Poetry, not vulgar.
Ci is the pioneer and representative of uninhibited Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Books, called scribbles.
Wen, prose, one of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.
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Su Shi was born in the fourth year of Jingshou (1037) and died in the first year of Jianzhong (11). The word Zizhan, Ziping, and the word Zhong Ping, since the number Dongpo lay man. Meishan, Meizhou (now Meishan, Sichuan) people. He has received a good cultural education since he was a child. Because his father Su Xun is studying abroad, his mother Cheng teaches him to read and write. Su Shi was clever and brilliant since he was a child, and he worked hard to help the world. In the second year of Jiayou (1057), 22-year-old Su Shi was a scholar, and was later appointed as a judge of Dali, signed by Fengxiang House. Yingzong Zhiping for two years (1065), in the history museum. Shen Zongchao, who opposed Wang Anshi's new law, was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou and transferred to the secretariat of Mi, Xu and Hu. In the second year of Yuanfeng (1079), Li Ding, an imperial envoy, and others accused Luo Zhi of "criticizing the current government affairs" in Su Shi's poems, and Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned. This is the famous Wutai poetry case. Due to various rescues and the intercession of Zongshen's mother, Su Shi was imprisoned for more than four months, then released from prison, and was demoted to assistant ambassador of Huangzhou Yingyong. When Zhezong was in power, the old party abolished the new law. Su Shi was recalled to Beijing and moved to Zhongshu Sheren. Later, in addition to the Hanlin bachelor, he moved back to the Ministry of Rites and served as the Bachelor of Duanming Hall and the Hanlin Bachelor. Because of disagreement with the ruling party, he thought that the new law should not be abolished, so he attacked the old party and made a statement about Hangzhou, Ying and Ding. Later, I returned to Beijing, where I was the official minister. Shao Shengyuan (1094) was relegated to Yingzhou, Huizhou, Qiongzhou and Danzhou (now Hainan Province). He established Hui Zong, moved to Lianzhou and Yongzhou, returned to Yingzhou as a court minister, and put forward the view of Chengdu Jade Bureau. It was not until six months before his death that he was pardoned. On the way back to the north, he died in Changzhou (now Jiangsu) at the age of 66.
Although Su Shi was politically opposed to Wang Anshi's political reform, he also had the requirements and specific actions to get rid of bad politics and seek welfare for the people, and made outstanding achievements during his tenure as a local official. As a writer, he made outstanding contributions to the ancient prose innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi's poems are all about work, especially seven words long, and even "words of ridicule can be recited in books." Su Ci created the uninhibited school, broke through the content and style of love separation between men and women since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and was another great innovation.
Su Shi also contributed to painting creation and theory. He first used the name of "literati painting" and paid special attention to literati painting, which greatly promoted the development of literati painting.
Su Shi's multi-faceted cultural accomplishment and innovative spirit are also reflected in the art of calligraphy, and he has made outstanding achievements.
Su Shi dares to innovate. "Tang people respect the law", but he thinks it is impossible to write and calligraphy. He holds the pen sideways, using the flank, and is ridiculed, but the pen carries great strength and heroism. He ignored the adage that "books are expensive and thin, hard edges are psychic" and used a fat and flat glyph to reveal Xiao's scattered spirit. He showed his talent and knowledge in his calligraphy works, and his understanding of life philosophy and the triggering of individual emotions in his works.
Although Su Shi's talent is very high, the reason why he can form his own style, which is unique and unique depends on long-term perseverance and exploration.
As for the origin of Su Shi's calligraphy, Huang Tingjian once said: "Dongpo Taoist learned Lanting (referring to Wang Xizhi) for a few days, so his calligraphy style is as charming as Xu Jihai (Xu Hao), and he forgets his work when he is drunk, and his words are as thin and strong as Liu Chengxuan (Liu Gongquan). When people reach middle age, they like to learn the books of Yan (Yan Zhenqing) and Yang Fengzi (Yang Ningshi), which are in tune with Li Yong. As for the rhyme of the pen, relying on the wonderful articles and being loyal to the sun and the moon, the good books in this dynasty should be the first. " He also said: "Dongpo copied Xu Huiji (Xu Hao) when he was young, and his pen was beautiful and charming; Middle-aged people like to write Yan Shangshu (Yan Zhenqing). If they really expect it, they want to be poor. I like to learn from Li Beihai at night, and I am also courageous. " These two paragraphs basically summarize the changes and characteristics of Su Shi's calligraphy from early age to middle age until his later years.
Su Shi asked Jin people for advice. Su Guo, the son of Su Shi, once said: "I used to be a gentleman, and I was less happy." This can be seen from Su Shi's early works, such as Zhi Ping Tie, which is graceful and charming. The richness and conciseness of Su Shi's cursive script are deeply influenced by Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi, especially the reading skills and styles of the two rulers, which are also reflected in Su Shi's letters. Su Shi sought a way out from the Jin people, and he had his own understanding and insight. He once said in "After what is written in the book": "If you give less, you must learn the book. If you give less, you must take the pen away from the back, but you can't. You know you will be famous when you grow up, but the servant doesn't think so. Knowing books is not in the prison of pens. Haoran listens to the pen without losing the law. " He believes that there is no fixed method for writing, and the key is to make the pen smooth, vent the calligrapher's breath, rhyme in the Jin Dynasty, and be freehand. According to this principle, he adopted the method of oblique principle, empty width and self-opening, and finally got the aesthetic essence of the calligraphers in Jin Dynasty: everything is free and lively, and the decoration is carved as much as possible.
Wang Sengqian in the Southern Dynasties also had a great influence on Su Shi. Wang Sengqian, the grandson of four generations of Wang Xizhi, was a clean and honest official, and he wrote an extraordinary script. He had a lot of research on calligraphy theory, including writing fu, commenting on books, and praising his pen. His running script is exquisite and rich, full of spirit and romantic spirit. Wang Sengqian, a scholar of Su Shi, was mentioned in the postscript of Zhi Ping Tie by Wang Yideng in the Ming Dynasty: "Su Wenzhong's calligraphy came from Wang Sengqian, and he admired the small county posts in Jiang Ying. Who said that he could not learn from it! The traces of this book are all kinds of monks. " Today, Hou Jingchang still thinks that Su Shuyuan came from Wang Sengqian and Xu Jihai. Later, he took part in the Oriental Painting Praise and went back to Zhong You to change it, which became more profound.
Tang Xian is another source of Su Shi's calligraphy. He respects Yan Zhenqing the most and is deeply influenced by Yan Zhenqing. He often compares himself to Yan Lugong. Huang Tingjian once commented: "We should learn from others and learn from each other. Both men and women are great men. " Su Shi first admired Yan Shu's spirit of political reform, which was consistent with his own creative spirit. He also loves Yan Shu's heroic spirit, plump and charming brushwork, dignified and heavy knot and energetic composition, all of which are carefully selected. Liang (Shan County) in Qing Dynasty said in the book review post: "Dongpo's calligraphy circle is called Yan, and its turning point is ups and downs. The turning points in Guifeng and ancient book posts are all natural." Wang Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty also said: Wenzhong "wrote a great book, which originated from Duke Lu and was slightly closer to the monument". His son Sue said a long time ago, "Did my former husband call himself a book? It is characterized by the greatest strength, which emanates from the chest, but it should be done by hand. Therefore, I don't see its charm, but stop at Zhang Fu, if there is a color that cannot be committed. Teenagers like the book' Two Kings', but they like Yan Pingyuan at night, so there are two kinds of ethos. " From these comments, we can see that Yan Zhenqing and his books have influenced Su Shi's calligraphy in many ways. However, Su Shi's makeover, coupled with his own casting, can compete with it.
The calligraphy of Xu Hao, Yang Ningshi and Li Yong is also the origin of Su Shi's calligraphy. Huang Tingjian has made comments (see above). Xu Hao, whose name is Ji Hai, is an official of Prince Shao Shi. He is also known as Xu Huiji. The emperor's imperial edicts are numerous. Su Shi once wrote a poem: "Xu Shi and his son are also beautiful, and the words are hidden." It can be seen that Su Shi has a good study of Xu Shu, and some words written in the early and middle period are similar to those written by Xu Hao in style. Wu Dexuan, a Qing Dynasty man, said in "On the Book of the First Floor": "Dongpo is in Shao Shi (referring to Xu Hao), which is similar in shape and spirit. Judging from its brushwork, it is almost the same. " However, Su Guo said, "I don't know about amateurs, but I think it is impolite to learn from Xu Hao." This shows that Su Zhixue is only one aspect of Xu. Yang Ningshi was admired by the Song people, and Su Shi imitated Yang Shu's attitude, making him a hero with ups and downs and making him feel quaint. Su Wu said: Yu Shu is "a bit like Yang Fengzi" and Li Yong, also known as Li Beihai, is famous for his bold, elegant and changeable calligraphy. In the Qing Dynasty, He wrote in Dongzhou Caotang Paper Money: "The swaying anecdote of the tablet and Ren tablet, the simplicity of Duanzhou stone chamber, the grandeur of Lushan temple tablet, the solemnity of Li Xiubei, the beauty of Luzhengdao tablet and the quietness of Lingyan temple tablet". Therefore, Su Shi's style of learning from Li Yong is varied. Su Shi took Liu Gongquan as an example and commented that "Liu's calligraphy is based on its beauty, but it can create new ideas, and its words are not empty words" (after Six Books by Bookstore).
Su Shi not only learns from the famous artists of the previous generation, but also pays attention to contemporary calligraphers. He worships Ouyang Xiu very much and is very insightful. He once said: "Ouyang Gong's calligraphy is dangerous and powerful, and the font is new and beautiful, which is unique." "Wen Zhong uses a sharp pen to dry ink, writes wide words, looks beautiful, and the paste is endless. Later generations look at it, if they see that their eyebrows are clear and their eyes are full, they are like a leaf. " He also praised Cai Xiang for saying ... Cai is the first in the dynasty, because he is knowledgeable and abnormal. However, Li Jianzhong and Song Xuanxian, who were highly regarded by the world at that time, were derogated, saying that "Song and Han were vulgar" and "Yun Ge was vulgar". Su Shi's analysis of Cai's calligraphy pattern is also his own way of learning calligraphy. Su Shi's own situation: "The servant book is not as good as Cai Mojun." Others, such as Wang Anshi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Qin Guan. Su Shi had discussions and exchanges with them in calligraphy. Especially for Mi Fei and Huang Tingjian, he commented: "The running script of Mi Fei and the grass of the princes also have high rhyme. Although the ancients did not catch it, they will be handed down to the world. " Huang Tingjian was born in Su Shi's family. They are bosom friends and often talk about calligraphy. On one occasion, Su Shi said, "Lu Zhi (Huang Tingjian's handwriting) has a clear pronunciation and mellow voice, but his brushwork is sometimes too thin, like a snake hanging from a treetop." Huang Tingjian said: "The word' Gong' is not easy to discuss, and suddenly it is simple, just like killing a toad with a stone." The two laughed and thought that they were deeply "disgusted" with each other.
Su Shi drew nutrition from the previous generation and contemporary calligraphers, and all the ups and downs in his life influenced and promoted the growth of his calligraphy, and finally reached the realm of self-reliance. Huang Tingjian once commented on his life experience: "Dongpo's early intentions are precise, not as natural as the boss. Before Pengcheng, it was still fake. After Huangzhou, the pen is extremely powerful and it is expected to be true and false. " It can be seen that the waves of Su Shi's life have changed to Huangzhou; Su Shi's calligraphy art has also changed in Huangzhou. The deeper his experience, the more his calligraphy skills surpass himself. After arriving in Danzhou, he made another change. For example, Yuan's Postscript of Su Shi's Nine Treatises on Li Sao said: "Mr. Dongpo ... came back from Danzhou at the age of 20, and his handwriting is like ancient stones, like angry dragons and monsters fighting people, which is beyond the reach of calligraphers." In Su Shi's place, calligraphy, like his literary achievements, has become more and more brilliant with the passage of life and the deepening of experience, leading to a wonderful realm.
Li Bai, why? Because he was recognized as a great genius when he was alive, he was called "the fairy who fell from the sky". No one stood up against this title and said that Li Bai was not worthy. Li Bai once worked as a bachelor of Hanlin for a period of time and was also a big official. But the emperor gave his official a little evaluation of "winning the sage" because of his great reputation, not because of his political talent. On the other hand, neither Qu Yuan nor Su Shi had such fame and treatment before his death. When Li Bai was alive, some people wrote poems to praise his talent, such as Du Fu's poem "Li Bai has a bucket of 100 poems, Chang 'an went to the inn to sleep, and the son of heaven called him Brewmaster" and "Qing Xin Yu Kai Fu, Jun Yi Bao joined the army". The other two are more praised by later generations, improving their reputation.