Therefore, the following four problems need to be solved: First, the government should have a high level of education. Second, be familiar with the market, understand the western and global markets, and know who is consuming and demanding things from China, otherwise it will lead to product surplus or serious dislocation. On the one hand, some people are influenced by the "famous brand" mechanism and like to consume the commercial "blockbusters" in those posters; On the other hand, compared with the national average income level, cultural products are still luxury goods on the whole, and many people are constrained by economic conditions but cannot afford to consume them. All these restrict the benign development of cultural production and consumption. Thirdly, the problem of intermediary links, mainly institutional problems, requires a flexible cooperative system and financial system, otherwise people engaged in cultural industries are likely to end up in debt litigation. Fourth, professional and ideological intervention means inviting a group of real experts, scholars and writers to absorb and adapt their ideas and promote the development of cultural industries.
1. Asian pattern reorganization and discourse power struggle in the new century
Asia is on the rise, and there are three trends: first, South Korea announced the opening of Sejong College in 100 regions around the world; Second, Japan set up Japanese learning centers overseas to compete with Confucius Institute in China; Third, India's culture has been exported to all parts of the world for a long time. It seems that India has already surpassed itself in the "dragon-elephant dispute".
South Korea is a new cultural industry power. 1998, after the Asian financial turmoil, South Korea put forward the policy of "building the country through culture" and clearly put forward "two fives": strive to increase South Korea's share in the world cultural industry market from 1% to 5% within five years; Strive to train 10000 content creators within five years, of which 10% has the output ability. In order to implement this strategy, Korea has promulgated more than a dozen laws and regulations, and established the Korea Cultural Industry Promotion Institute in 20001,which receives 50 million US dollars from the government every year to develop cultural undertakings. The popularity of Dae Jang Geum is not only a TV series, but also related to South Korea's cultural output and strategy. Moreover, they want to turn "Korean Wave" into "Asian Wave" or even "World Wave". South Korea has a population of only 49 million, but there are 12 Korean cultural institutes overseas. In 2004, Korean cultural products accounted for 3.5% of the world market share and became the fifth largest cultural industry power in the world. South Korea successfully exported its own culture and saved its economy. In order to shape the image of a big country in East Asia, Sejong College, newly established in South Korea, will teach Korean characters and culture free of charge to the world, especially the people in East Asia, so that the existing millions of Korean learners will rapidly expand by the wave of "Korean Wave".
Japan in East Asia is the third largest economic power in the world. As early as 1985, when Japan's economy continued to grow, it tried to turn from an "economic power" to a "political power" and finally to a "cultural power". The purpose of the strategy of building a country with Japanese culture is to introduce Japanese culture. Trying to establish the dominant position of Japanese culture in the Asia-Pacific region, so that Asian countries can accept Japanese culture and Japanese aid at the same time.
Due to the crimes of World War II, Japan's international image has been poor. In order to build a goodwill national image in the future and compete with China's Confucius Institutes around the world, the Japanese government plans to set up 100 Japanese learning centers around the world, which will expand the size of the learning centers by nearly 10 times, thus improving the world's view of Japan from a cultural perspective. It is reported that on April 18, 2007, the "Education Regeneration Conference" of the Japanese government held a branch meeting at the Prime Minister's residence. The participants unanimously decided to write the goal of "expanding the number of international students to 10/0 times the current number of students by 2025" in the second report in May, indicating that Japan is committed to spreading Japanese culture by attracting the world.
India's software industry and regional culture are well-known all over the world, and its intention to gain global expansion through science, technology, military and culture cannot be ignored.
From 1985 Japanese culture export to 1998 Korean culture export, during this period, China focused on economic development, which was in line with China's national conditions. However, China's development strategy in the new century should be adjusted according to the new pattern of the world, how to make China people believe in their own culture, and then let the people of the world appreciate what. In terms of strength, China's GDP ranks second in the world, but in terms of ideas and strategies, China has not followed suit. With the rise of China's economy, China's cultural industry should publicize its own culture, values and lifestyle more.
The cultural pattern of the rise of East Asia indicates a major turning point in today's world culture: the competition among international economy, science and technology, and military is emerging as a cultural competition, or the visible "hard power" competition of national strength has gradually been concealed by the more subtle "soft power" competition of culture. We should pay more attention to the cultural war in the new century and the cultural security in China. In my opinion, economic growth is important, but what is more important than economic growth is the way of economic growth. Cultural expansion is very important, and what is more important than expansion is cultural identity and the way of cultural expansion.
2. Four Great Inventions Encountered Challenges
East Asian countries admired China culture before the19th century, but since the 20th century, they have been full of estrangement, intentional misunderstanding and even hostility towards China culture. China has risen in economy, military and science and technology, but it has not kept up in culture.
In the late 20th century, it became a new trend of Asian culture for Asian countries to strive for the right to speak as big countries economically and politically, and strive for the right to start in culture. In recent years, several major problems in the field of archaeology show that the so-called "Far East" countries have had a dispute over the "four great inventions" and Asian history, which has attracted the attention of all parties. In fact, the "cultural dispute" in globalization is a harbinger of "cultural conflict".
Korean scholars put forward that block printing and metal (iron) movable type printing are "inventions" of Koreans according to the block printing "Innocent and Clean Dalagni Sutra" discovered by Sakyamuni pagoda in Gyeongju, South Korea (1966 10). Some Korean scholars wrote an article, calling it Silla Print, which was published in 706-75 1 year. It is the earliest printed matter in the world, emphasizing that South Korea is the birthplace of block printing. Some Korean scholars even called for an international academic conference, invited UNESCO to participate, and asked the international community to recognize it. 1978, Professor Qian Cunxun, director of the Far East Library of the University of Chicago, introduced this news, which attracted the attention of domestic scholars. In fact, a page of the Sanskrit mantra of Dalagni (AD 650-670) unearthed in the western suburbs of Xi in 1974 shows that China is the birthplace of block printing. 1906 The paper and engraving of Lotus Classic unearthed in Turpan, Xinjiang can also prove that China is the hometown of printing.
If South Korea questioned the invention right of China's block printing and metal movable type printing, up to today, there are still westerners who insist that movable type printing was "created" by the German Gutenberg in the 65438+5th century: "Gutenberg integrated the trends and attempts of various times with his intelligence. On the basis of predecessors, he combined suitable paper, ink with specific continuity, suitable printing machine and typing equipment that can type thousands of words in a very short time. Western historians agree that this masterpiece appeared in Mainz in the 1950s in 15. " In fact, this invention is about 400 years later than Chinese movable type printing, so it can't be regarded as a real invention. So the author has to say, "He may benefit from some ideas in the Far East, where people started printing with movable type centuries ago and invented paper, silk, gunpowder and porcelain." This statement is obviously difficult to establish. What do you mean "may have benefited"? What is "using a certain type"? This is tantamount to canceling the invention right of movable type printing in Bi Sheng in the way of western centralism. Some people even doubt the existence of Bi Sheng. They think that clay type and printed materials have not been unearthed so far, and their records are only found in Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan, which is just a legend. This is completely disregarding the facts. Movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty (1041-kloc-0/048) and the Qing Dynasty. In Meng Qian Bi Tan, Shen Kuo described in detail the clay movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng and its specific technological process, which is authentic.
Among the "four great inventions", "papermaking" has also been challenged. In addition to some western missionaries in18-19th century who thought that "paper was invented by14-15th century Renaissance Germans or Italians", there is another saying that papermaking was invented by "Egyptians". Even in "198 1", an Indian author, Ms. Gosoi, wrote a letter to Canadian Pulp and Paper Journal.
This letter only lists the literature, and says that India was able to make paper of fairly good quality in 327 BC, thus claiming that paper was originally "invented" by Indians. In fact, this view is not worth refuting. Mr. Ji Xianlin has long believed that the word "kakali" in Sanskrit only appeared in the 7th century, and Indian paper was introduced from China.
In addition, Japanese archaeologist Shinichi Fujimura pushed the history of Japan from tens of thousands of years to 500,000 years, 600,000 years and 700,000 years through so-called archaeological excavations. When and where the Japanese originated is an important research topic that Japanese archaeologists have been trying to solve, and archaeological excavation closely related to it has become an important way to solve this historical mystery. Shinichi Fujimura is a "magic hand" specialized in Japanese archaeology. The question is, why did he push the history of Japan from tens of thousands of years to 700 thousand years? Moreover, in recent years, it has threatened to advance 6,543,800 years to dig the remains of primitive people? Because he wants to change the whole world history by forging Japanese history! It was exposed by the media in June 2000 and became a scandal that shocked the archaeological community. This shows that the social trend of ultra-nationalism in Japan has risen, and some people have been whitewashing or even tampering with history by any means.
In fact, due to the origin of China culture, the problem has become more complicated, and the statement that "the eastward movement of western culture leads to China culture" has almost become the mainstream view in the world academic circles. In the 1920s (192 1 year,1October), An Tesheng, a Swedish archaeologist, after excavating Yangshao cultural site, claimed that China's painted pottery production technology was introduced after the West matured, and wrote this view into his book "Archaeology of Gansu". At 1934, he is in his most important position. Japanese scholar Shi Tian Jian Jie even speculated on the specific route of western culture spreading eastward. "China culture comes from the West" has been recognized by many China scholars including Zhang Taiyan and Liu. Even then, China people almost always wrote history and geography textbooks on the basis of "coming from the West", not just anecdote textbooks. Even the lectures on the history of China and the geography of China at Shi Jing University have used this statement.
Of course, contrary to this view, China scholars put forward the theory of "Western learning spreading to the east" in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. For example, Xu Guangqi, Fang Yizhi and Li Zhizao think that China's traditional science and technology have something in common with western learning and are influenced by "one source radiation". Western learning is nothing more than "Tang Yu's three generations' lack of canon", "the words of all saints" and "the compilation of Su Wen, Zhou Xie, Kao Gong and Qi Yuan". When Huang Zongxi gave a lecture, he thought that western science and technology just picked up the legacy of China's sage: "The art of divination is the legacy of the Duke of Zhou and Shang Gao, and later generations are lost, and westerners can steal it." Emperor Kangxi, who actively advocated western learning, also actively advocated "Western learning originated from China's theory". Mei Wending, Wang Xizhi, Dai Zhen and Ruan Yuan all said that western learning began in middle school. In the late Qing Dynasty, Wang Tao, Zheng, Xue Fucheng, Yu Yue and Huang Zunxian were still repeating the same old tune. On the one hand, these statements show China's ethnocentric concept of "China is superior to the country" in the process of opening the country; On the other hand, bringing western learning into China's academic system can avoid harsh "great defense against foreign countries" and transplant western learning.
In recent years, after the Dragon Boat Festival, some scholars put forward some topics that go against history: Chinese medicine was invented by Koreans, called "Korean medicine"; Laozi and Confucius were said to be Koreans, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions was invented by Koreans; Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting Collection was written in Korean paper, and calligraphy should be changed to Korean calligraphy, and so on. This kind of nationalism, which plunders China's original works crazily and takes them as its own, has become a direct challenge to China's cultural legitimacy, and has also faced more crises and obstacles for China's culture to go overseas.
3. Cultural security in contemporary China.
Today, the rise of China depends on domestic harmony and the stability of the international situation, but the world facing China is looking at us with strange eyes. First of all, the unresolved issue of Taiwan Province Province has become the biggest cultural instability in China and China.
Secondly, various theories of China's separatism are rampant. As early as 1887, in the National Policy of Conquest and Qing Dynasty put forward by the General Staff of Japanese militarism, it was clearly put forward that China should be divided into seven parts: Northeast China, North China, Jiangnan, Mongolia, Tibet (including Qinghai), Xinjiang (Zhungeer) and Gansu. According to some data, Nakajima Mineo, a Japanese right-wing scholar, published an article in 1993, arguing that China should be divided into 12 block, which includes Hongkong, Macau, Guangdong, Shandong and Sichuan in addition to the above seven areas. At the same time, Masahiro Miyagi, a Japanese right-wing politician, threw out the so-called "Great Split of China" almost at the same time, claiming that China after Deng Xiaoping should be "divided into 16 small countries", including Shanghai, Fujian, Guangxi, Ningxia, Yunnan and other provinces and cities, and even Singapore, which does not belong to China, should be included. On the island of Taiwan Province Province, a man named Wenshan Wang published a book named Seven Peacemakers in Taiwan Province Province in February 196, which is another "seven-piece theory" to dismember China. These seven blocks include Manchuria (Northeast), Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Sichuan (including Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi), Jiangbei and Jiangnan. In his view, Taiwan Province Province has been separated and does not need to be included.
Being in the contemporary world, China's future situation cannot rest easy. At the end of the 20th century, an article in the American Wall Street Herald said that China was a "conspicuous" China. Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen all look respectable in suits and ties, while in the west, they only wear sandals and shorts, which is called "showing off China". It is precisely because of China's unbalanced internal development that the West put forward the "Seven-Nation Theory" in 1985, which was first put forward by Japan, then seconded by the United States, and systematized by Lee Teng-hui in the early 20th century. Represented by the Seven-Nation Theory, various theories of China secession in modern western countries, such as the West, Japan and the United States, have made the international situation facing China unprecedentedly complicated.
Faced with these divisive public opinions, on the one hand, China should strengthen its national cohesion and establish the core values of this era and this nation; On the other hand, it is necessary to respond to various divisive public opinions through large-scale output.
National division is a sign of the decline of national cohesion, and the promotion of national cohesion needs culture. Wang Guowei studied Mongolian history in his later period. What is the relationship between Mongolian history and Wang Guowei? Wang Guowei studied Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Kant and other western philosophies in his early years in order to arouse people's wisdom and save the country from mental weakness. Then I wrote "Words on Earth" to wake myself up; Textual research on writing a drama in Song and Yuan Dynasties-reinterpreting the so-called drama that is difficult to be elegant after Tang poetry and Song poetry and determining its pedigree; To study the history of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Shang Dynasty in the future is to arouse people's sense of hardship by exploring the heroic spirit of ancient China culture. Later, he studied Dunhuang studies because Boccio, Stein and others took away a large number of precious cultural relics from Dunhuang, threatening to interrupt the lifeline of China culture. If China scholars don't study Dunhuang, who will? Later, he studied Mongolian history, because at that time, he had realized that Outer Mongolia would be separated from China's mother. Every study made by Wang Guowei is closely related to the fate of this country. Then, if the "seven-nation theory" succeeds today, isn't everyone responsible? If Hong Kong independence, Tibet independence, Xinjiang independence, Mongolia independence and Taiwan independence all appeared, would China still be China? Of course, military power is an important factor, but there are many countries with strong military power in history with constant civil strife, so the importance of culture is extremely obvious.
Why do these Asian countries compete for cultural leadership after entering modernization first? Why is there a plan of superiority in the field of culture, especially in the field of ancient culture, after success in the economic field? Why have people been trying to make a fuss about the "seven-nation theory" that split China? What should China do about it? Is it to continue to follow others as an underdeveloped country in the third world? Or gradually learn to talk to each other in the west? Is it to continue the total westernization and make China culture a dying culture? Or should we gradually enter international culture and emphasize our own cultural characteristics in the dialogue, thus giving birth to the real cultural spirit and making China culture a part of human spirit instead of a museum culture? These cultural issues need everyone in China to think deeply.
Cultural issues are more important than ever. If Qin Shihuang had not unified China with words, how dangerous it would be today. The integration stage of science and technology and system will pass and become the norm, which constitutes our "collective unconsciousness". The way of culture needs to be "enlarged", and conflicts need to be examined and then resolved. This kind of work should be done by future thinkers, scholars and intellectuals.
In the 1980s, some Japanese economists suggested that the Asian economy was a "wild goose" economy. Who is the leading goose? Of course, they think it is Japan and the economic center is Osaka. China people don't agree. It is suggested that the leading goose in the future "Goose-shaped" economy is China, and the economic center may be Shanghai. Koreans disagree, saying that the future "Wild Goose" economic center should be in South Korea, with Seoul as its center. The sensitivity of political, economic and cultural issues in Asia is quite high, whether it is the Sino-Russian border issue in the north, the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula, the Xisha Islands issue in the south, the nuclear competition between Pakistan and India around, the Taiwan Province Strait issue, the Sino-Japanese oil fields in the East China Sea, the Diaoyu Islands issue and so on. , are explosive. Many people think that today is a peaceful and prosperous time, but as far as the international cultural situation is concerned, I think we should be prepared for danger in times of peace!
In 2008, American CNN hosts abused 65.438+300 million people in China. This unfriendly attitude towards China has also appeared in European countries such as Britain, Germany and France, as well as in Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea and India. Why are the big countries of America, Europe and Asia less friendly to China in recent years? Why did the western demand for scientific democracy turn into political hatred and cultural confrontation in the era of China's prosperity and independence? The fundamental reason lies in the ghost of the western cold war thinking mode, which holds that countries are either friends or enemies, and international relations are binary opposites.
4. Get out of the cycle of misreading and demonizing China.
For most of the 20th century, wars were frequent in China and people's livelihood was depressed. Saving the country and the people became the natural mission of intellectuals. In 1930s, Chen put forward the ideas of "total westernization" and "going out of the East", and Hu Shi put forward the idea of "total modernization" to avoid the rigidity of the word "total", which triggered a great cultural debate. After more than half a century, the academic circles have a clearer understanding of the right and wrong of this cultural debate, and the misunderstanding of the "whole" voice has undergone a fair test of history, and probably not many people are really persistent. Nowadays, the rise of economy will inevitably lead to cultural reflection.
China's economic rise has become a fact that can't be ignored, but the views on this fact can be described as profound: on the one hand, it is the improvement of China's national self-confidence, on the other hand, it may be considered by the West as the rise of nationalist sentiment. On the one hand, the economy and technology are strong; On the other hand, China culture is still unknown to the world.
Far eastern economic review, The New York Times and others accuse China of "rising nationalism" out of the prejudice of western cultural centralism, and the so-called "China wants to expand overseas" reflects that there is still a considerable degree of cultural and racial prejudice among western scholars. We should criticize this position of western cultural centralism, and at the same time put an end to the wrong concept of "cultural war" in academic thought.
The cultural standpoint of western centralism is manifested in many places. For a long time, the west has a rigid "impression" of China, thinking that China is a "third world" weaker than the west and even feminine. Therefore, although China culture has its strong and confident side, it is rarely realized by the west and rarely shown by China. After Zhang Yimou's Hero entered the United States, a strange phenomenon appeared, that is, the release time was delayed by 40 days. Because the expert group was puzzled after watching the film, it was said that most of China's films "The Story of Autumn Chrysanthemum" and "Hanging the Red Lantern High" were centered on women. In The Story of Autumn Chrysanthemum, the ugly and dirty woman who runs on the Loess Plateau and speaks Baoji dialect makes it easy for western men to look down on lonely people walking on this yellow land. Similarly, it is easy for them to see the following bad habits of China hanging high on the red lanterns, which makes them complacent in the process of "modernization"-fortunately, our United States is "modernized", but fortunately, we are not like that ignorant and backward country. This is what their judges thought at the time. Zhang Yimou suddenly played a new card, which made these judges find it difficult to understand: black army array, red trees, blue sky, white yarn, and the mighty Qin army, with thousands of arrows. The arrow goes through Zhao Academy, and the elders say that the country can be broken, the family can die, people can die, calligraphy can't be lost, and culture can't die. This shows that culture is better than military and culture is better than war. As a result, Americans found that the image of China had changed, and it was no longer a "self-feminized" China. On the contrary, the image of Qin State, which is majestic in the world, represents the majestic and powerful masculine China. Finally, the film was finally broadcast and received rave reviews!
On February 3rd, 2009, 65438, Austria Post Company issued a special stamp of Confucius Institute. The stamp pattern is the teaching building of Confucius Institute in Austria on the campus of Vienna University, and the words "Confucius Institute at Vienna University" are written in German and Chinese respectively below the stamp.
The discovery of the Dalagni Classic in Gyeongju, South Korea, almost subverted China's printing invention right.
It is precisely because our archaeologists and culturists found a12nd century clay type print in a cave in Ningxia that China's invention right of movable type printing was established and the Olympic Games made our clay type show to the world.