First, I don't know how to study.
The purpose of editing Reading Law is to provide a convenient reference book for lovers with bachelor degree or above who are interested in humanities, so as to find a way out and read a large number of domestic and foreign books step by step. * * * Four kinds of such books are planned to be edited, and three kinds of books have been published, such as Academic Thought of Modern China, Academic Criticism of Modern China and History of China Studies. As far as today's popularity is concerned, this simple introductory book may be somewhat difficult, so it may be of certain reference value to the above level, because it is obviously not a problem for beginners not to read or understand books. As long as the degree is appropriate and beneficial, good readers may wish to read it. Correspondingly, there is another kind of stone, which has yet to be edited. It's just different people.
The Reading Law attempts to remind specific readers of the following points related to reading: First, the methods of reading in past dynasties; The second is the reading method of books in past dynasties; The third is the general reading method; The fourth is reading and studying. Although these points can be said separately, they are basically the same thing. Only by understanding why they are the same thing and doing them as one thing can we truly understand the way of reading.
The original intention of editing this book is, of course, to provide an introductory book for later learners to learn China's history and culture, but it is by no means a popular and consumable spiritual fast food, and it is absolutely impossible for ordinary middle school students to participate in it, as Hu Shi claimed when he advocated sorting out the national heritage. Cultural goods that cater to young people's entertainment blindly, in addition to being popular and making money, are inevitably misled and fooled, and often fall into the embarrassment of backwardness. Although the culture of China is in the same strain, it has never been defeated, but with the passage of time, the environment changes, and the standards of depth are constantly changing. In any case, some middle school textbooks compiled in the late Qing Dynasty were upgraded to university reference books in the Republic of China. When Hu Shi and others advocated vernacular novels in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was easy to understand. Today, undergraduates majoring in literature and history in universities have regarded them as classical Chinese which is difficult to read. Later, Yan Gengwang's short history book specially written for poor students was not only enlarged in format, but also difficult for young students to understand, and even many young teachers felt a little puzzled.
The so-called introduction has several meanings. First, although we have just started, we should not hold the illusion that we can understand at a glance. Those who are interested must study hard and ponder carefully so that we can understand. Those seemingly easy-to-understand words, claiming that they can learn without learning, are mostly just tricks of self-deception. Just like learning all kinds of stylized skills, for most people, except a few talented people, long-repeated basic exercises may be quite boring, but it is the only way to cultivate interest and gradually become an expert. The same is true of China's traditional recitation learning, which has been criticized by later generations. The "interest in learning" advocated by Liang Qichao can only be nurtured from this.
Second, in the initial stage, we must adopt the correct method. If you make a mistake, you will go astray and enter the wrong door. If we do it again, we will look for fish from the edge of the wood, or even do the opposite, so that we can escape from the wild fox Zen all our lives. At present, there is a lot of chaos in academic circles, and it is not uncommon for good materials to be carved into rotten wood. Ignorant people have nothing to hide, and the more they mess around, the more they dare to stand out. In general, learning well is often accompanied by a gradual process from astringency to smoothness.
Third, getting started is just the beginning. When you go in, you can see that the vast crowd is orderly, but if you want to go further into the Olympics, you must read. If you choose the right method, the more you read, the greater the possibility of reading and the stronger your reading ability. No matter how good the method is, it is useless if you don't have lofty aspirations and don't study.
Fourth, probing the door is not a special method. As Qian Mu said, the method is for people who have read books, and it is harmful to people who have not read books. Therefore, the methods of extensive reading and pondering reading must complement each other. It is impossible to learn how to read without being rich. Just as learning to swim can't just be practiced on the shore, and you will never be full if you don't eat, the secret of reading is to read a lot. Only by reading more can we understand the mystery of reading.
Although this book is compiled for later study, it is not suitable for people who have tasted it, people who are not suitable for entertainment and playing games, but for people who are interested in learning. The reward of elegance and vulgarity is only an objective effect. If you pursue it deliberately, you may not get it anywhere in the world. It's really hard to have it both ways. People who don't understand A Dream of Red Mansions and have no intention of reading it may not be willing to read it, but people who read widely may not stop reading it. It is self-deception to blindly choose between business and providing fast food for micro-readers, thinking that reading methods can be understood at a glance and all books can be read after reading. Such entertainment games and even quack tricks have already flooded the market. If we take the reading ability of ordinary audience as the standard, rather than focusing on improving their reading ability, then it is tantamount to dreaming to understand all the books of past dynasties and even all the books. In this way, the meaning of editing this book is gone.
Second, reading and reading textbooks
Since the Song Dynasty, especially in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, there have been many monographs on reading. Many monographs were edited by predecessors, with different contents and methods, and similar subjective purposes and basic materials. The reason why I want to make up another one is because there are still some shortcomings in the previous anthology; On the other hand, since reading has become a common problem, I hope to suggest some reading doorways and keep some reading seeds.
In today's society, the pace is accelerating and information is exploding, which makes people have no time to study. In addition to obtaining information through various forms, they can only browse fast-food books and periodicals. Not only that, but even the usual school study has long changed its taste. From primary school to university, the so-called reading is actually mainly reading textbooks, and there are few opportunities for real reading. Not only that, even in the research and even teaching stage, the current practice is probably not reading. Although I have to deal with books every day, I can only say that I find the materials I need through books, not reading. The author's conception and the theme of the book seem to have nothing to do with himself. From this perspective, reading has become a luxury. Many people have few opportunities to study in their lifetime, and naturally there are few books that they have really read through.
Since there is not much reading, how to understand it becomes a problem. Before trying to understand, we must first understand that going to school is to gradually understand books that we can't understand and internalize them into our own knowledge. If you just read books that you can understand at a glance, and get pleasure from them, it is euphemistically called * * * to suit both tastes. No matter how many books you read, Xian Yi is also a low-level repetition. At most, you will add some talk after dinner, and it is difficult to improve your knowledge. One of the main purposes of going to college is to find ways to read books that you don't understand, so that more and more books are read and less and less are read. One of the criteria to test the effect of going to college is to see how many books you have read and how many are left. On this basis, it can be divided into semesters and academic years, and the degree of improvement can be tested. Generally speaking, the more books you read, the less books you don't understand, and the greater the effect. If the reading ability when you graduate is almost the same as when you enter school, you are suspected of wasting time.
The way of studying in college is different from that in primary and secondary schools. Novices are confused, from complete ignorance to gradual understanding. Instilling teaching is essential. When they have accumulated some knowledge by reciting and memorizing, they will have the corresponding autonomous learning ability, and they can actively extend their learning and expand their knowledge through various forms. In the university stage, we should change the way, focusing on self-study, supplemented by listening and teaching. The role of university teachers is first of all that of Ming Dow, that is, to explore the origin of the whole and branches of indicative learning, and secondly to dispel the suspicion that scripted teaching is only a primary form. If students don't learn and don't ask, teachers can only teach blindly. However, teaching no class, no matter how serious and standardized, is actually the simplest and most convenient way, and can not play the role of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. Because the college entrance examination is based on the content of middle school education rather than the needs of university education, it is too arrogant. Nowadays, undergraduate teaching has become a high school to a considerable extent, which is not only based on classroom listening, but also a continuation of the high school stage in form and content. Students' study time is filled with a large number of standardized classroom lectures, so that they have little time to study in the library system.
Of course, it is quite common for students not to study even if they have time. After coping with classes, making friends, surfing the Internet and chatting, many people turn to books whenever they have free time, and because of impatience, they only read books that are easy to understand, and those that they don't understand are shelved. A similar situation exists on the other side of the Taiwan Province Strait. According to media surveys, college students there spend less than an hour on study every day on average. In other words, even for college students who specialize in reading, reading has become an amateur activity. If we don't change from passive to active, the effect of university study will naturally be poor, and it is difficult to improve students' knowledge and corresponding ability. In recent years, students generally report that they have learned nothing in college. The reason is complicated. Apart from the misplacement of parents' and society's expectations of universities, the loss of university ideas and the decline of teachers' qualifications, the most important thing for students themselves is whether they realize conscious transformation and take the initiative to learn. It is really not easy for the generation brought to college to achieve this level.
In the university stage, to promote students to change the habit of passive learning, the key is to actively read a lot in the library based on listening and seeing. The only value-added university is the library, and the rest, including the so-called high technology, are high input and high consumption. Although some books in the library are of little value over time, a considerable number of books continue to increase in value over time. The visual impact produced by rare original classics is irreplaceable by other forms. Due to the scarcity of resources, not only the price is high, but also the financial resources of university libraries in the later period are sufficient, and the collection is extremely limited. Of course, bibliophiles and scholars have different needs for books, and they are interested in the latter. At present, the main problems faced by students are that they can't find books (including entering the library and using the internet) and don't like reading books, not that they don't have books to read or can't see them. Especially in the case of increasingly rich network resources, it is common to have bookstores, and the situation of not reading books is gone forever, but the phenomenon of not going to school is still everywhere. Zhang Taiyan once predicted that one of the reasons why universities will never learn is precisely because of the teaching method that universities only attend classes without learning. Therefore, studying hard is a feasible way to prevent his misfortune.
Hu talked about the academic atmosphere in the1920s, and made the following comments: "Today, scholars do not seek self-reliance, but take advantage of emptiness, take stealing as a capable thing, and flaunt it as a famous thing, which is not only colloquial, but also full of learning. So I don't know Russell in mathematics, Hans Driesch in biology, Cui Dongbi in history, and Gaoyou Wang and his son in elementary school. There are no people who study behind closed doors, only those who speak at the altar, those who ask questions with papers, and those who attend classes with the public. It is not impossible to give lectures and attend classes. However, the speaker must have a thorough understanding of what he has said, and the listener has a considerable foundation for what he has said. Today, the speaker knows what he has learned, so he is good at saying something novel to enrich the listener's feelings; And the listener not only has no considerable foundation, but also has no sincerity to listen. ..... No one really speaks for the propaganda of learning and listens to the research of learning. For those who are slightly better, we can't do specific research, but we should find the order of their research, or take one or two branches to do it. These scholars, who are eager and curious about speed, cover specific research, and have nothing new and gratifying to say, which is enough to impress people. I picked up one or two things today, cross-checked them with each other, and even punctured the attachment. Those who listen can plan the future, but those who listen are unreasonable. Therefore, there are two ways to treat scholars: one is to seek China's rare books and compare them with the latest western theories; One day, I asked for a short essay, an isolated proof, which overturned the long-standing cases of predecessors. Especially the theory of reversing the case is popular for a while. " [ 1]
In the past 90 years, the situation described has not improved significantly, if not worse. Those students who complain that they didn't learn anything during their college years may wish to reflect on themselves, and universities and education administrative departments should also make adjustments. In recent years, there have been calls for reforming the college entrance examination system, just like the suspension of the imperial examination in the Qing Dynasty. The imperial examination system, which has become a model of civil service examination in Europe, does not necessarily have to be abolished. The crux of today's college entrance examination system lies in taking the examination admission of the higher-level school as the standard and putting the cart before the horse in the teaching of the lower-level school. The so-called enrollment rate is just the emperor's new clothes. Learning in middle school can't continue teaching in university gradually, which leads to having to start from scratch after entering university. However, the continuous strengthening of standardized teaching in universities has a tendency to further delay the transformation of students' learning attitudes and methods to postgraduate stage. If university teachers want students to forget what they have learned and reinvent themselves, then the previous education should be fully reflected.