Although the Palace of Kunning was basically a building of the Ming Dynasty, it changed greatly in the Qing Dynasty. Kunning Gate in Ming Dynasty was located in Shunzhen Gate in Qing Dynasty. Today's Kunning Gate is a veranda named "Entertainment Zhai" in Ming Dynasty, which is connected with the imperial garden. As for the indoor pattern of Kunning Palace in Qing Dynasty, it is completely in accordance with the appearance of Qingning Palace in Shenyang Forbidden City, and some Manchu customs and habits have been retained. Indoor along the gable, there is a big kang with front and back eaves connected, window paper is stuck outside the window lattice, gods are enshrined on the kang, and bows and arrows are hung on the nose post along the kang, which is of course different from the interior decoration of Kunning Palace in Ming Dynasty.
1959, Kunning Palace was laid out in its original state. Here is a brief introduction to the layout and display basis.
There are * * * nine rooms in the Palace of Kunning, except for the corridor between the east and the west, and there are seven rooms indoors. Seven rooms can be divided into three units, and the middle unit includes four rooms, which are places for offering sacrifices to gods and eating meat; A unit in the east consists of two rooms, namely the so-called East Warm Pavilion of Kunning Palace, which is a place to sit; The one in the west is where Buddhist pavilions are stored.
After this arrangement, we first studied the materials, such as the Inventory Report of Articles in the Forbidden City published by the Qing Dynasty Aftercare Committee on March 1925, the furnishings of the Kunning Palace kept by the General Warehouse of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Picture of Sacrificing Heaven and Gods in the Manchu Dynasty compiled during the Qianlong period, and the official books of the Qing Dynasty, such as the Qing Dynasty Teaching Plan and the Regulations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Combined with these materials, the past collections of Kunning Palace were studied and then sorted out. The main purpose of Dongnuange is the combination of emperors. The wedding of the Qing emperor was extravagant and wasteful, and the cost of goods purchased by the Ministry of Internal Affairs was often dozens of times the market price. Interior layout is enough to illustrate this problem. When we decorate the original state of the Qing emperor's wedding, we first study the indoor environment and fixtures of Dongnuange. Dongnuange has two bays, the front eaves are connected with a big kang, the back eaves are covered with a wooden kang, and the ground is covered with two fairy buildings. According to the memorial of Kangxi's four-year ceremony, there is "... this is an imperial decree of Empress Dowager Cixi, and the middle is very close to the sacred curtain." Although the interval between the first room and the second room is still in the middle of the palace, that is, in the north of Jikang, it is obvious that there is a plaque of "Kunning Palace" in the middle. The first one refers to a person with a cook the meat pot, while the second one refers to the landing of the East Warm Pavilion in the west. It is also found that all the documents of Tongzhi and Guangxu weddings are handled according to the case of Kangxi for four years, which shows that this Beikang has been used for this purpose since Kangxi.
From the second volume of the Inspection Report of the Cleaning Committee on the Forbidden City (part of Kunning Palace), it can be seen that there are "several pairs of red sandalwood carved dragon and phoenix kang, two pairs of red sandalwood carved dragon and phoenix double happiness table lamps, one red wool kang cover and one yellow kang mat" and other items in this kang range. Double happiness desk lamp should be used for weddings, and dragon and phoenix kang should be equipped for peacetime and weddings. As for the yellow kang mat, it is just the usual bedding (this kang mat no longer exists). According to the practice of court furnishings in Qing dynasty, some of the furnishings in every place are long-term and some are only installed on holidays, including some embroidered kang mats, plates and other cups. Some of them are stored in the palace, and some are stored in the special warehouse of Chu Guang Branch. As for places that are not commonly used, the furnishings are not complete at all. Although the inspection report of the Forbidden City is a good reference, it cannot be restricted by it. For example, among all the original objects in Kunning Palace, none of them are suitable for this kind of northern kang mattress. We found a kang mattress as big as this northern kang in the warehouse. There was a piece of cloth in the kang mattress, which read "Kang Bei in the East Warm Pavilion". It can be concluded from the aspects of material, pattern and style that this kind of kang mattress is a product of the late Qing Dynasty. At the same time, we chose two big mattresses with the same style embroidered with red silk, which are just suitable for the size of the kang on both sides of the kang table. These three mattresses can show the wedding at that time.
From the 15th year of Daoguang to the 2nd year of Xuantong, * * * has seven volumes of furnishings in the East NuanGe of Kunning Palace in different periods. It can be seen that the furnishings of Dongnuange haven't changed much before and after, except for a set of bedding, mattresses, curtains, lichens and festive lanterns printed with dragon and phoenix, double happiness and ancient philosophers. Most of the items in the exhibition file are consistent with the items in the inspection report of the liquidation Committee. For example, the portraits of Jiang Tingxi and Gu Quan on the east and west walls of the front eaves of the kang, the white jade plate on the case, the enamel furnace bottle box (the first cross of the Kunning Palace made during the Qianlong period at the bottom), the rosewood inlaid with jade (the handle is inlaid with the inscriptions of the Kunning Palace), the Chaozhou fan in the case, the glass square mirror, the carved lacquer sputum box, the bamboo broom and the key pocket hanging on the wall, from Although these items are not as centralized and orderly as those in the display file, they still exist. These exhibits are compared with several historical materials, and there is no contradiction between them.
Sometimes, the materials are inconsistent with each other. For example, about a kang in the east of the north wall, the records in the Inspection Report of the Forbidden City and the Seven Volumes of Furnishings are different. The former said it was two seats, while the latter said it was a "throne in a purple wall". However, we believe that the initial display should be in the form of a full house for a long time, so although it is accurately recorded in the Forbidden City Inventory Report, there are photos taken by Puyi when he occupied the palace as evidence. The main seat is still set, and the inscription screen of Kunning Palace has been restored on the north wall, and several books and furnishings (according to the furnishings over the years, there are books and furnishings such as Shengjing Map, History Lecture Notes and Jingsheng Zhaifatie). This is obviously for the emperor). There are still some items that are not included in the display file. Check that the items and their components recorded in the report conform to the calendar. For example, there is a bow and arrow bag hanging on the big copper nail along the nose column of the kang. Although it is not for practical purposes, it is in harmony with many symbolic furnishings of Kunning Palace that have changed from practical items to practical items, so it was put away. The original display in Ming dynasty has two directions: one is to show the state of inactivity during the day, and the other is to show one of the rituals of offering sacrifices to gods, which belongs to the latter. In all kinds of sacrificial ceremonies, it is appropriate to show the daily morning and evening sacrifices from the perspective of the object you have mastered, but the morning and evening sacrifices cannot be carried out at the same time, so only the morning sacrifices are shown. Moreover, the evening sacrifice is generally on the northern kang, and the items on display can also exist at the same time.
Layout of Sacrifice to the DPRK: The sacrifice to the gods in Kunning Palace, which is displayed once in the Palace Museum, has a common shortcoming, that is, it is neither during the day nor during the sacrifice period. Today's layout is based on the records in Volume 2 of Manchu Sacrifice Ceremony in the 12th year of Qianlong, Volume 5 and Volume 6 of Kunning Palace Sacrifice Ceremony. This paper studies and checks the original objects in the Kunning Palace and the objects in the original shrine library. Some objects have been damaged beyond repair, such as "red gold satin curtain" and "blue silk curtain for backlight".
There are also some furnishings, such as a pig-saving table wrapped in red paint. According to the system, there should be two (because two pigs were killed at the same time), but only one was found in the collection. The reason is that after the Revolution of 1911, a pig was used every time, so there was only one table wrapped in red paint for many years. According to the Manchu Sacrifice Ceremony, the offerings offered to the gods in the DPRK include Sakyamuni (in the Golden Pavilion), Bodhisattva and Guandi (the axis of the idol is hung on the curtain of the gods), and now there is only one axis for Guandi. According to "Manchu Sacrifice Ceremony", "Eunuch Bi Sixiang withdrew the Bodhisattva statue and Guan Di was in the middle", and then began to kill pigs. In front of the kang, there are two high tables with silver pig troughs. Judging from the order of worship, it shows that after the pork was put on, the Bodhisattva statue has of course been removed. Therefore, in the exhibition of offering sacrifices to the gods, the statue of Guan Di only hangs in the middle of the curtain of the gods, which is consistent with the silver wooden trough in front of the kang.
According to "Manchu Sacrifice Ceremony", Volume II, "The God of Evening Sacrifice", it is recorded that "Mu Rihan was offered on the shelf in sequence from the west, the portrait god was placed in the curtain, and the Mongolian god was placed on the left, all in the south of Beikang." In the sixth volume, "Figure of Vessels", the schema dedicated to the ancient god of Black Lacquer Block and various documents record that the Mongolian god is at the bottom. It can be concluded that the two black lacquer statues originally hidden in Kang Bei are Mongolian gods.
In the evening ceremony of Kunning Palace, "Katonoyan is a Mongolian god", so these two idols were named Katonoyan. In the chest of drawers with black paint, there is a portrait axis for the evening sacrifice, which is immediately a portrait god. The content is seven well-dressed women sitting in chairs, with two flying magpies above and two supporters of Qing Dynasty clothes below. There is a "Dana Daihui" in the evening ceremony, and the "Draft Clearing Ceremony" and "History of the Imperial Palace" explain that Dana Daihui is a seven-star sacrifice. This portrait is of seven women, probably Dana Daihui. As for Murihan, it is estimated that it may be a memorial tablet rather than a portrait, and this item has not been found in the collection.
Layout of the cooker for cooking meat and steamed cakes: This part is located in the south partition of the first room in the east of the main room (that is, the one facing the door). There are three cauldrons on the stove, one for each pig and the other for steaming and cutting cakes.
Iron hooks, spoons and shovels for cooking pigs are hung on the windowsill in the north of the stove, and iron lamps and wooden wax tables for lighting are placed on the windowsill. On the east wall, there is a wooden sign of "the position of the chef of the East Chef". Outside the partition, near the east wall, there are two porcelain jars for water purification, which are placed on the red paint cylinder rack, and a round stone called "cake-making stone" is placed between the two cylinder racks. According to the explanation in the fifth volume of Manchurian Sacrifice, making cakes is "steaming rice with millet, putting it on a stone and hitting it with a wooden hammer", which is a kind of food similar to sticking cakes.
Regarding the arrangement of the throne, Xiao Ting Miscellaneous Notes states: "On New Year's Day, Mid-Autumn Festival and the second day of the new moon, Ouchi made a big sacrifice to the gods in Kunning Palace. Qin sent internal and external governors, Baylor, assistant ministers and six ministers to eat the meat of offering sacrifices to the gods. Sitting in the Northern Dynasties (referring to the emperor) ... "The author of Xiao Ting Zalu was from the Ganjia era. We can know that before that era, the emperor sat in a big bed with a south window, facing north. According to the exposure: "The Palace of Kunning eats meat three times a year, and all the officials and ministers are there.". After the two palaces offered sacrifices to the gods, the queen mother sat in the north bed and the emperor sat in the south bed. The queen mother doesn't sit, and the emperor sits in the north bed. " From this material, we know that in the same time and light years, in addition to installing a throne with a mattress back pillow on the south bed, another one was added to the north bed. This exhibition is arranged in this way. The one facing south turned out to be in the first room, but it was changed to the one on the west side by checking the photos provided by Mr. Liang Heng from the Literature and History Museum. There are also two bronze seats and two Yang Jiaodeng in the North and South Thrones, which are also arranged with reference to photos.
In short, the original state of Kunning Palace shows the time, including the whole Qing Dynasty. Dongnuange specifically shows the wedding situation during Tongzhi and Guangxu years, but it does not rule out the furnishings left over by the Gan family. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that the state of offering sacrifices to the gods was specifically manifested. This is the original state of Kunning Palace since the activities of offering sacrifices to the gods. At the same time, it does not rule out the situation that there are two seats opposite to each other after Tongzhi. We choose the appropriate content from all the reliable historical materials we can find to restore the indoor furnishings accumulated in the original history. This exhibition shows the original layout of the Forbidden City Middle Road from the Hall of Supreme Harmony to the Palace of Kunning. Whether this display method is correct or not, I hope all parties can correct me.
Mr. Heng used to be the bodyguard and commander-in-chief of the Qing Dynasty. In those days, he lived in Yuehuamen every few days. He said: "Every night from the night of staying to the night of the fifth watch, I heard eunuchs shouting' Please invite adults to eat meat' at Ganqingmen. At that time, the idiom was' called meat'. The guards who cleaned the door came in to get the meat at the entrance of Kunning Palace. At that time, I was Yi Lida (the monitor of Manchu class), and several commanders and Zhuo Qin (that is, the management of Mongolian translators in the Guards) and six people were on duty in the hospital. Everyone took a blanket pad (white heart and red edge) from the south window when they came in. There is an Iraqi lamp holder underground (it is still in the Palace of Kunning). Put down the mat in front of the lamp and kowtow to the west and sit down. One eunuch took out a square piece of meat, and another man sprinkled a handful of fine salt on the plate and tore it with his hand. After eating the plate, a eunuch took it, and he can ask for more if he wants. " This is his daily conversation about eating meat.