spring and early spring. A group of smart people never miss, but some of them are long and salty. There are mountains, lush forests and bamboos here, and there are also clear currents, which are reflected from left to right, thinking that the flow is winding, followed by yourself. Although it is not as prosperous as the string of silk and bamboo, it is enough to love.
Today is a sunny day, sunny and sunny. Looking up at the size of the universe and overlooking the richness of categories is enough to be extremely entertaining. I believe in cola.
Ladies, lifelong pitch. Or arm in arm and realize the words of a room; Let the waves go because of the entrustment. Although the fun is different, the calmness is different. When it is happy with what it meets, it will gain something from itself for the time being and will soon be self-sufficient without knowing the coming of old age; What he is tired of is that his feelings are advancing with the times and his feelings are sentimental. I'm glad that between pitches, this has become a thing of the past. I still want to live happily, the situation will be very short, and finally it will be over! The ancients said, "Life and death are great." It hurts!
Every time we look at the reasons for the excitement of the ancients, if we unite, we will not be without sorrow, and we can't compare it to something in our chests. Knowing that a dead life is a false birthday and the destruction of Peng Qi is a mistake. Look at the present in the future or look at the past today. Sad husband! Therefore, as soon as people go public, they record what they say. Although the world is different, they are happy and they are one. Later visitors will also be impressed by Sven.
To annotate ...
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1, Yonghe: Jinnian number, 345-356.
2. Kui: the name of the county, including the areas in western Zhejiang and southeastern Jiangsu. Yin Shan: In Shaoxing, Zhejiang today.
3. Xiu: On the fourth day of the third month of the lunar calendar (the third day of the third month of the Wei Dynasty), people gather at the water's edge to play and wash their hands, which is an ancient custom to eliminate bad omen and seek happiness. In fact, this is a kind of spring outing of the ancients.
4. Qunxian: refers to 32 celebrities such as Xie An who attended the meeting.
5. Age: refers to celebrities of different ages.
6. Running water: A glass made of lacquer holds wine, which is placed in a curved waterway and allowed to drift. When the glass stops in front of someone, someone will take the lead in having a drink. This is a way for the ancients to persuade wine for fun.
7. Hmm: Give full play to it and be unconstrained.
8.Pitch I: I passed quickly. It describes a short time between pitching, bowing and looking up.
9. Talk face to face. Biography of Wang Xizhi in the Book of Jin and Wen are both "enlightened words", which refer to the witty words of understanding. Cecilia Yip.
10, beyond depravity: the behavior is unrestrained and the body is not bound by secular etiquette. & lt 10 > Fun House: Same as "Choice"
1 1, the age is approaching: "The Analects of Confucius" says: "People are also angry and forget to eat, happy and forget to worry, I don't know that the age is up."
12. Life and death matter: by Zhuangzi De Chongfu.
13, Qi: symbolic Qi, ancient token. Engraving on the contract, divided into two parts, each holding half, as evidence.
14. Life and death: take life and death as one thing. Language "Zhuangzi Dechong Fu": "Life and death are one." Master Zhuangzi: "Who knows that life and death are one, I am friends with them."
15, qi: equate people who live long with those who live short. Peng and Peng Zu, according to legend, are the great-grandchildren of Emperor Zhuan Xu, who lived for 800 years. A wound refers to a short-lived person. "On Zhuangzi Wuqi": "Mo Shou died, Peng Zu died."
translate
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In the ninth year of Yonghe, on the fourth day of March in late spring, we had a drink in Lanting, Shanyin County, Huiji (another explanation: the water in the north of the mountain is called cloudy in the south, which can be considered as the north of Huiji Mountain). All the respected people here attended the meeting, and all the young and old people gathered together. Lanting is surrounded by mountains, with lush trees and dense bamboo rafts. There is also a clear and swift stream, like a green ribbon set off around. This stream is a winding stream, which is located on its side. Even without the grand occasion of orchestral ensemble, just drinking and writing poems is enough to make people speak freely. On this day, Enigma is sunny and breezy, and it can look up at the vast universe, bend down, inspect a variety of things, enjoy the overall situation, open your mind and try your best to see and hear. It can really be said that it is a great pleasure in life.
People are close to each other and spend their lives between stadiums. Some people like introspection and are satisfied with an interview in a room; Some people depend on external things and live a bohemian life. Although their internal or external choices are very different, and their quiet and active personalities are also different, when they encounter gratifying things, they will be complacent, feel happy and self-sufficient, and forget the coming of aging. When you are tired of what you have got and things change, you will inevitably feel infinite emotion. The joy gained in the past will soon become a historical relic, and people can't help but feel sorry for it. What's more, people's life span depends on nature, and it will eventually come down to exhaustion! The ancients said, "Life and death are important things." How can this not make people sad!
Whenever I see the feelings expressed by my predecessors, I will inevitably sigh in front of their articles, but I can't figure out what is going on. Of course, I know it is wrong to confuse death with life, and it is absurd to equate long life with early death. Future generations look at today's people just like today's people look at their predecessors. This is the sad thing. So I will list the names of the participants and record their poems. Although times are different and actions are different, the motives that trigger people's feelings will undoubtedly be the same. Later generations will probably feel the same way when they read these poems.
Brief introduction of the author
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Wang Xizhi (A.D. 32 1-379) or (A.D. 303-36 1): Shao Yi, a native of Linyi (now Linyi County, Shandong Province) in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, lived in Huiji, Yin Shan (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province). He once served as Jiangzhou secretariat, Huiji civil history and general of the right army. He is the most famous calligrapher in the history of our country, and is known as the "book saint".
Appreciation of articles
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Preface to Lanting Collection is also known as Preface to He Lin, Praise for Iron, Preface to Lanting March 3rd, etc. On March 3rd, the 9th year of Yonghe, Jin Mu (AD 353), Wang Xizhi, then a historian of literature and history, and his friends Xie An, Sun Chuo and other 4/0 people gathered in Lanting to compose poems and drink wine. Wang Xizhi compiled a collection of famous poets and their poems, and made a preface, describing the swimming event and expressing the inner feelings caused by it. This preface is Preface to Lanting Collection. This preface is greatly influenced by Shi Chong's Preface to Jingu Poetry, and its achievement is far above that of Jingu Poetry. ?
The article first describes the time, place and participants of the meeting, which is concise. Then describe the natural environment and surrounding scenery where Lanting is located. The language is concise and orderly. Describe the scenery from the big picture, from far and near, to near and far, to infinity. First write about mountains and rivers, then write about clean water and turbulence, and then write about the activities of characters and the combination of modality and movement downstream. Then add natural search, from clear blue sky and faint spring breeze, naturally push to the vast universe and everything in the world. The artistic conception is graceful and elegant, and the mood is cheerful and smooth. Lanting banquet can be described as "four beauties and two difficulties".
However, there is no such thing as a banquet that must come to an end. The so-called "joy begets sorrow" is a common emotion of people, although people have different choices and temperaments. Just when I felt extremely happy for what I longed for and finally got, in an instant, all this became the past. Human life is no exception. The so-called "I don't know that the old times are coming" (in Confucius' language), "Old Ran Ran is coming" (in Quyuan's language) and "Life is between heaven and earth, and elections fly suddenly" (19 ancient poems) cannot but arouse people's feelings. Every time I think that a person will eventually die no matter how long he lives, it makes people feel extremely sad and sad. If the first paragraph is a narrative landscape, then this paragraph is a discussion and lyric. The author expressed his yearning and persistent enthusiasm for life in the sigh that life is short and life is not alive. ?
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, metaphysics prevailed for a time, and most of the scholars used Zhuangzi's "Homogeneous Theory" as an excuse to pretend to be enlightened and dismissive. Wang Xizhi is also an eloquent scholar, but he is different from other scholars in political thought and life ideal. He once said: "Empty talk about waste things and superficial articles hinder the main point" (Shi Shuo Xin Yu Remarks). In this preface, Wang Xizhi also explicitly accused "Field of Life and Death" and "Mourning of Peng Qi" as an illusory outlook on life, which clearly affirmed the value of life. ?
This article is fresh and unpretentious in style. The language is fluent, beautiful and moving, which is quite different from the work of Mo Shan Pan Shui in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Couples Fight for a Strange Sentence (Wen Xin Diao Long Ming Shi). The sentence patterns are neat and diverse, mainly short sentences, and even sentences are added to the scattered sentences, which are harmonious in rhythm and pleasant to listen to. ?
Creation background
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Huiji Mountain is quiet and has beautiful scenery. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, many celebrities lived here, talking about metaphysics and Taoism. In the 9th year of Jin Yonghe (353), on the 3rd day of the 3rd lunar month, Wang Xizhi, who was "the first person to go to Zhejiang with lofty aspirations", held an elegant collection in Lanting of Huiji Mountain (now at the foot of Zhu Lan Mountain outside Shaoxing City). These celebrities include Situ Xie 'an, Ci writer Sun Chuo, Xie Wan, the son and nephew of the monk Zhi Daolin, and Ning Zhi.
March in the south of the Yangtze River is usually rainy and drizzling, but this day is particularly sunny, with mountains and lush trees, bamboo cultivation, sunny weather, swift streams and quiet and pleasant scenery. The main content of Lanting Ji Ya is embroidery, which is an ancient custom in China. On the fourth day of the first lunar month (the penultimate day), people hold sacrificial ceremonies at the water's edge, soak herbs in water, or bathe and wash dirt, feel the spring, and pray for the elimination of diseases and ominous.
Another project of Lanting Ji Ya is running water. Forty-two celebrities sat on both sides of the winding stream, and then buddhist nun put the pouring feather into the stream and let it flow down. If the feather of pouring wine stagnates in front of anyone, he will have to write poems. If you can't sing poetry, you will be fined three cups. Lanting Ya Ji, eleven people each wrote two songs, fifteen people each wrote one, sixteen people failed to write one, and three cups were fined, and Wang Xianzhi, Wang Xizhi's youngest son, was also fined. Poets in the Qing Dynasty used to make fun of Wang Xianzhi with limerick. "But I laugh at Wu Wangyi, and Lanting will have no poetry."
Everyone put the poems together and recommended the convener of this gathering, the respected Wang Xizhi, to write a preface and record this exquisite collection. So, Wang Xizhi rode a horse drunk and wrote 28 lines and 324 words on silkworm paper with a eight-character pen, which was praised as "the best running script in the world" by later generations.
Preface to Lanting is a well-known and beautiful prose with brilliant literary talent and delicate words. It breaks the routine, finds a new way, does not stick to the old pattern, is wonderful and elegant, and it is refreshing whether it is lyrical scenery writing or commenting on historical records. Although the mentality is inconsistent, it is still positive on the whole, especially in the atmosphere of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. When talking about metaphysics, it is particularly valuable to put forward that "death is a false life, and Peng Qizhi's grief is a mistake". The greater achievement of Preface to Lanting Collection lies in its calligraphy art, which is light, ethereal and natural. Charming and elegant with a pen; The technique is both peaceful and strange, and the size is uneven. There are both elaborate artistic ingenuity and no traces of artificial carving, which is natural. Among them, the same words are written in different ways, such as "Zhi", "Yi" and "Wei", and each has its own changes, especially the word "Zhi", which has achieved the effect of artistic diversity and unity. Preface to Lanting Collection is the representative work of Wang Xizhi's calligraphy art and a peak in the history of China's calligraphy art, which has nourished generations of calligraphers.
In structure and composition, emotion is a clue, emotion is expressed in narrative, and reason is based on emotion. In the first paragraph, in the beautiful realm, the word "joy" is written emphatically, and the word "pain" in the second paragraph is extracted from joy. After some painful thinking, I felt infinite sadness, and finally ended with the word "sadness". The emotional color is completely different, but the transition before and after is appropriate and natural. ?
The author wrote this article with his exquisite calligraphy. It is said that the original was put in his grave by Li Shimin. However, we can still see his spirit of "Yue Long crouching tiger" from his copywriting. "Mao Tie" is called "the best running script in the world", and Dong Qichang's "Essays on Painting Zen Rooms" says: "The composition is the first in ancient and modern times, and its words have a reflection, big or small, and whatever you like, you will enter the law."
The replica of Feng Chengsu, now on display at Wang Youjun Temple in Lanting, is kept in the Palace Museum in Beijing, with the small seal of "Dragon" on it (the year number of Tang Zhongzong), which is the ironclad proof that it is a replica of the Tang Dynasty. Dragon Book is the closest existing manuscript to Wang Xizhi's original work. Because of its meticulous hook and vivid lines, not only the ink color is dry and moist, but also the sharpness of writing, the bifurcation of broken pen and the hairspring between turns are very realistic, from which we can see Wang Xizhi's wonderful pen, frustration and twists and turns when writing.
The Preface to the Orchid Pavilion is a world-recognized treasure, which has been treasured in the Wang family and passed down to his seventh life. Zhiyong became a monk in Yongxin Temple in Shaoxing when he was a teenager, and has been studying Wang Xizhi's original works for more than 30 years. Before Zhiyong died, he passed the Preface to Lanting Collection to his disciples. Debate on calligraphy and painting, and collect Preface to Lanting Collection, which is hidden in the pavilion and never shown to others. Later, he was deceived by Shi Xiaoyi, a supervisor sent by Emperor Taizong. After Emperor Taizong got the Preface to Lanting Collection, he was a treasure. And ordered Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Chu Suiliang and other calligraphers to write. The calligrapher of Hong Wen Pavilion, headed by Feng Chengsu, was also ordered to copy the original into several copies and give them to the princes. After the death of Emperor Taizong, the courtiers followed his testamentary edict and buried the original Preface to the Orchid Pavilion as a sacrifice in Zhaoling.
On the third day of March (AD 353) in the ninth year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (Sima Dan), Wang Xizhi and 4/kloc-0 celebrities such as Sun Chuo, Xie An and Shi Zhidun gathered in Lanting for a banquet. Everyone at the meeting had poems, which were later compiled into collections. Preface to Lanting Collection is the preface written by Wang Xizhi for this collection of poems. Preface, that is, the name of style, is a kind of text that gives an outline and discusses the main idea of books and articles, which is equivalent to preface.
The whereabouts of Lanting
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Lanting is a famous calligrapher, and of course he is loved by many celebrities in history.
Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, liked it so much that he ordered to spend a large sum of money to buy it. But Lanting is Wang Xizhi's masterpiece, and the Wang family regards it as a treasure and will never pass it on. At this time of Emperor Taizong, the seventh great-grandson of Wang Xizhi became a monk, that is, a wise monk and a famous calligrapher. He resolutely refused to give this thing to others. Later, when he died, he gave this Lanting to his apprentice, the eloquent monk. Emperor Taizong had no choice but to be cheated.
Emperor Taizong sent Xiao Yi, the minister, to meet the monk Cai Bian, because the monk played chess with him. Later, Cai Bian and Xiao Yi became good friends because of playing chess. At this time, Xiao Yi saw Cai Bian's "Lanting Gathering" and stole it while the monk Cai Bian was not paying attention.
From then on, Lanting disappeared in the world, and Lanting and Li Shimin were buried together in his mausoleum-Zhaoling.
However, during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Yaozhou Cishitao opened the Zhaoling Tomb of Emperor Taizong. When he opened it, he ordered that everything in Zhaoling be listed in a book, but he couldn't find Lanting.
Did Lanting really disappear today? No, some scholars say that Lanting is not in other places, but in Ganling (the mausoleum of Empress Wu Zetian and Li Zhi in Tang Gaozong), the only tomb in history where husband and wife emperors were buried together, which is a famous scenic spot in Shaanxi. It is very likely that Lanting is on Wu Zetian's head.
However, as the king of a country (referring to Emperor Taizong), he would never hide a calligraphy art that he thought was precious in the dark underground, as most people think. Later generations can't find it, maybe its collection is extremely hidden. After all, it's too precious.
Introduction and orders
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Since the Tang Dynasty, the preface is also called "Introduction". Liu Yuxi's prefaces are all written with "quotations", such as "Quotations from Pengyang's Chorus Collection" and "Quotations from Wu Shu's Collection". Su Xun also takes citation as the order, such as genealogy introduction. This is a writer's habit. Liu Yuxi's father's name is Liu Xu, and Xu and Xu are homophonic. Su Xun's father's name is Su Xu. Because he wanted to avoid his father's name, they changed the order to leader. This was originally a writer's personal rule under special circumstances, but due to the influence of Liu and Su, someone later made a "quotation", which had nothing to do with taboos.
Postscript is a preface written at the back of the book and at the back of the text. At first, books and articles were just in order. Because the preface is fixed in front of books and articles, if the author still has something to say, or if others want to write down their own experiences, opinions, textual research and other contents, they should be written at the back of books and articles, which is called post-narration (such as the biography of Zhang Zhongcheng by Han Yu), post-topic (such as the post-topic after Liu Zongyuan read the biography of Mao Ying by Han Yu) and so on. For example, there are dozens of epilogues in Ouyang Xiu's collected works.
Postscript and preface are the same thing, but the language is slightly different. Because the postscript, preface, and post-question are actually supplements to the preface, which is generally more concise and steep, and not as detailed and rich as the preface.