The front is evolution, and the back is random ancient books
The shape and evolution of Chinese characters
1. The original recording methods used by the early people in ancient times are: Summary Ropes, woodcuts, pictures, and carvings on utensils are used to help remember and communicate ideas.
2. With the repeated use of some symbols and the accumulation of experience of ancestors in using primitive recording methods, writing was born.
About 4,500 years ago, writing appeared.
3. There are six methods and rules for composing Chinese characters: pictograms, meanings, meanings, pictophonetics, annotations, and borrowings. Referring to things refers to using dots and strokes to point out the actions, states or positions of people or things, which is an abstract description; knowing means to combine two or more existing words to express new meanings. Among modern Chinese characters, picophonetic characters account for more than 80%.
4. The evolution of Chinese character forms: The initial process of character creation was a process of observing objects and taking images.
5. Chinese characters developed from picture characters, and the history of the development of Chinese characters is also a history of the gradual degradation of the pictographic and symbolic features of picture characters.
This kind of degradation is not to develop Chinese characters into a bunch of purely hypothetical symbols, but to make the ideographic function of Chinese characters better adapt to the development of language and thinking. The development process of Chinese characters for thousands of years is a process of continuous improvement of their innate pictographic ideographic functions.
6. The core of the logical framework of Chinese characters is meaning. As the ideographic functions of Chinese characters continue to improve, the structural form of Chinese characters has undergone great changes at both the diachronic and temporal levels. From a diachronic perspective, the cultural form of Chinese characters has experienced a process of continuous symbolic evolution.
7. Oracle bone inscriptions: It is a text from the Shang Dynasty. It is a relatively mature Chinese character. It has a variety of character-making methods such as pictograms and referring to things, and uses a large number of borrowed characters; but it also retains various pictorial characters. Compared with pictorial characters, the pictographic characters have been linearized, outlined, and characterized. In particular, they use the mutual emphasis of form and sound to develop the ideographic function of Chinese characters, allowing Chinese characters to adapt to a large number of new features in daily communication. The formation of concepts and new vocabulary.
8. Bronze inscriptions are written in the Zhou Dynasty. It is not very different in structure from Oracle.
9. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, various local forces and local cultures made various changes to Chinese characters, whether they were differentiated, complex, or simplified. However, the development process of Chinese characters was not interrupted. As the mainstream of the development of Chinese characters, The Qin script has a trend of linearization and strokes.
10. Xiaozhuan is a type of writing developed after the unification of the Qin Dynasty. The glyphs are simplified, the form is fixed, variant characters are reduced, and combined characters are eliminated.
11. Official script was born during the Qin and Han Dynasties, and its emergence was a huge change in the form of Chinese characters. Because previous Chinese characters were all shaped in curves to resemble real objects, the pictographic ideographic effect of Xiaozhuan is still very prominent; the official script changed the rounded lines into square and folded strokes, which completely broke away from the writing of Chinese characters and became the writing of symbols. Official script also greatly simplifies the symbols of Chinese characters. Of course, official script does not change the nature of the pictographic meaning of Chinese characters, it just simplifies the method.
12. Only when characters are easy to write can they better adapt to the needs of social development; the urgent desire for character reform comes from the people at the lower classes.
13. Regular script was born in the late Han Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
1. Essay question: The evolution of Chinese character morphology. (Including points 4, 5, and 6. Add to this: The development process of Chinese characters for thousands of years is a process of continuous improvement of their innate pictographic ideographic functions. Many characters in the world have experienced the stage of picture characters, and later many It embarked on the development path of using letters to record sounds and became language symbols. However, Chinese characters developed and preserved them as cultural forms.
Section 3: The evolution of ancient Chinese book forms
p>1. Gold engraving refers to the inscriptions engraved on bronze vessels. It is one of the earliest forms of books. The content of the inscriptions is mainly to promote the merits of Zhou kings and record important events.
2. Stone carvings refer to inscriptions carved on stones. The earliest extant stone inscriptions are the stone drum inscriptions from the Spring and Autumn Period, and their contents are all four-character poems.
The greatest book function of stone carvings is the carving of stone scriptures, which began in the reign of Emperor Ping of the Han Dynasty and has been used in all dynasties since then. The main function is to revise classics. After the Tang Dynasty, this function became weaker.
3. Jian Ce is another form of books in ancient times.
A jian is a piece of bamboo, and a ce is a bamboo book made of multiple pieces woven together with cowhide or thread.
4. Silk script was produced at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Silk is a kind of silk fabric. It was widely used in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
5. Paper was invented as early as the early Western Han Dynasty, and its production was expanded after Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty improved and promoted it. By the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, paper manuscripts were in vogue. Before the Tang Dynasty, manuscripts were in the form of scrolls.
6. Block printing began in the mid-Tang Dynasty, initially starting from printing almanacs and Buddhist scriptures. The Diamond Sutra discovered in Dunhuang is the oldest printed object discovered in my country. After the Tang and Five Dynasties, woodblock printing began to become large-scale. And gradually formed a grand situation in which official engraving, workshop engraving and private engraving went hand in hand. Since then, book engraving has become an important job for the government and the public throughout the ages. During the Renzong period of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented the clay movable type plate. Both the Song and Yuan engraved editions are extremely precious.
7. "Yongle Dadian" and "Sikuquanshu" are both handwritten copies.
8. The evolution of Chinese books plays the role of cultural transmission and inheritance of Chinese characters in a unique and traditional material form. The classic form of Chinese characters has become an important symbol of Chinese culture.