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China fan culture has a profound cultural background, is an integral part of national culture, and is closely related to bamboo culture and Buddhist culture. China has always been called the kingdom of fan manufacturing. The main materials of fans are: bamboo, wood, paper, fans, ivory, tortoise shell, jade, bird feathers, other palm leaves, betel nut leaves, straw, cattail and so on. It can also be woven or made into various daily craft fans with beautiful shapes and exquisite structures, which are carefully carved, carved, ironed, drilled or waved by celebrities. China fan culture originated in ancient times. In hot summer, our ancestors hunted plant leaves or poultry feathers and simply processed them to attract the sun's wind, so fans are called shading days, which is the original source of fans. Fans have a history of three or four thousand years in China. After thousands of years of evolution, improvement and perfection, it has developed into hundreds of fan families, but it is generally divided into two categories. Flat fan 1 handle (that is, round fan, sunflower fan, wheat straw fan, tracts fan, etc.). ) cannot be folded, and the two folding fans can be folded freely. Flat fan comes from "obstacle fan" (palm fan) and "bamboo+agility" (fans made of bamboo chips were called "bamboo+agility" in ancient times). During the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, a kind of semi-formal "instant noodles" shaped like a single door, so it was also called "household fan" and became the mainstream of fans at that time. "Instant noodles" are all made of thin bamboo strips, which are used by emperors and civilians.
In the Western Han Dynasty, the symmetrical "Albizia fans" (also known as male fans, ten thousand fans and round fans) were still round in shape. Albizia fan is characterized by a plain white face with the handle as the central axis, which is as symmetrical as a full moon. Ten thousand fans are made of bamboo and wood, with round or oval faces and pasted with thin silk. At that time, Wan Fan made in the Central Plains was the most exquisite, and it was called "Chu Bamboo in Wan Qi", that is, Wan Fan made of Rusi Xiangzhu. This kind of fan was very popular in the Han Dynasty, and some poems praised it, such as Ban Jie's "Fan Poetry", "The newly cracked fan is as clean as frost and snow, cut into acacia fans, like the bright moon, moving in and out of the sleeves and shaking the breeze." After this symmetrical round fan appeared, it was used for generations and became the traditional fan type in China.
In the Qing dynasty, in addition to the circle, symmetrical sectors also included rectangle, oblate circle, square circle, plum blossom shape, sunflower shape, melon shape, waist shape and horseshoe shape ... These departments were characterized by symmetry, lightness and powerful craftsmanship.
Folding fan, called "gathering fan" in ancient times, or scattered fan, or folding fan, is named because its two ends can be integrated when folded. By the Southern Song Dynasty, the production of folding fans had reached a considerable scale. Folding fans prevailed in Ming dynasty, and the emperor ordered the craftsmen in the palace to imitate Korean fans and absorb foreign crafts to promote the development of domestic fans.
Fans originated in China and have a history of more than 3,000 years in China. It first appeared in the Yin Dynasty and was made of colorful pheasant hair, so it was called "barrier fan", so the word "fan" had the word "feather". At that time, the fans were not used to fan the wind and enjoy the cool, but to keep out the sun and sand when the emperor went out for inspection. After the Western Han Dynasty, fans began to enjoy the cool. During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang gently shook the goose feather fan, and his clever plan came into being. The wind of the feather fan is slow and soft, which is not reasonable. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, feather fans were mostly made of silk, silk, silk and other fabrics to decorate embroidery. A moon-shaped fan is called "Wan Fan" or "Tuan Fan", also called "Acacia Fan". At that time, fans were rectangular, sunflower-shaped, plum-shaped, hexagonal and round; There are also handles made of wood, bamboo and bone; There are also fan pendants, tassels and jade ornaments. Landscape flowers are often embroidered on the fan, with different styles. The boudoir ladies hand-cranked round fans, and the breeze is Xu Lai, which can not only add the elegant and quiet manners of the host, but also reflect the innocent and lively personality of women.
Fan-painted poems first appeared in the Three Kingdoms period. According to Zhang Yanyuan's Records of Famous Paintings in the Past Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty, there is a story about Cao Mengde's main book Yang Xiu and Wei Taizu's "painting fans became flies". There is a story in Wang Jinxi's Zhi that Wang Xizhi wrote a fan to an old woman. At that time, there was an "old mother" who "asked Wang Xizhi for a book with a hexagonal bamboo fan" and "Xizhi was a five-character book". When she sold it, it rose from twelve to one hundred. Today, there is a "Fan Bridge" in the south of Jishan, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, which is said to be Wang Xizhi's Fan House.
The folding fan appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was extremely convenient to carry. Folding fan is also called "gathering head fan", "spreading fan" and "gathering bone fan". Its fan bones are made of precious materials such as horn, tortoise shell, ivory, jade, torreya grandis, sandalwood and so on. The forms are Qin-style, Ruyi-style, Bamboo-style and Grasshopper-eye-style. Fan bones are divided into seven, nine, twelve, fourteen, sixteen and eighteen strands.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, painting fans, selling fans and Tibetan fans prevailed, and fan shops and art dealers appeared. It became a fashion for literati to write fan paintings in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Modern Yun, Jin Nong, Shi Tao, Ren Bonian, Wu Changshuo, Qi Baishi, Zhang Daqian, Xu Beihong, Fu Baoshi, Li Keran, etc. They are all masters of fan painting At present, the calligraphy works of these famous painters are worth tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of yuan each.
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History and poetry about fans
Fan-shaped figures are pleasing to the eye and give people beautiful enjoyment. Appreciating fan-shaped calligraphy and painting must be savored carefully, and the artistic meaning should be chewed slowly. Mr. Lao She is keen on collecting calligraphy and painting fans all his life. In the past few decades, he has collected hundreds of fans, including poems and paintings written by painters in Ming and Qing dynasties and modern times, as well as fans of drama celebrities. Mr. Zheng loves fans and regards fans as "treasures of calligraphy and painting". He cherishes Zhang Taiyan's seal fan and Wu Hufan's childhood fan most. Ye Wenling, a contemporary female writer, has a generous collection of antiques, and her fans of calligraphy and painting are also among the collections. There is a fan in the bookcase of her study with the word "cool wind" inscribed by Liu Haisu; The word "bright moon" inscribed by Feng Youlan; Pei Yanling's four words "Yanyun collapse"; Hua's humorous paintings, Cao Yu's poems, etc. Are treasured by Ye Wenling.
The history of fans was originally called "nameless fans". According to legend, Shun wrote Wu Ming Fan for the purpose of broadening audiences and seeking talents. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, a kind of "Zhai Fan" appeared, which was made of colorful pheasant tail feathers, so it was called "Feather Fan". Er Ya says, "The leaf is named after the wood, and the fan is named after the reed." It can be inferred that the early fans may be rectangular reeds. The early fans were not used for enjoying the cool, but as etiquette tools for rulers, so they were also called "etiquette fans". Fans in China after Qin and Han dynasties mainly have square, round and hexagonal shapes. The fabric of the fan is made of silk. Because it is widely used in the palace, it is also called "Gong Shan". The popular fans in Sui and Tang Dynasties were mainly Wan Fan and Feather Fan, and there were a few paper fans. After the Song Dynasty, folding fans gradually became popular. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zhejiang, Suzhou and Sichuan were rich in folding fans, and inscriptions and paintings were also popular here. This exquisite skill was introduced to Europe from the Ming Dynasty, and then it became popular all over the world.
White feather fan
Tang Bai Juyi
Plain colors are natural colors, and circles are tailor-made for workmanship. Whispering like a pine and floating like a crane.
There is no snow in midsummer and no wind all year round. Hold Anthony wong in your hand and hide the moon in your arms.
The tail spot of the swim bladder is not dead, and the mallow is different. Who said relative, thin white beard Weng.
fan
Tangliqiao
Zhai Yu's time-honored brand, Pu Kui's value is not light. The flowers are not full-faced, and the sound is thin.
The weather is warm and windy, and the autumn moon is bright. If you have the same heart, you can give it.
fan
Don
Bao fan enters the forbidden palace, and I send flowers to move the fragrance.
Heng E must descend by clouds, not all night in the middle of the month.
Draw peony on the fan
Tangluoyin
Build a ladder that loves the red side and teach people to paint the future on fans.
The leaves are jagged, long with colored pens, and flowers bloom in the breeze.
A few shakes have stopped the butterfly, and frequent shaking is not afraid of losing berries.
Rooted without land, such as the fairy laurel, some people suspect that Heng E planted it on the moon.
fan
Donskontu
When Jane meets again in autumn, don't give up her donation. Yiyi is just looking back on her old friend.
Sometimes the pool can cover the sun, and a few cicadas can bear in the frost forest.
Forever broken fan
Tangtangyi
The wheel is like a bright moon, and Luo is like a thin cloud.
There is no reason to hide your smile, before the autumn wind.
Sad bowl rice
Don Wei Wu Ying
It's not an autumn festival, but a change of goodwill.
No more people are hiding, and the Committee is cold and empty.
You can never do what you say. Darkness will make sales shine.
Ancient fan
Don Xiang Si
Yesterday, I decided to capture Javert, but suddenly I opposed the autumn festival.
The cold dust envies the daughter of the king of Qin, and the cool temple pampers the princess Han.
Like the old moon, the face is red, and the wind stops moving the musk deer clothes.
Thousands of bleak people, Mo Yu covered her tears at that time.
Yongshan
Tang xuqiu
In order to make Yutang full of coolness, every kiss will be unforgettable.
Frost and snow know where, and deeds come and go.
Once accompanied by a bottle near a small threshold, it covered the cloister for a few days.
If there is autumn wind in the Han Palace, who believes how many lines of tears Ban Ji has?
Forever broken fan
Tang Yangling
The powder fell out of the bed and was discarded, but the dust was still alive and still there.
If you are the first, you will be very sad.
A model word representing autumn
Tangzhenggu
I hate that he exposed himself to the imperial court. When it is hot, the world knows his friends.
Sweating, ungrateful in the middle of the night.
A mountain stream has been damaged, and a few lines have been invaded by dust.
After the green locust melts with the yin, you will never find it again.
Guo Moruo once wrote a poem for the workers in the fan factory:
The coolness of the world comes from hands. More clever than a ghost axe, more clever. Flying all over the world, overwhelming the west wind.
People love fans because of a deep knot in China culture.
Behind the fan, there are many stories, many people and many different lives. I think of some ancient paintings, in which scholar-officials sit quietly playing chess or drinking tea. Next to it is a little maid of a few years old, with a long-handled fan as thin as a cicada's wing and a noble look; There are also women in boudoir of past dynasties, shaking small fans, flapping butterflies among flowers and catching fireflies under the moon; In the attic near the water, they leaned out from the carved window, which was also a round fan as light as the bright moon, half covering their graceful faces or leaning against their cheeks, setting off their bright eyes and white teeth. Or in teahouses and restaurants, romantic talents wave folding fans smartly, talk about poetry and wine, or fold fans together, bow and scrape, and fan, which are indispensable costumes for romantic youth.
Fans are often used as a symbol of love. Ancient women pinned their best wishes on personal belongings. Han Ban Jieyu wrote "Songs of Complaint", "The new Su system is as bright as frost and snow. Cut into acacia fans, reunion is like the bright moon. In and out of your arms, shaking the breeze. I am often afraid that autumn will come and the cool wind will take the heat away. Abandon donations, and be kind. " This is not only the short-lived feeling of empresses' kindness to you like morning dew, but also the longing for persistent love in a society where men are superior to women and polygamy is inferior. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Ye Tao wrote "Song of the Round Fan" for Wang Xianzhi, a calligrapher who loved her deeply: Qibao drew a round fan with bright moonlight. I spent a summer with Lang, but I didn't forget each other. "That is a simple and affectionate covenant for my lover. There is also a Li by Qinhuai River. Her blood is stained with peach blossoms on the fan given by the waiting area. " Send the Peach Blossom Fan to the Southern Dynasties, which reflects personal experience and historical vicissitudes.
The colored sector is made of exquisite silk, sewn with snow-white silk thread and pasted with white, dark black or clay paper. They are an iron-painted silver hook, or green mountains and green waters, insects, fish, birds and animals, flowers and trees, immortals, ladies and children ... there is a rich world in a small square inch. Rich and mediocre people love meticulous flowers and birds, plain people love splashing ink on mountains and rivers, elegant people admire portraits of sages, noble people hold poems to show their aspirations, and a small fan shows their aesthetic taste and realm.
Another kind of free and easy, humor or bitterness is also related to fans. Zhuge Liang fanned his black silk scarf and talked and laughed. The gently waving white feather fan brought the east wind, a boat full of arrows and a sigh of relief. Han Zhong, bare-chested, shaking a banana fan, enjoys himself and is elegant in common customs. The monk Ji Dian has a broken cattail fan on his back and a wine gourd hanging around his waist, which seems to be drunk but not awake. I'm afraid fans have become a feature of their image and can't live without each other. The legendary Tang Bohu is bohemian and beautiful, but he is really poor. Looking at his Autumn Fan Map, the feeling of loneliness, frustration, untimely and unwilling to condescend is undoubtedly revealed through the fans in the autumn wind and the sad beauty. ...
Fans are closely related to people's emotions and lives in the long corridor of history, and have a distinct China imprint just like kites, tea and calligraphy. Nowadays, electric fans and air conditioners are more and more popular in our lives. It seems that they will be forgotten by us. Occasionally, someone plays in Suzhou and Hangzhou, bringing a delicate round fan to play with, and a long-lost fragrance floats into my heart. ...
The condensed art of calligraphy and painting-fan face
The structure of folding fan consists of two parts: fan face and fan bone. According to the texture, there are two main departments: paper and silk. As a work of art, fans began in the Song Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, people wrote poems and painted on paper folding fans. In the Southern Song Dynasty, silk folding fans appeared. Due to the popularity of round fans in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, few people used folding fans, and folding fans are fragile daily necessities, so the physical objects handed down are extremely rare. In the middle of Ming dynasty, folding fan calligraphy and painting became popular. Because the sector is semicircular in shape, its composition is unique, forming an interesting painting scene. No matter "paintings" such as landscapes, figures, flowers, birds and animals, or "books" such as poems and songs, you can create a composition effect with fresh and changeable style and complex layout, thus breaking through the traditional painting and calligraphy mode and opening a new page for the history of painting and calligraphy in China.
However, it should be pointed out that not all the surviving plates are worth collecting and investing. The reason is very simple: fan calligraphy and painting, like ordinary calligraphy and painting works, only fine works have appreciation and appreciation value. Let's briefly introduce the investment-worthy sectors according to different time and categories.
After Chenghua in Ming Dynasty, Fan art entered a glorious period, and many famous painters and painters appeared (such as Shen Zhou, Lan Ying, Tang Yin, Dong Qichang, etc. ) left an immortal work on the fan, which is an important part of the artistic heritage of Chinese painting and calligraphy. These plates are precious and hard to find, and many collectors regard them as the highest pursuit goal.
On the basis of fan-shaped calligraphy and painting in Ming Dynasty, there was a new development in Qing Dynasty. During this period, famous artists came forth in large numbers and their works were diverse. In addition to continuing to show the individual artistic styles of various famous schools, the joint creation of two or more people is also very popular, including the cooperation between couples, teachers and students and friends. For example, the fan of "Plum Branches" painted by Gaoxiang was inscribed by Jin Nong and Zhang Chen. During the Qianlong period, several folding fans were engraved with Liu Tongxun's calligraphy and painted with Zou Yigui's orchids and butterflies or Jiang Qianxi's peony flowers. Among them, the way of "one word, one painting" was created by two people and was widely imitated by scholars. For example, Liang Qichao's calligraphy fan was painted by Yu Shaosong; Chen's calligraphy fan was drawn by his disciple Chen Maodong with meticulous brushwork and peony broken branches. Interestingly, the fan of "Ke Qiao Bamboo and Stone Map" was created by a famous artist and his five disciples, with tacit cooperation and seamless style.
After the Republic of China, the cooperation of "one word, one painting" became more popular, and this form has been passed down to this day. Because partners have high artistic accomplishment, they can greet each other and set off each other, and naturally they can receive the same artistic effect. This kind of fan is favored by collectors. Judging from the auction price over the years, it is generally much higher than a single work.
Since the Qing Dynasty, folding fan art has once again shown its historical glory, and many painters and painters have made deliberate innovations in fan composition, especially in landscape painting. Usually, landscape painting pays attention to the "horizon", but the sector is wide and narrow, showing a semicircle. If the horizon is still treated horizontally, the two corners at the lower end of the fan are bound to form a blank. In order to make the composition reasonable and the scenery natural, the creator has created three new compositions: full composition, corner composition and composition on both sides of a river. Among them, the full composition is to let the scenery occupy most of the space, and the overall feeling is more empty than less, usually depicting mountain scenery; Corner composition is to concentrate the main scenery on the lower corner of the left or right side, or extend downward from the left or right side, and the overall feeling is more virtual than real; The composition on both sides of a river mainly shows the scenery on both sides of a river, such as a spring crossing left and right, or flowing up and down, or oblique flow. These three forms of composition opened a new chapter for the later development of fan-shaped landscape painting. Many painters have created a large number of excellent fan-shaped landscape paintings with exquisite composition, novel theme, majestic momentum and beautiful scenery, which have been favored by collectors in past dynasties. Such as Yuan Jiang, Wang Jian, Huang, Zhang Daqian, etc. It is regarded as a masterpiece in the calligraphy and painting market at home and abroad, which has important significance for maintaining and increasing value. The achievements of landscape fans also have a great influence on the innovation of flower-and-bird fans. Modern painters Gao Xiang, Wang Yun, Jin Yang, Ren Bonian, Qi Baishi, Fu Baoshi, etc. All have fresh flower-and-bird fan styles, which are also very popular in domestic and foreign markets.
In addition, since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some famous painters and calligraphers have a habit, that is, when drawing and writing a fan, they always consider the technical level of the fan bone first, and even only the fan bone from famous artists will be willing to brush off the ink. For example, the fan bones made by famous Suzhou bone makers Li Zhao, Ma Xun, Ma Fu and Liu Yutai in the Ming Dynasty are unforgettable, which has high appreciation value and economic value at that time and now.