Writing Art in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

During the Three Kingdoms (Wei) period, a calligrapher established the status of regular script, and his "Recommended Season Straight Table". "Declaration Form" and so on have become the treasures of several generations. He and Wei Ji competed with each other, forming a North-South style of writing. The style of writing in the Jin Dynasty was very prosperous, and he talked about metaphysics. Charming was the ethos of the times at that time. He advocated' elegance' and' Xiang' in life and work, and pursued the beauty of neutrality and lightness in art. At one time,' father and son competed for victory, and brothers competed for coolness' spread all over the country, and bamboo slips were the artistic interest of Yan Fang, the second king, which catered to the needs of literati. Wang Xizhi's running script Preface to Lanting is regarded as the best running script in the world. Critics say that his writing style is like floating clouds, his son's Ode to Luoshen is beyond the reach of calligraphers, and his Broken Body and Ashu are great contributions in the history of calligraphy. Land machine. Wei and Jin dynasties Suo Jing. Wang Dao. Xie An learned. Bright. The calligraphy of the Southern School will shine for a long time under the contrast of the calligraphy families. Sheep herders in Southern Dynasties and Song Dynasty, Xiao Ziyun and Chen always followed in their footsteps. The Northern Dynasties attached great importance to reburial, praising ancestors, uncovering property, carving Buddha statues, and carving many stones. The rest were just like the North Monument, the South Post, the North Opening to the South, and the North People's South Show, all of which were basic differences. For example, the masterpiece of North and South is Heming by Nan Liang. The "Zheng Wengong Monument" in the Northern Wei Dynasty can be described as a binary star between the North and the South. Most northern writers are Shu Ren, and this book is anonymous. Therefore, calligraphy is called "the sage in the book", while the northern writer is Wang Youjun. Second, the social and cultural background of the emergence of calligraphy families in Wei and Jin Dynasties

During the reign of Cao Cao, the Cao Wei regime took care of the interests of the dignitaries on the one hand, but on the other hand, it also gave them certain restrictions. However, with the recovery of the northern economy, the economic strength of powerful countries has gradually increased. Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor. In order to gain the support of the strongmen, he had to succumb to the strongmen, accepted the suggestion of the big landlord Chen Qun, and implemented the method of "nine-grade officials", which is commonly known as the "nine-grade system". The electoral system within this ruling group is a continuation of the inspection since the Han Dynasty. The standard of the Nine Grades is based on the character's morality, talent and family background, but the family background actually plays a major role. The "nine-level Zheng Zhi system" takes into account the traditional position of the township and the political requirements of the relocated new strongman. Because of the economic and military strength of the mighty countries, any political power in the three countries can only be established with their support, so Wu also implemented the system of "righteousness" and recognized the political privileges of the clans. At this point, the clan gate valve system was finally formed.

The gate valve system has a far-reaching impact on the history of the next few hundred years. The Western Jin regime was completely dictatorial, and its political and economic power was further enhanced. Sima's seizure of Cao Wei's political power was mainly supported by the gate forces represented by Pingyang Jia Chong, Hedong Peixiu and Taiyuan, so it was widely rumored at that time: "Jia, Pei and Wang rebelled. Wang, Pei and Jia help the world "[4]. However, the post of Dazhongzheng was entirely held by the most influential local aristocratic family, and the "Nine-grade Zheng Zhi System" became a means for the big family to control the political power, resulting in the phenomenon that "the upper class has no poverty and the lower class has no right" [5]. On the other hand, the implementation of land ownership system, shadow guest system and shadow kinship system has increased the economic privileges of the Han nationality at the same time. Aristocratic families became the pillars of the Western Jin regime. The Eastern Jin Dynasty was founded by Si Marui, the king of Langya, with the support of the northern and southern clans. At that time, the gentry had overseas Chinese surnames and Wu surnames. The overseas Chinese surname refers to the clans scattered in the north, with Wang, Xie, Yuan and Xiao as the highest. Wu refers to a large indigenous family, with Zhu, Zhang, Gu and Lu as the highest. The northern imperial clan occupied an absolute position in the Eastern Jin regime, so the status of overseas Chinese surnames was higher than that of Wu surnames. Especially the Langya Wangs, it is even more important. Wang Dao is in charge of the imperial court, and Wang Dun is the secretariat of Jiangzhou, which controls the armed forces in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, so there is a rumor that "the king and the horse are * * * the world" [6]. At the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wang Langya, Yu Yingchuan, Huan Qiaoguo and Xie Chenjun took turns to govern, and the emperor's authority was very small.

Clans are the ties of clans, with their own proteges, old officials, guests and tenants, forming a powerful political force. Their social status is far from that of people from poor families and ordinary people. Marriage between different families is not allowed, and living customs are strictly restricted. There are many in-laws between big families. Chi Jian's daughter is Wang Xizhi's wife, Wang Xun is Xie Wan's husband, and Wang Min is Xie An's husband ... In order to maintain the privilege of the family, the first thing they should do is to be strict with themselves. The gate valve system stipulates that aristocratic children can rise to the upper level with no effort; The children of gentry do not have to compete for their careers, nor do they have to work hard for their livelihood. They can concentrate on studying and exploring their favorite literature and art. Just like this, the door valve system has promoted the prosperity of literature and art. The most prominent representatives are the Xie family in poetry and the Wang family in calligraphy.

The awakening of individual consciousness in Wei and Jin Dynasties and the resulting literary aesthetic consciousness are another important reason for the development of calligraphy family.

Judging from Cao Pi's works, such as Dian Wen and Shi Shuo Xin Yu, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, personal belongings such as life, intelligence, appearance and appearance received unprecedented attention. People have looked out at themselves and found their own value with joy. They began to live in the way they like, have their own hobbies, and even some special hobbies can be respected by people. Strong feelings and keen feelings reflect the awakening of people's emotional hearts in Wei and Jin Dynasties. But "the awakening of people in this period is only the awakening of individual consciousness, not the awakening of individual subject consciousness, so this awakening of people only has the significance of being free from society, but not the significance of transforming society" [7]. They only pursue human freedom in the field of personal daily life, without reflecting on social ideals. The so-called "Wei and Jin demeanor" is precisely the freedom in troubled times.

People first consciously realize the beauty of individual perceptual people, and then realize the beauty of literature and other things. The conscious prologue of aesthetic consciousness is opened by people and things. Political and practical character comments in the late Han Dynasty developed into character aesthetics far beyond the political and practical category in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The atmosphere of calligraphy collection, appreciation and evaluation, which began to sprout in the Han Dynasty, is even more spectacular at this time. "If astronomical obsidian cloth, Wei Rejin embroidered chapter. Or stroking Xu Zhen, slowly pressing and picking, pulling horizontally and vertically, pulling around left and right, long-wave melancholy brushwork, slightly ethereal "[8], Cheng Gongsui described the beautiful layout and vivid brushwork of Lishu. People no longer blame cursive script for "not hanging astronomical phenomena on the top, not spitting Heluo on the bottom, made by saints in Central Africa" [9], but see the aesthetic characteristics of cursive script "if it is a silver hook, if it is like a phoenix floating, if it is uncomfortable, if it is a peaceful move" [9]. Yang Zhao was not a famous figure in the Jin Dynasty, but Pan Yue wrote in his eulogy: "Cao Lihao, letters are simple and precious" [1 1]. Amethyst, who has no title, went out to play one day. "See the new mud, new chalk and white wall of Beige, amethyst takes the word' abbot', and the audience is like a city" [12]. Also, "I went to the county seat and went to Xin's house to fast. She slept in a white and new silk skirt during the day. Amethyst describes her skirt and belt. Happy, happy, so cherish "[13]. I'm afraid only Jin people can cherish and appreciate calligraphy. Another interesting story is recorded in Wang Sengqian's Lun Shu: "The West Chamber written by JUNG WOO when he was young is as famous as The Right Army. The right army came last, and Yu was still angry. In Jingzhou and Beijing, there is a book that says:' Children are cheap chickens and love wild owls. They all learn easily and learn little. I want to pay you back, you have to compare with it. "[14]. It can be seen that calligraphy learning at that time was mainly based on family heirloom, but the desire for beauty prompted the younger generation not to stick to one method.

Under the influence of people's articles and calligraphy evaluation atmosphere, the calligraphy family under the door valve system loves each other. We don't care whether they are really romantic or fake romantic, whether they are broad-minded and carefree, or whether they vent in depression and depression. Objectively, they promoted the transformation of calligraphy from nature to consciousness in this period.