Yang Shoujing (1839— 19 15), a native of Yidu, Hubei Province, whose real name is Peng Yun, whose real name is Xing Wu and whose real name is Old Suman. He is a famous historical geographer, epigrapher, bibliophile, edition cataloger, local chronicler and calligrapher in modern China. At the age of 42, he was called to Tokyo by the ambassador to Japan, He Zhao, as the cultural commissioner of the embassy. During my stay in China, I collected five cars of Japanese ancient books lost in Japan, with more than 654.38 million copies. At the same time, China's calligraphy art has been vigorously promoted in Japan, and Gu Zhuo's calligraphy is unrestrained, almost reaching the Han and Wei Dynasties. In modern Japan, what Yang Shoujing advocated was the calligraphy style of the Northern Wei Dynasty, so Yang was regarded as the school of calligraphy and Taoism in Japan today. Yang returned to China as the Oracle of Huanggang in 1884. 1889 was invited by Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Huguang, to be the geography professor of Tribal Tiger College. Yang Shoujing is the only Hubei scholar who can be called a master among his contemporaries in the late Qing Dynasty. His contribution to the historical geography of China is an important milestone in the division of ancient and modern disciplines, especially the General Map of Geographical Evolution in Past Dynasties and Notes on Water Mirror. Gu Jiegang, a famous scholar, commented on the study of geography in Qing Dynasty in Contemporary History of China, saying: "It is amazing to devote myself to the study of water mirror annotation for 300 years." Luo Zhenyu, a contemporary master of Chinese studies, once called Yang Shoujing's Geography, Duan Yucai's Elementary School and Li's Arithmetic the three "Juexue" in Qing Dynasty.
Notes on Water Mirror is a masterpiece of historical geography written by Li Daoyuan, a famous scholar in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The book, with a total of 40 volumes, is a classic work of China geography after Shan Hai Jing and Yu Gong. See 1000 waterway for details, and describe its geographical changes and evolution, covering the battlefield, local customs, local products and people. Since Li Daoyuan, many scholars have taken the annotation of Water Mirror as the object of lifelong research, which greatly promoted and promoted the development of historical geography in China. Following the fruitful research on Gu Zhu at the end of Ming Dynasty, five gentlemen specializing in Zhu appeared in Qing Dynasty, including Shen Bingxun, Quan, Zhao Yiqing, Dai Zhen and so on.
After Yang Shoujing became famous professionally, he decided to study Zhu on the basis of his predecessors. In addition to collecting a large number of related books and materials (his collection of Guanhaitang is comparable to that of Ke, a famous scholar in Hubei Province, and his rich collection of books has made him sit up and take notice of China for some time), he also made arduous long-distance field trips and made a lot of academic preparations before that, which laid a solid foundation for the final study of Zhu. He wrote The Original Meaning of Gong Yu and The Supplement to Hanzhi to trace its origin. Write the "Three Kingdoms County Table Correction" to test its world; Textual research on Sui Shu's geographical records, in order to inspect its committee. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (1905), Zhu Jian was published first, and then Zhu Jianbu and Xu Bu were published in the first year (1909), which won a great academic reputation. At that time, scholars and celebrities praised his research as "outstanding and unique". Yang Shoujing, together with Xiong, a proud disciple of Jiang, started by looking for the source of annotations one by one, and made annotations between pages, using eight books, all over the place. Then, he compared the gains and losses of the previous generation of philosophers, and made a decision at one time. It took more than 30 years of "uninterrupted cold and heat" to research and revise the works, and the million-word Notes on Water Classics was a great success. After the Revolution of 1911, Yang Shoujing took refuge in Shanghai, relying on the financial support of Hubei celebrity Ke, Zhang Zhidong's old friend of the shogunate Liang Dingfen and Shanghai scholar, while "selling words for a living" and appreciating ancient inscriptions and writing postscript for others, he continued his work of repairing water classics. At the same time, he tried his best to plan the publication of Water Mirror Bamboo Book, and even entrusted himself to the Beiyang government at night.
He wrote a letter to Li, requesting to compile a general map of geographical evolution in past dynasties, "taking schools in various provinces as geography textbooks"; Write to Liang Shiyi, the chief financial officer, and politely request the government to fund the publication of Shui Jing Zhu (People's Republic of China (PRC) government later donated 200 yuan to engrave Shui Jing Zhu); Write to Duan, Zhao Erxun, Zhou Shumo and other politicians for help, hoping to get their support in seal cutting. At the same time, I introduced my unpublished works to Luo Zhenyu, who is far away from Japan, and discussed the engraving of water mirror bamboo books. In order to finish this book as soon as possible, I did not hesitate to hand over my rare books collected for many years to Luo for publication. In addition, he wrote to Wang Xianqian, a famous Confucian scholar in Yuelu Academy in Changsha, central Hunan, and another famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, asking for a cheap and skilled sculptor in Yongzhou, Hunan. It was not until later that he became a member of the People's Republic of China (PRC) government, bearing the stigma of being spurned by the adherents of the Qing Dynasty. Its purpose is to publish the water mirror bamboo book engraving that he has worked hard for decades. Yang Shoujing has repeatedly stressed that "this book will die unsatisfied if it is not published", but before the death of 19 15, the old man who "always thought about famous mountains" in the neighboring Soviet Union failed to see the publication of Shui Jing Zhu, which he devoted his life to.
At the last moment of Yang Shoujing's life, the notes about the water mirror were still being sorted out, revised and revised. Before he died, Yang entrusted this book to his disciple Xiong, and told his family to rent 20 meters of stones every year to feed the bear. Xiong lived in Yang's second uncle's house in Wuchang in accordance with the teacher's wishes. "Not cold or hot, I am determined to win." After 22 years of unremitting efforts, "The book was published in six or seven schools, and the manuscript was revised six times, and finally finalized", which was drafted and revised into 40 volumes by Changsha Wang Xianqian United School, with 6,543,800 words. 1930, Japanese scholar Morisan Road sent Matsuura Jiasaburo to Wuchang, asking for a large sum of money to buy a water mirror note. Xiong resolutely refused because "this doctor has no foreign friends". Later, Yang's descendants secretly sold the manuscript to others. When the bear learned about it, he was sad and angry and hanged himself with the manuscript. 1936, when Xiong was dying, he entrusted Li, a fellow villager in Zhijiang and a graduate student in yenching university, to make the final revision of the manuscript of Notes.
The manuscript of Notes, which was completed by Yang Shoujing and Xiong for more than 50 years, has attracted wide attention at home and abroad. In addition to the so-called Japanese sinologists trying to find it in various ways many times, the relevant institutions of the national government at that time also asked Yang's descendants for it many times. After the Lugouqiao Incident, the Kuomintang authorities demanded the protection and forced purchase of Yang's manuscripts in terms of academic and military value. On June 1938 and 10, the Ministry of Education, headed by Chen Lifu, sent a secret telegram to the Hubei provincial government, demanding that it take various measures to "try to buy Yang Shoujing's book collection and the manuscript of Water Mirror Notes as soon as possible or forcibly move it to a safe place so as not to fall into enemy hands". After many discussions with Yang Mian, a descendant of Yang who was sent to yangfu by Hubei provincial government, Yang proposed to solve the protection problem by himself, and planned to transport it back to his hometown in Yidu for preservation. At that time, the manuscript of Water Mirror Notes was stored separately in Hankou Tongji Trust Company.
At that time, President of Academia Sinica and Director of the Institute of Historical Linguistics discussed with Wang and others in the Commercial Press, and signed a contract with Yang Mianzhi, a descendant of Yang, to publish the manuscript of Notes. It was decided that the Ministry of Education and Academia Sinica would pay the descendants of Yang 3,000 yuan in one lump sum. The manuscript was managed by the Chinese and British board of directors and published by the printing house of Hong Kong Commercial Press. On July 30th, the director of the Fifth Branch of Hubei Provincial Public Security Department, Dong Zonghai and others escorted Yang descendants to take out the manuscript from Tongji Trust Company, sent it to the apartment at No.75 Huangpi Road in Hankou, and then flew to Hong Kong. After much mobilization, before the fall of Wuhan, the Hubei provincial government transferred Yang Shoujing's other books 10 boxes, including 6093 volumes and 80 maps of various types, from Yang's descendants to Badong for management. Most other important books in Yang Shoujing were acquired by the State Council at that time in 19 14 and kept in the Palace Museum, which became an important part of China's historical literature treasure house. Yang Shoujing's books in Hubei were originally stored in pomelo trees in the north of Badong River. In order to avoid being bombed by enemy planes, in August, 1939 was rearranged and catalogued and moved from Badong to Xinglong Temple Cave in Qudong Township, Xingshan County. Tan En, then the director of Hubei Library, lived in a cave to protect Yang Shoujing's books and other important books and editions, regardless of age, until he was transferred to Enshi in March of 194 1. After the demobilization of the Anti-Japanese War, these books were moved back to the provincial library at the southern foot of Sheshan Mountain in Wuchang.
After Fu Sinian brought the manuscript of Shui Jing Zhu Shu to Hongkong, because China was in the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression at that time, in fact, the relevant funds were not allocated to printing in time for preliminary operation. 194 1 year165438+1October 6, the Japanese emperor approved the battle plan for Hong Kong, and Hong Kong fell on the night of February 25. At that time, we didn't know the fate of water mirror notes. 1938+00 Before the fall of Wuhan in June, Fu Sinian moved westward to Kunming with the Institute of History and Linguistics, and then moved back to Sichuan. I believe that he must always pay attention to the whereabouts and fate of the water mirror notes. Later, bringing the manuscript to Taiwan Province Province must be inseparable from Fu Sinian's attention and efforts. However, it was not until 1950 and 12.20 died in Taipei that Fu Sinian failed to fulfill the contract of that year and published Notes on Water Mirror.
Li, a graduate student in Yanjing, was entrusted by Xiong to be responsible for the final revision. He did not live up to the expectations of his ancestors. Whether in wartime Chongqing or in his hometown of Hubei after demobilization, on the one hand, he continued to do a good job in revising the book, on the other hand, he actively planned to publish it to comfort his predecessors. While lamenting that the Commercial Press failed to publish it publicly, Yang Shoujing, a fellow villager of Yidu, who was then a staff member of the provincial library, privately sponsored Fu Yi and another fellow villager Yao Haihang and published the first three volumes of Water Mirror Notes with his own teaching salary, with his meager strength. At the end of the third volume of the existing book, it is written with a brush: "The publishing fee of this book consists of the teaching salaries of Yao Haihang, Xiang Yifu and Yu Zhizhi, and it will not be published in the future!" Attention, people can't help being moved by it!
1In June, 949, Fu Sinian moved the manuscript of Notes on Water Mirror, which was brought to Hong Kong from Hankou and then returned to the mainland, to Taiwan Province Province together with other books and cultural relics preserved by the Institute of History and Linguistics. In the early 1950s, it was finally published by Taipei Zhonghua Book Company in Taiwan Province Province. In the Mainland, the Library of China Academy of Sciences bought a Water Mirror Notes written by Xiong from Wuhan collector Xu Xingke, and copied it in the same book as Fu's manuscript. The manuscript was photocopied and published by Science Press, 1957. At the same time, China historians set up a committee with Wu Han, Fan Wenlan and Tan Qixiang as main members to redraw the maps of Yang Shoujing, with the task of compiling an atlas of China for Mao Zedong to read history. 197 1 year, another manuscript of Water Mirror Notes was collected by the Central Library and then photocopied by Zhonghua Book Company in Taiwan Province. 1982, Li Yimang, the head of the planning group for the collation and publication of ancient books in the State Council, suggested that Yang Shoujing Collection should be reorganized and published. On May 5th, 1984, a sorting group headed by Xie Chengren, a professor of history at Beijing Normal University, was formally established. The Collected Works of Yang Shoujing contains more than 40 important works of Yang Shoujing's life, which was published by Hubei People's Publishing House on1April, 988.