2* means that one feather is under the other.
3* means *
4* indicates that Juglans mandshurica is opened.
5* means that when a doctor removes the handle, he can't help but turn his back on the world, but the art of writing brush has to be with jade.
Carrying books, also known as "league books", is a Covenant and oath between vassal States and between vassal States and Qing Dafu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the supreme ruler Zhou lost his political authority, and the vassal states competed for hegemony, merged and conquered, and United with Lian Heng, which was evenly matched. The princes' inner government declined, the court became a monk, and the doctor of the Qing Dynasty fought for power arrogantly and suddenly rebelled. Oath has become an important means to form gangs, adjust and expand political power. According to Zuo Zhuan, the reputation of personality was completely lost during the period of Lu Yinnian (only at that time, the world was full of bullying, deception and treachery, and there was no international public law and international court to restrain and sanction it, so we had to rely on the power of God to restrain it. The Book of Alliance is a record of vows with allies, full of warnings such as "The gods will watch the traitors wisely and severely, and will destroy the Terran". "Zhou Li Qiu Guan Meng Si" Zheng Xuan's Note: "If the words of the alliance are contained, the words of the alliance are written in the strategy, and the blood is sacrificed and buried, which is called the book." Later, the unearthed Union Book confirmed the correctness of Zheng Xuan's annotation.
This book has been unearthed twice on a large scale. First, about 5,000 pieces were unearthed from the site of Jin State in Houma, Shanxi Province in the 1960s and 1970s, of which more than 600 pieces can be identified. The other is the Han Tomb Pit in wen county, Henan Province, with 4,588 pieces in No.1 pit alone. These two unearthed writings were written in the late Spring and Autumn Period (Guo Moruo thinks that those unearthed by Houma were written around 386 BC, in the middle of the Warring States Period). There are two kinds of books: jade and stone, with the largest number of stones; Regular shape, mainly GUI-shaped, jade besides Gui-shaped, there are yellow; The area of each book is different. The largest is 32 cm long and 3.8 cm wide, and the jade is smaller. The smallest is 15 cm long and 2.5 cm wide.
Centimeter. The number of words in the book varies from 10 to 220 words; The content includes "Zongmeng", "token", "that thing", "curse" and "divination".
Books are official documents, mostly written by officials such as Zhu and Shi. There are many characters in the book, such as random strokes or radicals, and a large number of simplified words and combined words. There are hundreds of ways to write "A" and more than 90 ways to write "Dare" in Hou Ma Zai Shu. Only the state of Jin has this situation, and the confusion of the six languages can be imagined. But chaos also has its advantages, showing diversity and richness in aesthetic composition.
The most important significance of carrying books in the history of calligraphy is that all the vows are written on jade tablets with a brush, and the handwriting is generally cinnabar or ink; Font is the so-called tadpole body, which is what Wang Guowei called "oriental ancient prose" Writing with a brush has been seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and later bronze inscriptions were mostly written, molded or engraved with a brush. However, the re-processing of engraving and casting plates affected the brushwork, while the book retained the complete brushwork of pre-Qin calligraphy. Zong Baihua once talked about the two major causes of China's calligraphy, and the second was writing with a brush. Books are all small characters, and the brushwork is characterized by heavy strokes, forming a "silkworm head" or a "nail head". The strokes are fast and short, and the lines are elastic. The horizontal stroke is slightly curved, and it is not required to be straight. The ending strokes are quickly drawn or popped up by the pen tip, and some words are pressed, and the vertical strokes are mostly curves rather than vertical lines; The relationship between strokes should be obvious and have the interest of pen trimming; The glyph tends to be square and inward, and the structure maintains the interest of turning around. At that time, the brush technology was rough and there was not much ink storage, so the words with many strokes appeared uneven in thickness, first moistened and then dried up. But it is precisely this that inspires the conscious pursuit of Mo Yun and the rhythm of brushwork. Especially the arbitrariness of writing and the pursuit of simplicity have become the early embryos of the aesthetic characteristics of modern calligraphy.
The oath activity is religious, sacred and serious, and the oath is a highly binding contract. However, it was not in the form of inscriptions on bronze, but in the form of writing with a brush on Gui Xingyu, probably because of the frequent pawning activities and too many ancient books at that time. After all, there were too few copper sources at that time, and the casting process of bronzes and inscriptions was too complicated to meet the needs of carrying books. Houma has published more than 5,000 books, and the completion time is only about 1 year. The content is that after quelling the civil strife, Zhao Zongzhu reached an agreement with family members and retainers, asking the latter to swear allegiance to the patriarch and deal with the enemy. Time is so tight, and the writing task is so wide and so big, it is very difficult to cast and engrave with bronze. Therefore, the most common stone jade piece has become the best substitute. It can be inferred that the method of lettering was not suitable for the needs at that time, so the method of direct writing was adopted. There are some differences in the writing style of books, such as being cautious, slender and free and easy, but quick writing and quick writing are the same characteristics. In order to achieve quick drawing, stick figure, straight stroke and natural Lian Bi all appeared, and aesthetic factors such as official culture and grass meaning leading to the future also appeared. It can be said that the realistic demand has created jade calligraphy with a book style, and the aesthetic genes have also changed to adapt to the changes in writing purposes. This lone peak stands out. Shi Guwen established the first rule of calligraphers. Jade calligraphy includes not only books written with brush, but also lettering. Pre-Qin stone carvings are very rare, except for the inscriptions on a few digital objects unearthed from Muhao's tomb, which have long been dated.