Xiong Bolong (1616-1669), a native of Hanyang (now Wuhan, Hubei), was born in Yanzizui, Hongyan Village, caidian district, Wuhan. . Shunzhi five years to pull tribute for Shuntian after having obtained the provincial examination, ranked first. In the sixth year of Shunzhi, there were two scholars, namely editor, assistant minister, imperial academy, bachelor of cabinet and assistant minister of does. There are also "Five Rivers" and bear poems.
Chinese name: Xiong Bolong
Nationality: China.
Place of birth: Wuhan
Date of birth: 16 16.
Date of death: 1669
Occupation: royal teacher
Representative works: Collection of Nothing, Poems of the Bear.
Student: Shunzhi
Official position: bachelor of cabinet, assistant minister of rites
atheist
Emperor Xiong Bolong, an atheist.
There is Xiong Bolong's tomb in Daji Street, caidian district, Wuhan.
Zhong Ling Street is the south entrance of Daji Town, and it can reach 3 18 National Road to the south. It is not prosperous, obviously developed from a "township road" paved with asphalt, but because of the strong expansion momentum of Wuhan Economic Development Zone, it is gradually "urbanized" here, and rows of residential commodity buildings have sprung up on the east side of the road.
Xiong Bolong's tomb is like an emerald, quietly embedded in the west side of Zhong Ling Street. This is the south slope of a mound called "novice bag" Its tomb faces south, and its courtyard is rectangular, 25 meters wide and 30 meters long, covering an area of about 1000 square meters. The tomb stands in the center of the courtyard, 2.5 meters high and about 5 meters in diameter. The tomb is surrounded by four layers of bluestone. The monument is1.7m high and the base is 0.3m high. It is engraved with the five characters "Tomb of Xiong Bolong", and the handwriting is elegant; The tombstone is engraved with two lines of regular script, the former is "the Qing emperor awarded a bachelor of traditional Chinese medicine" and the latter is the year of birth and death of the bear "161669"; The next paragraph is the year of reconstruction; "1998 Reconstruction" was funded by Wuhan Municipal People's Government.
I found it here on June 1 day. Its cemetery is lush and "vibrant". There is a path leading to the village in front of the tomb. The west of the tomb is adjacent to the private houses, and the middle is covered with bamboo. Among these bamboos, the most striking one is a tall acacia tree. The shadow of the tree covers most of the cemetery, the branches are full of pink acacia flowers, and countless petals fall in the cemetery, adding a little poetry to it. Because it is located in the middle of the main road and on the edge of the market town, although its grave is deeply hidden in weeds, it can't feel the unique silence and desolation of the cemetery.
character introduction
Who is Xiong Bolong?
There is a sentence on the tombstone: "Huang Qing's patent was awarded to Dr. China with a bachelor's degree, and later won the second place in Ugly Department." This line is actually the so-called "fame" that the ancients attached great importance to. "Emperor Qing", this is what the Qing people said, and we usually say "Qing"; "Imperial seal" means that the imperial court awarded a title by imperial decree, which has two words: one is to prove its legitimacy, the other is to have a sense of pride of "supreme glory"; "Dr. China" is the official name, and Dr. China in Ming and Qing Dynasties is from the three products; "Shi" is a title awarded by the court after the death of an emperor or official. "Shi Bachelor" refers to the title of "Bachelor" awarded by the state after his death. "Former self-ugliness" refers to the imperial examination in the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649). Because Xiong Bolong died in the reign of Kangxi, Kangxi became emperor for 61 years, and there was also a year of "self-ugliness", so the word "former" was added to show the difference; "Second place", which is amazing, is the second place in the national imperial examination. But combined with the information on the tombstone, we can easily find that Xiong Bolong is just an ordinary feudal bureaucrat. Why is he listed as a "celebrity in Wuhan"?
Xiong Bolong was born in Yanzizui, Hongyan Village, caidian district Mountain Street. Many local old people have seen the bear's old house, which no longer exists. Xiong Bolong was nicknamed "Zhong Ling" in his later years to show his nostalgia for Jinxian County, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province. Xiong Bolong's life has two bright spots, one is political fame, and the other is academic achievement.
Let's start with his political fame.
Xiong Bolong's great-grandfather, Xiong Xun, was a small official in charge of the fuse of the Chu Palace in the Ming Dynasty, which was located in Wuchang City. His grandfather Xiong came to Hubei with his great-grandfather. After his great-grandfather died, Xiong lived in Hanyang and finally settled in Shanbao, Hanyang County. Xiong Bolong's father, Xiong Mingsheng, was a juren in the first year of the Ming Emperor Xi's Apocalypse (162 1), but his personality seems to be very strong and he can't adapt to the entertainment of the officialdom in Beijing. Because of his disagreement with others, he returned to Hanyang. Married, there are two women and three men, the eldest son Bolong, the second son Zhonglong and the third son Uncle Long.
When he was young, Xiong Bolong's life was bumpy and his family fortune fell. His father died at the age of sixteen and his grandfather died at the age of twenty-three. With the support of the stone man, family life is very difficult. Xiong Bolong said in the poem "Crying for the Big Father, Showing the Second Brother": "I lost my father at the age of sixteen and left my ancestors at the age of seven. My father died with my ancestors, but my ancestors died without any children. It is sad to hear these two great sorrows. Recalling my father's funeral, both men and women are idiots with five children, their white hair is hard, and the man is married again. The three people hold their arms and their negative ambitions are quite amazing. " At the age of 27, when Zhang rebels occupied Wuchang, they took refuge in her little daughter's house. One day, soldiers came and both mother and daughter died in the army. (After Xiong Bolong was a scholar, he was posthumously named Shu and was given a gift. )
Despite this, Xiong Bolong did not neglect his studies. As a son of an official family, he knows the importance of studying and being an official. According to "Records of Mountain Towns", Xiong Bolong was clever and good at poetry since childhood. When I was a teenager, I studied in Songyang Temple in Hanyang, studied hard, worked day and night, and never slacked off. Because he is diligent and self-motivated, he can memorize the history of the Six Classics and various schools of poetry at the age of 9, which makes him qualified as a scholar. 1 1 years old, the teacher wrote the proposition that "the world is benevolent". He forgot to eat and sleep, changed the manuscript several times, and didn't stop until he finished it overnight. After that, I followed the famous teacher for advice on Confucianism and devoted myself to it. According to legend, Xiong Bolong was "accustomed to the western hills, waiting for January, having an epiphany, and then thinking copiously". In his youth, he studied in Jianghan, gathered 22 poetry lovers in Jianghan area, organized a "search club", honed day and night, and emphasized practical learning, which made Jianghan famous for a while.
Xiong Bolong studied hard all his life and left us a story of "drinking ink". It is said that Xiong Bolong studied hard and often crowed when he was a teenager. His mother loves her son very much, and she is afraid that he will suffer from hunger and cold. One night, she sent him a plate of steamed bread and a plate of sugar and told him to eat it while it was hot. Then she walked out of the study. After a while, his mother went into the study again to see if her son had eaten. She couldn't help laughing when she saw that the steamed stuffed bun was finished and there was still a plate of sugar on the table, and when she saw her son's mouth full of black paste. It turned out that Xiong Bolong only cared about reading and eating steamed buns, but unconsciously dipped the ink in the inkstone into sugar. There is no way to verify the truth of this matter, and there are many similar examples in history, which are almost copies of similar stories of Marshal Chen Yi. Once someone gets ahead, others often attach some stories to confuse them.
The life of the character
In the fifth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1648), 32-year-old Xiong Bolong directly participated in the rural examination held in Shuntianfu (Beijing) as a scholar and won the first place. In the sixth year of Shunzhi (1649), he won the second place in Shunzhi and Tingzhang, and was awarded the editing by imperial academy. This is the second place in Hanyang area in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The first place is Xiao Liangyou, and the second place is in the eighth year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1580). There have been ancients before, and there have been none since.
In fact, Xiong Bolong won the second place in the exam. In addition to superior ability, there seems to be some "luck" elements. Shunzhi b Chou was the first imperial examination held after the Qing dynasty overthrew the Ming dynasty. At that time, ethnic contradictions were still sharp, and a group of honest Han intellectuals often retired and were not used by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, which virtually reduced the pressure of competition. Those "hermits" were very disgusted and even hostile to Xiong Bolong who took the imperial examination in the Qing Dynasty. The reason why Xiong Bolong didn't "hide" may be because he was born in the troubled times at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and his father can be regarded as the "abandoned child" of the Ming Dynasty, so he didn't have much affection for the Ming Dynasty. And his mother died in the hands of the "rebel army", so he should not have much affection for the "rebel army". As a devout scholar and the eldest son of the family, the only way to revive the family business is to take the imperial examination.
Xiong Bolong's official career should be smooth sailing. He was awarded a bachelor's degree in editing by the National History Museum, offered wine to imperial academy, served as an assistant minister in the cabinet, and finally died. In the Qing Dynasty, "Records of Hanyang Prefecture in Jiaqing" contained: "The emperor was deeply pitied and was buried in his hometown." It is said that he used to be the teacher of Emperor Kangxi, which also made many people give him the title of "Imperial Teacher" when promoting Xiong Bolong. But what Xiong Bolong is most worth talking about politically should still be the "top three list". The so-called "three in one list" means that among the juren who were admitted to the list after having obtained the provincial examination, three people successively won the first place in palace examination. This can best reflect the examiner's vision and ability after taking the provincial examination, is the ideal realm for the examiner to take the provincial examination, and is also a once-in-a-lifetime story.
"Listening to the Rain" written by Fogg in the Qing Dynasty reads: "Eleven years after the rural examination in Wu Jia (Shunzhi). Xiong Bolong of Hanyang was compiled by the Zhejiang examiner, and Xu Zuomei of Xinxiang was given by the deputy examiner and won the third place in the list: Shi Dacheng, Yan, Cai Qi _. "
Among them, Shi Dacheng was a scholar in the twelfth year of Shunzhi, that is, the champion. He was the first scholar in Zhejiang in the Qing Dynasty. Before he won the championship, there was a saying among Zhejiang people that the champion of Zhejiang in the Qing Dynasty was "beginning with history and ending with the bell." When he was in palace examination, the examination paper was drafted as the third place by the examiner. The emperor read it and praised his calligraphy greatly, saying, "This man must be a gentleman with neat regular script." So he was appointed as the champion. Coincidentally, the last champion in Zhejiang was Zhong, which surprisingly verified the saying that "history begins and the bell ends".
Yan I was born in the second year of Chongzhen (1629), and the date of his death is unknown. Think about this word, and then save this number. A native of Gui 'an (now Huzhou), Zhejiang. Kangxi three years (1664), the top scholar.
Cai Qi _ (1619—1683), a native of Deqing county, Zhejiang province, is a master. Kangxi nine years (1670), the top scholar.
These three people were selected as the top scholars one after another, which brought Xiong Bolong a considerable reputation. However, compared with those famous ministers and celebrities in feudal history for thousands of years, these reputations are dwarfed, which is not enough to make them "immortal" figures with far-reaching influence.
It is he who makes Xiong Bolong "immortal"
school achievement
Xiong Bolong is "especially good at the study of letter anti-tangent, familiar with western astronomical algorithms, and also familiar with Buddhist scriptures and interpretation." His essays are similar to Tang Jingchuan's Zhongzhou Collection. The method of opening the seal was transferred to the official, and the bow, horse, piano and chess were all working. Dust on the guest, neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, Jin Tan. "("Wu He Ji Heng Zi Shu ") was a learned man in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Especially the writing of eight-part essay, the so-called "nature", the dictionary is very beautiful and imposing. Weng Fanggang, a poet from A Qing, wrote an inscription for the Yellow Crane Tower in Li Anyun: "The poem is titled Cui Li through the ages, and the art of this dynasty is written by Liu Xiong. "Cui Li is, Li Bai, and Liu refers to Liu Zizhuang, the top scholar with Xiong Bolong." The Draft of Qing History also said: "At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xiong Bolong, Liu Zizhuang and Zhang Yushu would rise and fall if they were vigorous. "In the twelfth year of Shunzhi, most of the imperial edicts written in the DPRK were written by him. The Qing Dynasty's "Jiaqing Hanyang County Records" contained: "His (Xiong Bolong's) talent won the favor of Emperor Shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi. He is the author of The Complete Works of Ancient Times (Xiong's poetry anthology and prose anthology, both contained in Sikuquanshu Catalogue and Qing History), with 29 poems1head and 78 articles. "
However, the value and influence of these "academic achievements" are not as good as a collection with nothing.
In the preface and postscript of Nothing Collection, Xiong Bolong said that he "didn't believe in fairy tales and ghosts and gods since childhood. It is said that when he was a teenager who studied hard, someone comforted him:" Xiong Bolong, you can't force wealth, what is your life! " He replied, "What can I do? "After becoming an official, in his spare time, he studied Wang Chong's Lun Heng, an outstanding atheist philosopher in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and wrote Wu He Ji, with the purpose of' waking up the world and confusing the gods'. Wu He Ji was written in the early summer of the seventeenth year of Shunzhi (1660). Before his death, this book was never published, and only a few people, such as his friends He Shengzhai and Liu Zizhuang, read the manuscript. He Shengzhai said: "After reading these articles, it is no wonder that there are no collections out of nothing in the world today. Although I study the essence of Lun Heng every day, I have collected a series of books to make up for Zhong Ren's shortcomings, which is a rare book and a treasure of the book forest. However, when he is born today, who will believe him? "Liu Zizhuang said:" Zhong Ling's "No Collection" will be as famous as Zhong Ren in a thousand years. "
Wu He Ji has 14 volume, before 12 volume. This paper selects the "theory of monsters and misfortunes" in Lun Heng, records the relevant materials in other ancient books and comments on them. Formerly known as Selected Works of Lun Heng, also known as Five Rivers Collection. "Nothing" comes from Xun's On Tian Zi: "Sex, why? Nothing. It's still raining. There are no clouds. "Volume 13, titled" The Collection of Minks in Weiwan ",is mainly based on the selections of critical Buddhism from various factions compiled by Xiong Bolong himself. Volume 14 titled "Don't Talk More" is an atheistic speech collection compiled by Xiong Bolong's son Xiong. This book is the representative work of China's ancient atheism since Lun Heng.
The purpose of Xiong Bolong's Collection of Nothing is to persuade the world not to be confused by ghosts and gods. He believes that nature and its order are natural, and heaven is natural. Without will, personnel cannot interfere. "Misfortune is unnatural" and "luck is unnatural _". People's wealth, poverty, longevity and misfortune are just "accidental encounters." He thinks that the so-called holy king is an order from heaven and a lie to deceive himself. He affirmed that the spirit is attached to the body, saying that "when people are old, blood gas will decline" and when people die, "the spirit ascends to heaven and the fire goes out with the wind; The bones return to the ground, and the ashes are still on the ground, which denies the fallacy that people die as ghosts.
He also criticized Buddhism's theory of the other side of the world, arguing that Buddhism preached "the afterlife" and "ignored it without foundation". The so-called "heaven and hell" does not exist. He denied Taoism's art of immortality and said, "Can you live forever with flesh and blood?" Xiong Bolong reveals the cognitive roots of theism and points out that the concept of ghosts and gods is caused by "missing and thinking" or "suspicion". According to the fact that the image of the god resembles that of the ancient emperor, he explained that man shapes ghosts and gods according to his own image. He also summed up an experience of struggling with theism: "On ghosts and gods, don't distinguish them from fallacies; : I am poor if I say it. " At the same time, he also tried to expose theology from the origin of theology, saying: "Anyone who asks ghosts and gods to collect money from the people is a traitor. "
From the Yin Dynasty to the modern rulers, they preached the theory of divine right, used divine right to safeguard the imperial power, and "pretended to be natural". And Xiong Bolong's "no collection" is obviously the opposite. This is the value of this book. It seems that this is not Xiong Bolong's life value.
After Xiong Bolong/Kloc-died 0/25 years ago, Hengzi, a close friend of his sixth grandson Xiong Peiren, saw the manuscript of this book and said in surprise, "What a unique book!" "I'm in a hurry." In this way, this book of atheistic philosophy, which has been submerged for several times, was published in Hubei in the spring of the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong (1794). Xiong Peiren died half a year before the publication of Wu He Ji, and he didn't see the publication of this book. After the publication of Five Rivers Collection 13 1 years ago, Mr. Lu Bi, a scholar from Mianyang, Hubei, borrowed the library of Peking University and photocopied it at 1925. This is the second publication of Wu He Ji. Five Rivers Collection was published for the third time on 1979 after the nationwide discussion that "practice is the criterion for testing truth", and was compiled and published by Zhonghua Book Company.
There are many people who are famous for a book, and Xiong Bolong is undoubtedly one of the lucky ones.