Development and changes
Prehistory
From the earliest five thousand years of Chinese civilization? In prehistoric times, the wild fruits collected by the primitive tribes were stored for a long time. Then mold develops and then a wine smell develops. After the initial taste, they thought that the water flowing out of the moldy fruits was also delicious, so the wine-making culture began. In primitive society, wine making was very popular in my country. The wine in ancient times was unfiltered wine mash, which was pasty and semi-liquid. This kind of wine was not suitable for drinking, but for eating. Therefore, the drinking utensils for eating are generally Food utensils, such as bowls, bowls and other large-mouthed utensils.
Xia Dynasty
The wine culture of Xia Dynasty was very popular. status. Ancient cloud said: "Dukang made rice wine". As the fifth king of the Xia Dynasty, Du Kang personally made wine, which shows how much people valued wine at that time. In October, the villagers held a drinking ceremony in the local school: "In the ninth month, the frost is gone, in the tenth month the washroom is washed, friends are feasting, and the lamb is killed every day, and they enter the court hall, and they say they are drinking wine, and they live forever." This poem fully demonstrates the Xia Dynasty. North Korea’s wine culture.
Shang Dynasty
In the Shang Dynasty, the brewing industry was very developed, bronze ware production technology improved, and China's wine vessels reached unprecedented prosperity. With a complete set of experiences in making wine, clans such as the "Long Shao Clan" and the "Wei Shao Clan" emerged, which specialized in making wine utensils. The alcoholic beverages at that time included wine, sweet wine and sweet wine. The drinking culture was very popular, especially among the nobles. The widespread drinking of wine attracted great attention from the Shang rulers. King Zhou made a wine pond that could be used for boats, and the wine was accompanied by beauty all day long. The Shang Dynasty left behind a "drinking and sex culture".
Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou Dynasty vigorously advocated "wine etiquette" and "wine virtues" and limited the main use of wine to sacrifices, so the "wine sacrifice culture" emerged. Drinking etiquette in the Zhou Dynasty became the strictest etiquette. In the Zhou Dynasty's rural drinking customs, the local officials were the hosts and the scholars and sages were the guests. Drinking, especially for the elderly, is favored, "three beans for those in their sixties, four beans for those in their seventies, five beans for those in their eighties, and six beans for those in their nineties". Its folk custom of respecting the elderly is vividly reflected in the folk activities with wine as the main body. This is the "drinking ritual culture" of the Zhou Dynasty.
Spring and Autumn and Warring States
Due to the use of iron tools during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, production technology has been greatly improved. Farmers went out early and returned home at night, and were better at farming and arboriculture. The enthusiasm for production has increased, productivity has been greatly developed, and material wealth has been greatly increased. This provided a material basis for the further development of wine. Therefore, there are many records of wine in the documents of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period:
The Analects of Confucius: "Wine and food are accompanied by food, and it was once considered filial piety." ?
"The Book of Songs? Youfeng July": "The rice harvested in October is the spring wine to celebrate the longevity of the eyebrows?"
"The Book of Songs? Xiaoya Jiri":?"To welcome guests and To drink wine. ? Li, a kind of wine, is a sweet wine.
"Book of Rites? Yue Ling": In the month of Mengxia, the emperor drinks wine and uses ritual music. ?酎, a re-brewed wine, drunk with music, it means a wine drunk at a grand party.
"Book of Rites, Tamamo": "Every honorable person must respect Yuanjiu. Only the king's face is respected. Only the barbarians drink wine. The officials use wood to respect others, while the scholars use it to prohibit." ?Shangyuan wine, with the meaning of nostalgia, is the wine that you drink exclusively. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were Chinese people and savages. The savages referred to the ordinary people. Treating barbarians to wine means giving them ordinary meals and ordinary wine. Muyu and ban are the levels of wine glasses.
From the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, especially the northern nomadic peoples, their wine vessels were mainly bronze products. The brewing technology has been significantly improved, and the quality of the wine has also been greatly improved. The method of drinking is: put the brewed wine in a bronze pot, scoop it with a bronze spoon, and put it into a bronze cup. drink.
Qin and Han
With the economic prosperity of the Qin Dynasty, the wine making industry naturally also prospered. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the "wine administration culture" emerged. The rulers banned alcohol repeatedly from the perspective of "politics" and advocated abstaining from alcohol in order to reduce the consumption of grains. In the end, the ban continued repeatedly. During the Han Dynasty, the understanding of wine was further broadened and the uses of wine were widely expanded. Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, used wine to treat diseases at a very high level.
Reconciling human relations, flattering gods and offering sacrifices to ancestors are the basic functions of wine culture in the Han Dynasty. Putting music first is the spiritual core of Han people’s wine culture. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the color of etiquette in wine culture became more and more intense, and wine etiquette was strict. In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the wine culture changed from one based on happiness to one based on sadness.
During the Han Dynasty, drinking was gradually associated with various festivals, forming a unique drinking day, and there were more types of koji. In the drinking ceremony of the Han Dynasty, people usually sat on the floor to drink, with the wine bottle placed in the middle of the floor, a spoon for drinking wine inside, and the drinking utensils also placed on the ground, so the body shape was shorter and fatter.
Three Kingdoms
The Three Kingdoms period was the development period of our country’s wine culture. There were great advances in technology, raw materials, and types. The wine style during the Three Kingdoms period was extremely prosperous. Tao Yuanzhen once quoted this passage when commenting on the drinking style of the Three Kingdoms: During the Three Kingdoms period, the drinking style was quite popular. There were Sanya nobles in Nanjing, and there was a summer drink in Heshuo. ?In the Three Kingdoms, there was also a strong trend of persuading people to drink, and the methods of drinking were also quite intense.
Wei, Jin, North and South
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, abstinence from alcohol was advocated. It was not until the Wei and Jin Dynasties that alcohol had a legal status. The alcohol ban was lifted, allowing people to make wine freely and privately brew and drink it. This phenomenon is quite common. The wine market is very prosperous, and a wine tax has appeared. The wine tax has become one of the country's financial resources, so there is a "wine wealth culture". During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, drinking among celebrities was very popular. With the help of wine, people expressed their feelings about life, their worries about society, and their laments about history. The role of wine has penetrated into people's hearts, thus the cultural connotation of wine has also expanded.
Drinking in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, during this period, sitting on the bed became popular, and the drinking utensils became more slender. In addition, the custom of "winding water drinking glasses" appeared in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which pushed the wine way forward. step.
Sui and Tang dynasties
The wine culture in the Tang and Song dynasties was a great association between wine and literati. The prosperity of poetry in the Tang Dynasty promoted wine culture, and a brilliant "wine chapter culture" emerged. Wine and poetry, wine and music, wine and calligraphy, wine and art, wine and painting, etc., blended and flourished. . The Tang Dynasty was a highly developed period of Chinese wine culture. The wine culture of the Tang Dynasty was profound, colorful and brilliant. "Wine promotes poetry" is the most condensed and high-level embodiment of Tang Dynasty culture. Wine promotes poets' poetry, which is internalized in their poems. Wine also rises from the material level to the spiritual level. Wine culture is brewed in Tang poetry. Full, long-lasting taste. In the Tang Dynasty, the number of wine shops increased day by day, the wine order war became popular, and the wine culture was integrated into the daily life of the Chinese people.
The people of the Tang Dynasty believed that "good wine should be served in expensive utensils". In the way of drinking, most of the drinking is done after meals. As the saying goes, "After eating, you will drink wine." The way of drinking at that time was to drink after eating, drink slowly and happily, so that you would not get drunk easily, and you could get more fun by drinking.
Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties
The wine culture of the Song Dynasty is the continuation and development of the wine culture of the Tang Dynasty. It is richer than the wine culture of the Tang Dynasty and closer to our current wine culture. The wine industry was prosperous and hotels were everywhere. Hotels in the Song Dynasty emphasized the cultural personality of famous brands. The northern peoples in the Jin Dynasty were known for drinking heavily and had a strong wine culture. The Jin Dynasty had a pot wine culture. In the Yuan Dynasty, soju (Alaki wine) appeared. In addition, the distillation method was invented in the Song Dynasty, and since then liquor has become the main alcoholic beverage consumed by Chinese people.
Ming and Qing dynasties
The Ming Dynasty saw constant uprisings and wars. The Qing Dynasty did not resist foreign invasion, and people moved around to avoid trouble. The formation of regional culture promoted the emergence of "wine culture". After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, wine has become an indispensable drink in people's lives. During festive seasons, "special wine" is very popular, such as drinking pepper wine on New Year's Day, drinking Cangcang wine on the 15th day of the first lunar month, drinking calamus wine on Dragon Boat Festival, and drinking on Mid-Autumn Festival. Osmanthus wine and chrysanthemum wine on Double Ninth Festival. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a saying that the capital city was the hometown of wine. At that time, the dignitaries in the capital preferred rice wine, while the middle and lower class people preferred the cheap and strong shochu.
The Ming and Qing dynasties can be said to be another peak in the way of wine drinking in China. Drinking is particularly particular about the word "Chen". The surname of wine is Chen. The better?.
In addition, the way of wine has promoted the realm of self-cultivation. There are many kinds of wine orders, including all things, people, flowers, plants, fish and insects, poems and songs, opera novels, seasonal customs in the world, and there are many elegant orders. The elegant palace has been promoted to the common people, and the actions of celebrities and elegant people have become the hobbies of the people in the streets. Elevate ordinary drinking to a noble realm of talking about wine products, respecting drinking utensils, practicing drinking orders, and understanding the way of drinking.
New China
Today, the core of wine culture is the "culture of wine people". People's drinking behavior is more common, wine is more closely related to people's destiny, wine has been widely integrated into people's lives, and the wine culture close to "life" has been unprecedentedly enriched and developed. Such as birthday banquets, wedding banquets, funeral banquets, etc., as well as related wine customs and etiquette, have become an important part of life.
In March 2013, foreign media ranked the top ten countries in the world that drink the most. The UK ranked first, and China ranked second.
However, China’s liquor culture is actually a kind of social culture. When dealing with Chinese people, no matter what the occasion, real drinking, even at the formal level, needs to express spiritual content. Guests come from afar, and without wine, it is not enough to express deep affection; Wine is not enough to show joy and comfort; on the day of a funeral or death, it is not enough to make someone sad and heartbroken; on the day of a waste of time and hardship, no wine is not enough to eliminate loneliness and sadness; on the day of a happy spring breeze, no wine is not enough to express heroic ambition.
There are also jokes on the Internet describing what China's major wine companies are selling at the moment: Moutai sells "expensive"; Wuliangye sells "zun"; Jiannanchun sells "hi"; Guojiao 1573 sells "history" ?; Langjiu sells "Red"; Shuijingfang sells "Noble"; Yanghe sells "Feelings"; Jinliufu sells "Fu"; Dongjiu sells "Military"; Gujing Gongjiu sells "Year"; Luzhou Laojiao sells "Old". "Jiugui Liquor is sold as "Zui"; Fen Liquor is sold as "Collection". These are conceptual words that are produced in response to the drinking needs of contemporary Chinese people.
In general, with the changes of the times, China’s drinking culture has gradually evolved into China’s unique political culture, China’s unique human relationship culture, China’s commercial power rent-seeking culture, and China’s unique public relations Dinner culture.