It’s the ground! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Li Bai (701～762)
Poet of the Tang Dynasty in China. The courtesy name is Taibai, and the name is Qinglian Jushi. A native of Mianzhou Changlong (now Jiangyou, Sichuan).
Li Bai
Life Li Bai studied a wide range of subjects in his youth. In addition to Confucian classics and ancient literary and historical masterpieces, he also browsed the books of hundreds of schools of thought and was "good at swordsmanship". He believes in Taoism and has otherworldly thoughts; at the same time, he also has political ambitions to make contributions. Few of the poems he wrote in Shu during his youth remain, but he has shown outstanding talent. When Li Bai was about twenty-five or six years old, he traveled to the east of Shu. In the next 10 years, he roamed many places in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Yellow River. Around the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), he once arrived in Chang'an to strive for a political way out, but returned frustrated. In the first year of Tianbao (742), he was summoned to Chang'an by Xuanzong to serve in the Hanlin Academy. As a literary attendant, he participated in drafting documents and other work. Less than two years later, he was forced to resign and leave Beijing. During this period, Li Bai's poetry creation became mature. In the next 11 years, he continued to roam in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, "traveling around the world and adapting himself to poetry and wine." He still cares about state affairs and hopes to regain his appointment in the court. In the third year of Tianbao, Li Bai met Du Fu in Luoyang and became friends. They broke up the following year and did not meet again. In the fourteenth year of Tianbao, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Li Bai was living in seclusion in Xuancheng (now Anhui) and Lushan. In December of the following year, he was invited to join the Yongwang Li Lin shogunate with the will to eliminate the rebellion and restore national unity. After King Yong was angry and killed Suzong, Li Bai was also convicted and imprisoned in Xunyang (today's Jiujiang, Jiangxi), and was soon exiled to Yelang (today's Tongzi, Guizhou). On the way, he was pardoned and returned home at the age of 59. In his later years, he lived in the Jiangnan area. At the age of 61, I heard that Taiwei Li Guangbi was leading an army out of Linhuai to attack the Anshi rebels. He also went north to join the army to kill the enemy, but he turned back due to illness on the way. He died the following year at the residence of Li Yangbing, the county magistrate of Congshu Dangtu (now part of Anhui).
Literary Creation: Many of Li Bai's poems have been lost, but more than 900 poems remain, with rich and colorful content.
Li Bai cared about national affairs throughout his life, hoping to make contributions to the country, but was dissatisfied with the dark reality. His 59 "Ancient Styles" are representative works in this regard. The dark corruption of Tang Xuanzong's late politics was extensively exposed and criticized, reflecting the sorrow and indignation of the virtuous people who had no way out. He speaks too much and is sarcastic, and his spirit is high. Although Li Bai urgently wanted to make achievements and serve the country, he did not envy the glory and wealth, but believed that "bells, drums, food and jade are not expensive enough" ("Jinjinjiu"). After making great achievements, he should follow the example of Lu Zhonglian, a great scholar from the Warring States Period, and retire without any reward. His thoughts were obviously influenced by Taoism, especially Zhuangzi. Many of Li Bai's poems express his concern and sympathy for people's lives. This content is often combined with criticism of the rulers. Some of his Yuefu poems reflect the lives and pains of women. They focus on the memories of missing women and their conquests, and also write about the resentments of merchant wives, abandoned wives and palace maids. His "Xun Ni's Family at the foot of Wusong Mountain", "Ding Duhu Song", "Qiupu Song" and "Heaven and Earth Illuminated by Fire" respectively depict the lives of farmers, boatmen and miners, and show his concern for the working people. Li Bai wrote many poems describing natural scenery throughout his life. His "The Road to Shu is more difficult than climbing to the blue sky" ("The Road to Shu is Difficult"), "If you don't see it, the water of the Yellow River comes up from the sky and rushes to the sea and never returns" ("Jian Jin Jiu"), "The water of the Yellow River flows down three thousand "Child, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen into the sky" ("Wanglu Mountain Waterfall"), etc., with majestic images and majestic momentum, they are all famous sayings that have been passed down through the ages. This type of poem, just like some of his works singing about the roc, expresses his heroic ambition and broad-mindedness, and reflects his desire to pursue extraordinary things from the side. Other poems, such as "Ascend the North Tower of Xiezhen in Xuancheng in Autumn", "Sitting Alone on Jingting Mountain", and "Longing on the Qingxi River", are good at depicting quiet scenery, fresh and meaningful, and their style is close to that of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Li Bai also wrote many poems singing about love and friendship. His Yuefu poems often express euphemistic and deep love from the perspective of a woman's cherishing someone. There are also a number of poems written in memory of his wife and his wife, which are quite emotional. Li Bai sent a large number of works to his friends, including many excellent articles.
Du Fu's poem "Recalling Li Bai in Spring" praised Li Bai's poems as "fresh" and "elegant", which revealed the distinctive features of his language style. Li Bai's poems have a profound impact on future generations. Famous poets such as Han Yu and Li He in the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and Lu You in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi in the Ming Dynasty, Qu Dajun, Huang Jingren and Gong Zizhen in the Qing Dynasty all drew nourishment from Li Bai's poetry and were influenced by it to varying degrees.
Li Bai also wrote several lyrics. "Zunqianji" contains 12 poems, and "Hua'an's Excellent Poems" contains 7 poems. Among them, "Qing Ping Diao" and "Clouds Think of Clothes, Flowers Think of Face" are actually seven-character quatrains and were sung with music at the time. Other long and short sentences attributed to Li Bai are not very credible. There are more than 60 of Li Bai's proses in existence. There are many couplets, but it does not break away from the parallel prose trend that was popular at that time. But the language is more natural and fluent, and there are similarities with his poetic style. Among them, two texts, "Book with Han Jingzhou" and "Spring Night Banquet from Di Peach Blossom (first author "Li") Garden Preface, were selected for future generations and are widely read.
This collection and the annotated version of Li Bai's collection compiled by the Tang Dynasty have not been handed down. There are 30 volumes of "Collected Works of Li Taibai" in the Northern Song Dynasty, which were engraved in Suzhou and are known as Suben. Later, the Shu version was reprinted based on the Su version, which is the earliest extant collection of Li Bai. During the Kangxi period, Miao Yueqi made a reprint based on it, and it is known as the Miao version. The first annotator of Li Bai's Collection was Yang Qixian of the Southern Song Dynasty who wrote 25 volumes of Li Hanlin's Collection, with rich annotations. The Collation and Annotation of the Collection of Li Bai written by modern Qu Yuanyuan and Zhu Jincheng is the most detailed and complete version of the annotations on the Collection of Li Bai. Regarding the works on the study of Li Bai: after the May 4th Movement and before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there are "Taoist Poet Li Bai and His Pain" by Li Changzhi, "Study on Li Bai" by Qi Weihan, etc. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were Zhan He who wrote "Li Bai's Poetry and Prose Series", "Li Bai's Poetry Series", Wang Yunxi and others "Li Bai Research" and so on. In addition, there are many single papers. Zhonghua Book Company selected some of the more representative ones and compiled them into the "Collection of Research Papers on Li Bai" for publication in the 1960s.
Li Bai's life and character
Li Bai (701-762), also known as Taibai, was originally from Chengji, Longxi (now Qin'an, Gansu), and was born in Suiye City (now Qin'an, Gansu) in the Western Region of Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan), when he was about five years old, his family moved to Changlong, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan). His father, Li Ke (or his real name is unknown, "Ke" is a general term for outsiders), did not seek a job and his family was wealthy, so people speculated that he might be a wealthy businessman. Li Bai spent his teenage years in Shu. He has been widely involved in reading since he was a child. It is said that "reciting Liujia at the age of five and observing hundreds of schools of thought at the age of ten" ("History of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"), "watching wonders at the age of fifteen" The book, written by Ling Xiangru ("Gift to Zhang Xianghao"). When he was young, he was a swordsman and a knight. "Book with Han Jingzhou" says:
"Fifteen good swordsmanship, all over the feudal lords." "Wei Hao said that he had "bright eyes, trembling like a hungry tiger... he was a young knight, and he could kill many people with his hands" ("Preface to the Collection of Li Hanlin"). Cui Zongzhi also wrote in the poem "Gift to Li Twelve Whites" that "there is something in his sleeves" Sentences such as "dagger and sword" and "eyes that illuminate people" describe his demeanor. Much later, he reminisced with his friends and recalled with great interest the past when he fought his way out of the siege of the evil young men in Wuling (see "Reminiscing the past with Jiangyang Zailu Diao") .
He has longed for the life of wandering immortals for a long time: "I have traveled to immortals for fifteen years, and my immortal travels have never stopped. " (Part 5 of "Eight Poems for Feelings") When he was eighteen or nineteen years old, Li Bai once lived in seclusion in Dakuang Mountain, Daitian, and learned from Zhao Rui. Zhao Rui was a man who "walked the world in the way of kings and hegemons" (Sun Guangxian's "Bei Meng" Li Bai met Su Ting at the age of twenty, and won the praise of this "great master of the imperial court" and a great writer. In the autumn of the twelfth year of Kaiyuan (724), Li Bai "went to the country with his sword, said goodbye to his relatives and traveled far away" ("Historical Records of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"). He traveled south along the Pingqiang River from Emei Mountain to Jingmen, and then visited Dongting. He went to Jinling, Guangling, Kuaiji and other places, and soon returned to Zhouxi and lived in Yuncheng (now Anlu, Hubei). The famous Taoist Sima Chengzhen met him in Jiangling and praised him for his "immortal spirit and Taoism." "Wandering with the gods to the eight extremes" (Li Bai's "Dapeng Fu·Preface"). In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, he married the granddaughter of his late prime minister Xu Yu. Three years later, in the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan (730), Li Bai set out from Nanyang to Chang'an, when he was thirty years old.
Li Bai first entered Chang'an for about three years.
He also devoutly sought immortality, learned Taoism, and collected herbs to refine elixirs. Duguji said that when he went out, his luggage was "full of immortality and Taoism" ("Preface to Cao Nan as a Sending to Li Bai"). He even received Taoist seals from Shandong Zunshi Gao Rugui and performed the ceremony to officially become a Taoist. He was very fond of strategists who solved problems and had the style of a political strategist. Cui Zongzhi said that his "clear explanations are both powerful and mystical. He understands the affairs of Chu and Han clearly, and has experienced the domineering kings" ("Gift to Li Twelve Bai") 》). "New Book of Tang·Literary Biography" also said that he "liked vertical and horizontal skills". In short, "If you aspire to Taoism, you may claim to be a god; if you don't seek a small official position, you will be proud of the affairs of the world" (Liu Quanbai's "Book of Li Junjie, an Imperial Scholar in the Tang Dynasty"). His life ideal is both detached and actively involved in the world. The above aspects are the salient features of the social customs and cultural spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Li Bai has naturally become the ideal human ethics model for contemporary people. For example, in order to see Li Bai's magnificence, Ren Hua and Wei Wan traveled thousands of miles to follow him; when He Zhizhang, a "crazy guest from the Four Ming Dynasties", saw Li Bai, he exclaimed that he was an "immortal" and took off the golden turtle he was wearing as a gift; Wu Qize was willing to go through fire and water, crossing the area occupied by the Anlushan rebels to Donglu to pick up the poet's children, and so on. It is through the projection of his personality that Li Bai's poetry reflects the style and splendor of the times, thus becoming the strongest voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Li Bai's life and character
Li Bai (701-762), also known as Taibai, was originally from Chengji, Longxi (now Qin'an, Gansu), and was born in Suiye City (now Qin'an, Gansu) in the Western Region of Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan), when he was about five years old, his family moved to Changlong, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan). His father, Li Ke (or his real name is unknown, "Ke" is a general term for outsiders), did not seek a job and his family was wealthy, so people speculated that he might be a wealthy businessman. Li Bai spent his teenage years in Shu. He has been widely involved in reading since he was a child. It is said that "reciting Liujia at the age of five and observing hundreds of schools of thought at the age of ten" ("History of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"), "watching wonders at the age of fifteen" The book, written by Ling Xiangru ("Gift to Zhang Xianghao"). When he was young, he was a swordsman and a knight. "Book with Han Jingzhou" says:
"Fifteen good swordsmanship, all over the feudal lords." "Wei Hao said that he had "bright eyes, trembling like a hungry tiger... he was a young knight, and he could kill many people with his hands" ("Preface to the Collection of Li Hanlin"). Cui Zongzhi also wrote in the poem "Gift to Li Twelve Whites" that "there is something in his sleeves" Sentences such as "dagger and sword" and "eyes that illuminate people" describe his demeanor. Much later, he reminisced with his friends and recalled with great interest the past when he fought his way out of the siege of the evil young men in Wuling (see "Reminiscing the past with Jiangyang Zailu Diao") .
He has longed for the life of wandering immortals for a long time: "I have traveled to immortals for fifteen years, and my immortal travels have never stopped. " (Part 5 of "Eight Poems for Feelings") When he was eighteen or nineteen years old, Li Bai once lived in seclusion in Dakuang Mountain, Daitian, and learned from Zhao Rui. Zhao Rui was a man who "walked the world in the way of kings and hegemons" (Sun Guangxian's "Bei Meng" Li Bai met Su Ting at the age of twenty, and won the praise of this "great master of the imperial court" and a great writer. In the autumn of the twelfth year of Kaiyuan (724), Li Bai "went to the country with his sword, said goodbye to his relatives and traveled far away" ("Historical Records of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"). He traveled south along the Pingqiang River from Emei Mountain to Jingmen, and then visited Dongting. He went to Jinling, Guangling, Kuaiji and other places, and soon returned to Zhouxi and lived in Yuncheng (now Anlu, Hubei). The famous Taoist Sima Chengzhen met him in Jiangling and praised him for his "immortal spirit and Taoism." "Wandering with the gods to the eight extremes" (Li Bai's "Dapeng Fu·Preface"). In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, he married the granddaughter of his late prime minister Xu Yu. Three years later, in the eighteenth year of Kaiyuan (730), Li Bai set out from Nanyang to Chang'an, when he was thirty years old.
Li Bai first entered Chang'an for about three years. He lived in seclusion in Zhongnan Mountain and traveled widely, hoping to be recommended by the princes and princes at that time. Princess Yuzhen's villa was located in Zhongnan Mountain, and literati (including famous poets such as Wang Wei and Chu Guangxi) often visited her. Li Bai failed to get acquainted with the princess and finally left in the 20th year of Kaiyuan. (732) In the summer, Li Bai went eastward along the Yellow River and roamed Jiangxia, Luoyang, Taiyuan and other places. In the twenty-fourth year, he moved his family eastward and "came to Shandong to learn swordsmanship" ("Donglu went to Wen Shangwen in May"). 》). When he lived in Rencheng, he and Kong Chaofu and others had a drunken drinking session in Cuulai Mountain, and they were known as "Zhuxi Liuyi".
Later, he roamed around Henan, Huainan, Hunan and Hubei, climbing Mount Tai in the north, and reaching Hangzhou, Kuaiji and other places in the south. Wherever he went, he sang many poems, and his poems spread far and wide, shocking both the government and the public. In the end, even the emperor was alarmed.
In the autumn of the first year of Tianbao, due to the recommendation of Princess Yuzhen, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty issued an edict to recruit Li Bai to the capital, and he was treated with grand courtesy: "The chariot came down to welcome him, and he saw Qi Hao; he gave him food on the Qibao bed. ” (Li Yangbing’s “Preface to the Thatched Cottage Collection”) ordered Li Bai to serve Hanlin. When Li Bai was summoned to Beijing, he was quite ambitious. The poem "Farewell Children of Nanling Entering Beijing" goes: "Looking up to the sky and laughing and going out. How can I be a Penghao person!" He was determined to do something to repay Xuanzong for his kindness, but this was This proud poet was soon hated by the palace dignitaries. A year later, he began to be slandered, "How could the white jade be deserved? The blue fly has become an injustice" ("Letter to Cai She Renxiong"), "Although the king loves his beautiful eyebrows, he has no choice but to kill people in the palace due to jealousy" ("Letter to Cai She Renxiong") "Jade Pot Song"), these poems are a portrayal of his dangerous situation at that time. In the spring of the third year of Tianbao, Li Bai was released and returned to his hometown. This time he served in the court for only more than a year, but it caused profound changes in the poet's understanding of society.
After Li Bai left Chang'an, he walked eastward along Shangzhou Avenue and met Du Fu in Luoyang. Later, he traveled with Du Fu and Gao Shi to the Liang and Song Dynasties, living a life of drinking, writing, and chasing eagles and rabbits. Easy life. The next year, Li Bai met Du Fu again in Yanzhou, Shandong, and traveled to Sishui, Dongmeng and other places together. As the political situation worsened during the Tianbao period, Li Bai felt deeply worried and uneasy about the national crisis. In his poems such as "Reply to the King Drinking Alone on a Twelve Cold Nights" and "Farewell", he publicly protested against the arbitrary power and killing of dissidents by Li Linfu, Yang Guozhong and others, and issued a tragic cry against the dangerous political situation. He wandered around, wandering in the areas of Liangyuan, Lujun and Jinling, and also visited Youji and other places. Many excellent poems were written along the way.
In the fourteenth year of Tianbao (755), the Anshi Rebellion broke out. Li Bai took refuge in the southeast, traveling between Xuancheng, Dangtu, Jinling, and Liyang. Later he lived in seclusion in Lushan Mountain. At that time, Xuanzong's son Yong Wanglin led his troops east from Jiangling and "written three times" ("Books with Jia Shaogong"). In the name of rejuvenating the great cause, he respectfully invited Li Bai to join his army, and Li Bai resolutely joined the army with enthusiasm. Unexpectedly, another trouble broke out between Suzong Li Heng and Yong Wang Lin, Xiao Qiang, and Li Lin was defeated and killed. Li Bai was also convicted and imprisoned, and was soon imprisoned by Changliu Yelang (today's Tongzi area in Guizhou). At that time, the poet was in a dangerous situation where "everyone wanted to kill" (Du Fu's "Missing"), and Du Fu even mistakenly believed the rumors and wrote poems to express his deep sorrow. Li Bai traveled up Jiangxi and was pardoned and released when he reached Wushan. At this time, he was nearly sixty years old, but he was still ambitious. In the second year of Shangyuan Dynasty (761), he embarked on another journey to prepare to join Li Guangbi's counter-rebellion army, but he turned back due to illness on the way. In the first year of Baoying (762), Li Bai died of illness at the home of his uncle Li Yangbing of the Dangtu tribe, ending his legendary life. There is "The Collection of Li Taibai".
Li Bai traveled around the world throughout his life, and his ups and downs brought him into extensive contact with all aspects of life. His distinctive personality was formed on the basis of fully absorbing the atmosphere of the times. Li Bai has been generous and arrogant since he was young, and he did not stick to the usual tune. "He always wanted to be a blockbuster, soar to the sky, and he gradually moved from land to country, but he couldn't do it" (Fan Chuanzheng, "Preface to the Tombstone of Li Gongxin, a Hanlin Scholar in the Collection of Tang You"). He has a very strong chivalrous style: he favors martial arts over Confucianism, neglects trivial matters, despises wealth and loves charity, and is bold and powerful. When he was young, he "traveled eastward to Weiyang, which lasted less than a year, and scattered more than 300,000 yuan in gold. I helped a young master who was in trouble" (Li Bai's "History of Pei Chang of Shang'an Prefecture"). He likes to drink heavily and is good at riding and shooting. He disdained the conventional path that ordinary scholars took from the imperial examination to become an official, but hoped to achieve great success in one fell swoop. He also devoutly sought immortality, learned Taoism, and collected herbs to refine elixirs. Duguji said that his luggage when going out was "full of immortality medicine and a box full of Taoist books" ("Preface to Cao Nan as a Sending to Li Bai"). He even received the Taoist seal from Shandong Zunshi Gao Rugui and performed the ceremony to officially become a Taoist. He was very fond of strategists who solved problems and had the style of a political strategist. Cui Zongzhi said that his "clear explanations are both powerful and mystical. He understands the affairs of Chu and Han clearly, and has experienced the domineering kings" ("Gift to Li Twelve Bai") 》). "New Book of Tang·Literary Biography" also said that he "liked vertical and horizontal skills".
In short, "If you aspire to Taoism, you may claim to be a god; if you don't seek a small official position, you will be proud of the affairs of the world" (Liu Quanbai's "Book of Li Junjie, an Imperial Scholar in the Tang Dynasty"). His life ideal is both detached and actively involved in the world. The above aspects are the salient features of the social customs and cultural spirit of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Li Bai has naturally become the ideal human ethics model for contemporary people. For example, in order to see Li Bai's magnificence, Ren Hua and Wei Wan traveled thousands of miles to follow him; when He Zhizhang, a "crazy guest from the Four Ming Dynasties", saw Li Bai, he exclaimed that he was an "immortal" and took off the golden turtle he was wearing as a gift; Wu Qize was willing to go through fire and water, crossing the area occupied by the Anlushan rebels to Donglu to pick up the poet's children, and so on. It is through the projection of his personality that Li Bai's poetry reflects the style and splendor of the times, thus becoming the strongest voice of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.