Hunan University enjoys the reputation of "a thousand-year institution and a century-old famous school". It originated from Yuelu Academy, one of the four major academies in ancient China. In 1903, the academy was restructured into Hunan College of Higher Education and officially named Hunan University in 1926. The following is relevant Hunan architectural information compiled by Zhongda Consulting for architects. The specific content is as follows:
Architecture of Hunan University - Yuelu Academy
Introduction to Yuelu Academy:
Yuelu Academy is an ancient Han academy building and one of the four famous academies in Chinese history. Yuelu Mountain Scenic Area, a national AAAAA-level scenic spot located on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River in Changsha City, Hunan Province, with geographical coordinates (28°11′02″N, 112°56′07″E). In 1988, the Yuelu Academy building complex was approved by the State Council as the third It is a national key cultural relic protection unit and an important tourist spot in Yuelu Mountain Scenic Area.
In the ninth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (976), Zhu Dong, the governor of Tanzhou, officially founded Yuelu Academy on the basis of monks running schools. Afterwards, through the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, it was changed to Hunan Higher School in the 29th year of Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty (1903), and then successively changed to Hunan Normal School and Hunan Industrial College. In 1926, it was officially named Hunan University. After thousands of years of continuous singing, it was known as the "Millennium University" in the past. It is now an educational institution affiliated to Hunan University and recruits students from all over the world.
Architecture of Hunan University - Yuelu Academy
Architectural layout of Yuelu Academy:
The ancient building complex of Yuelu Academy is divided into five major categories: teaching, book collection, worship, garden and memorial. Architectural layout.
The layout of the ancient buildings of Yuelu Academy adopts the form of a courtyard with axial symmetry and multiple depths. The main buildings such as the first gate, the main gate, the second gate, the lecture hall, and the imperial library are concentrated on the central axis, and the lecture hall is arranged in the center of the central axis. Zhaishes, sacrificial temples, etc. are arranged on both sides. The courtyards with central axis symmetry and progressive layers not only create a solemn, magical and remote sense of depth and visual effects, but also reflect the social and ethical relationships of orderly hierarchy, hierarchy and clear priority in Confucian culture. .
Yuelu Academy covers an area of ??21,000 square meters. The main buildings include the first gate, the second gate, the lecture hall, the Banxue Zhai, the teaching Zhai, Baiquan Pavilion, the Imperial Library, the Xiangshui School Scripture Hall, the Confucian Temple, etc. , and successively restored and rebuilt the original appearance of Yanguan Hotel, Wenchang Pavilion, Chongsheng Temple, Minglun Hall and six major ancestral buildings including Confucius, Zhou Lianxi, Ercheng, Zhu Xi, Zhang Shi, Wang Chuanshan, Luo Dian, etc. in the Qing Dynasty The gardens and eight scenic spots in the academy have also been restored. Yuelu Academy is the largest and best-preserved academy building complex in China.
Yuelu Academy covers an area of ??21,000 square meters. Most of the existing buildings are relics of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The main buildings include the main gate, the second gate, the lecture hall, the half-school room, the teaching room, the Baiquan Pavilion, and the imperial library. Xiangshui School Sutra Hall, Confucian Temple, etc., are all connected to each other, completely showing the majestic and magnificent scene of ancient Chinese architecture.
In addition to architectural relics, Yuelu Academy is also famous for preserving a large number of monuments and cultural relics, such as the "Lushan Temple Stele" engraved in the Tang Dynasty, the "Yuelu Academy" stone tablet engraved in the Ming Dynasty's Zhenzong handwriting, and the "Cheng Zi Si Si" "Monument Stele", Qing Dynasty imperial plaques "Xue Da Xing Tian", "Daonan Zhengmai", Qing Dynasty Zhu Xi's "Loyalty, Filial and Integrity Stele", Ouyang Zhenghuan's "Neat and Serious Stele", Wang Wenqing's "Yuelu Academy Academic Regulations Stele", etc. .
Buildings of Hunan University - Yuelu Academy
Architectural landscape of Yuelu Academy:
The gate was once named "Middle Gate" in the Song Dynasty, because there was a stone square built on the river bank. It is called "Xingmen". The existing gate was rebuilt in the seventh year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1868). It adopts the southern general gate structure, built on twelve steps, with five hard hills, three gables, a pair of square columns in front, white walls and blue tiles. There are dripping water at the head of the glazed ditch and an empty flower ridge. The beams are painted with dragons playing Tai Chi, and there are curling grass and cloud patterns. The overall style is majestic and generous. The name "Yuelu Academy" on the door is written by Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. In the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1015) in the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty used Yuelu Academy to run a good school. He also heard that Shan Chang Zhou Shi was famous for his virtues, so he specially summoned Zhou Shi and worshiped him as the supervisor of the Imperial Academy. Zhou Shi asked him to stay in the capital to give lectures and serve as an official. However, Zhou Shi cared about Yuelu and still invited him to return to the academy. The emperor personally gave him "Yuelu Academy", an imperial plaque hung directly above the gate, and scriptures and other items. From then on, Yuelu Academy became famous all over the world. , there was an endless stream of scholars coming to study, and it became one of the four major academies in the Northern Song Dynasty.
There are couplets hanging on both sides of the gate, "Only Chu has talents, and it is prosperous here." The first couplet comes from "Zuo Zhuan·The Twenty-Sixth Year of Xianggong", and the second couplet comes from "The Analects of Confucius·Tai Bo". It comes from the classics, and the linkage expresses concern and concern. The historical fact that Yuelu Academy produced numerous talented people.
Lecture Hall
The lecture hall is located in the center of the college. It is the teaching center of the college and the place where major events are held. It is also the core part of the college. Since the founding of Yuelu Academy in the ninth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (976), there have been "five lecture halls". In the third year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty (1167), the famous Neo-Confucianists Zhang Shi and Zhu Xi held "lectures" here, which was the first of its kind in Chinese academies.
There is a plaque reading "Seek Truth from Facts" hanging in front of the eaves. Written by Bucheng Bin, the principal of Hunan Polytechnic College in the early Republic of China. "Seek truth from facts" originated from "Book of Han·The Biography of King Liu De in Hejian". The principal uses it as the school motto to educate students to advocate science and pursue truth. Two gilt wooden plaques hang in the center of the hall: one is "Xue Da Xing Tian", which was given by Emperor Kangxi to encourage the promotion of Neo-Confucianism and strengthen one's own cultivation. The original plaque was destroyed and was re-engraved in 1983 according to Kangxi's handwriting; It is called "Daonan Zhengmai" and was given by Emperor Qianlong. It is the emperor's highest evaluation of Yuelu Academy's spread of Neo-Confucianism, indicating the status of Yuelu Academy in the history of the spread of Neo-Confucianism in China. This is the original.
There are also many valuable inscriptions and cultural relics embedded on the walls of the lecture hall, such as the "Loyalty, Filial and Integrity" stele written by Zhu Xi and engraved by Ouyang Houjun, the mountain chief in the Qing Dynasty, and written by Ouyang Zhenghuan, the mountain chief in the Qing Dynasty. Books, the "Neat and Serious" stele published by Ouyang Houjun, the "Yuelu Academy Academic Rules Stele" and "Reading Method" written by Wang Wenqing, the mountain leader of the Qing Dynasty, are all important historical materials in the study of Chinese academy education. Still inspiring today.
The front of the lecture hall screen is engraved with "Records of Yuelu Academy", which was written by Zhang Shi, the academy's bishop and a famous Neo-Confucian scholar, in the second year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty (1166). It is the basic outline for Yuelu Academy to cultivate talents and has important implications for academy education. Of great influence, this article was written in 1983 by Zhou Zhaoyi, an alumnus of Hunan University and chairman of the Hunan Calligraphers Association. On the back of the screen is engraved a complete picture of Lushan Mountain, copied from "Nanyue Zhi".
Architecture of Hunan University - Yuelu Academy
Architectural style of Yuelu Academy:
Natural scenery
The natural scenery of Yuelu Mountain accounts for all The four words are strange, rare, quiet and beautiful.
Strange, it refers to the luxuriant forests and grasses in the Yuelu Mountain area, with thousands of plant species, including privet, ginkgo, camphor, alder, bittersweet, liquidambar and other famous trees, some of which are even more than a thousand years old. Ancient trees can also be seen, as well as endangered tree species such as honey locust and white magnolia. Peach blossoms, jasmine, magnolia, wintersweet, osmanthus, lilies, hibiscus, roses and other flowers and trees are all over the mountains and plains, and the Lushan brocade is embroidered in the colorful colors.
Zhen refers to the flourishing of wild animals in the Yuelu Mountains. There are thrushes, orioles, cuckoos, cuckoos, woodpeckers, parrots, owls, etc. singing in the forest, and they are looming in the depths of the dense forest. , foxes, goats, hares, pheasants, etc. appear from time to time.
Secret, there are thousands of secluded ravines and thousands of secluded springs. If you come here in winter and happen to encounter snow all over the sky in Yuelu, the word "secluded" will make you feel deep in your bones. The famous Xiaoxiang One of the eight scenic spots is "Dusk Snow on the River and Sky", which is this.
Beautiful, Yuelu Mountain is beautiful all year round, with beautiful winter snow and beautiful spring flowers. When autumn comes, not only the beauty you see, but also the taste is beautiful, pomegranates, chestnuts, southern Oranges, wild dates... and red leaves that are inedible are even more beautiful.
Cultural Landscape
The cultural landscape of Yuelu Mountain is another beautiful scenery of Yuelu Mountain. Yuelu Academy, a thousand-year-old institution of learning, is a historical record of the emergence of talents in San Hunan. In the Love Night Pavilion, the old master with a long beard who sang "Stop and sit in love in the maple forest at night, the frost leaves are as red as the flowers in February", was so affectionate. That scene is even more unforgettable.
Yuelu Academy is also famous for preserving a large number of tablets and cultural relics, such as the "Lushan Temple Stele" inscribed in the Tang Dynasty, which was written by the famous calligrapher Li Yong in the 18th year of Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty (730 AD). And written; Jiangxia Huangxian Hele stone seal carving, because the writing, calligraphy and stone carving are all very exquisite, so it has always been known as the "three wonders". The stele is 4 meters high and 1.35 meters wide, with an inscription of more than 1,400 words. This stele is world-famous for its calligraphy and is most valued by artists. The Chuantu inscription was once popular, and the brushwork is strong and powerful. It is one of the most famous Tang steles. .
In addition, there are also the Ming Dynasty engraved stone tablets of "Yuelu Academy" written by Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, the "Stele of Four Proverbs of Chengzi", the imperial plaques of the Qing Dynasty "Xueda Xingtian", "Daonan Zhengmai", and the Qing Dynasty engraved "Loyalty, Filial Piety and Integrity" by Zhu Xi. "Stele", Ouyang Zhenghuan's "Neat and Serious Stele", Wang Wenqing's "Yuelu Academy Academic Regulations Stele" and so on.
The garden architecture of Yuelu Academy has profound Huxiang cultural connotations. It is different from the grand and gorgeous performance of official gardens and the noisy and fancy pursuit of private gardens. Instead, it reflects a kind of scholarly style. The spirit of culture has an elegant and simple style.
The eight sceneries of the academy: the dawn in the willow pond, the glowing clouds in Taowu, the different paths in the shade of tung trees, the evening fragrance of lotuses in the wind, the sound of the spring in the winding stream, watching the fish in the blue marsh, the moon sitting on the flower mound, and the green bamboo forest in winter.
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