Time interval definition
Just as human history doesn't know where to start, the original source of art has not been uncovered, and the newly discovered archaeological achievements have constantly revised human views on their own history. Tens of thousands or even millions of years ago BC, our ancestors had drawn various figures on the ground and rock walls, and later, buildings, sculptures, handicrafts, paintings and so on. These art forms have existed for thousands of years, recording the earliest artistic activities of human beings and gathering for human beings.
With regard to the relatively vague concept of "primitive ancient" art, the jargon of historians is: "All history is the history of contemporary people's thoughts", so allow me to guess once that in the long European Middle Ages, Christian art prevailed from Paleolithic to the West before ancient Roman art (AD 476), and the art history of China had no obvious ending art form in this period, so it could only be compared with the art before Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Comparison of adverse social environment
The concentrated expression of art history and culture and the big social background have a far-reaching influence on a specific culture. In ancient China, the replacement of each dynasty brought about social changes, and the mainstream aesthetic thoughts and the psychological changes of the masses would brand the art of this period with the brand of the times. In the west, the successive separation of ancient Greece and Rome also led the trend of ancient western primitive art.
In primitive society, the fishing and hunting civilization of human beings is similar. There is no unified social situation at this time. The mainstream thought holds that labor is the driving force to promote the occurrence of human aesthetics and the origin of plastic arts. For example, stoneware and pottery sculptures unearthed in China; Western cave murals and rock paintings. These are all related to the life and labor of the ancients.
Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is an important period in the historical process of China. Under the relatively unified situation, the political system of enfeoffment also gave birth to the opposition between the ruling class and the ruled class. The invention and use of bronzes not only met the needs of the ruling class, but also promoted the progress and prosperity of plastic arts. The continuous prosperity of various arts and crafts with bronzes as the bulk has also led to the rise of decorative styles.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, especially the profound influence of Confucianism on China society. Confucianism was the only thing that was respected in the Han Dynasty. Wei and Jin Dynasties were a refutation of Confucianism, and Zhuangzi flourished again. This period is a special period in the history of China. The war suffered heavy casualties, the northern nationalities moved south and the economy was retrogressive. The long-term war led to the general passivity of intellectuals and the rapid spread of Buddhism. In this context, a wave of metaphysics has emerged in the ideological circle, and a number of celebrities have appeared among intellectuals and dignitaries. The social turmoil and the hardships of life have brought sensitive intellectuals a deep sense of hardship, as well as doubts and denials of traditional values. The shackles of Confucianism were broken, and intellectuals began to be liberated from the external teleological framework, and then deeply thought about their position in this complicated world and the value of life; The fame in reality is unreliable, so I turned my attention to the pursuit of spiritual talent, alchemy, medicine, indulgence, elegance and self-satisfaction, that is, Wei and Jin demeanor. The landscape poems written by such celebrities and the artistic conception of landscape they admired also awakened China's painting earlier.
Ancient Greece is the birthplace of European culture. Before Dorian and Ionian, the main nationalities who created classical Greek civilization, arrived in Greece, Aegean civilization was created in the Aegean region in the northeast of the Mediterranean. The ancient Greeks made brilliant achievements in science, philosophy, literature and art, which had a far-reaching impact on European culture. As Marx said: Without the foundation laid by Greece and Rome, there would be no modern Europe.
The democratic politics of the slave owners in the Greek polis provided favorable conditions for culture and art, and the polis required citizens to have a strong body and a sound mind. The ideal image in Greek art is both elegant and quiet temperament and athlete-like physique. This aesthetic standard makes Greek art a model of ideal beauty in the ancient world. The development of trade and navigation has created the strong, resourceful, flexible and positive character of the Greeks, and it is also an opportunity for the Greeks to contact the cultures of the two river basins, Egypt and other regions, thus giving birth to a large number of the best artists. Greek mythology is the soil of Greek art, which contains people's rational thinking about the mysteries of nature and breeds the germination of historical and philosophical concepts. In Greek mythology, the view that "God and man share the same surname" endows people with human characteristics and emotions, which has become a favorable factor to promote the close relationship between art and life. Greece's vast open-air activities and sports venues, athletes' naked competitions in sports games also provide artists with the conditions to shape their bodybuilding personality.
/kloc-after Greece was annexed by Rome in the 0 th century, the western cultural center was transferred from Greece to Rome. The Romans worshipped and imitated Greek art, which had a great influence on Rome. But Roman art is also unique, which is determined by different social environment and national characteristics. First of all, the Romans were not as imaginative as the Greeks, nor did they create fairy tales intertwined with reality and fantasy. The Roman nation is a calm and pragmatic agricultural nation, so its art has the characteristics of realism and narrative. Rome's artistic style spans three continents: Asia, Europe and Africa. It is not as simple as Greece, but complex, inclusive and diverse.
Comparison of the causes of artistic forms
In the Paleolithic Age, China's artistic form was mainly embodied in the modeling of stone tools (the triangular pointy device of Dingcunren site).
In the Neolithic Age, China's art forms mainly included 1 pottery sculpture, clay sculpture (painted head bottle unearthed from Yangshao culture in Dadiwan, Qin 'an, Gansu Province), 2 pottery (red pottery, gray pottery, black pottery and white pottery), 3 mural painting (mural fragments unearthed from Hongshan Culture Temple in Niuheliang, Liaoning Province), 4 rock painting (widely distributed), bone and tooth utensils and lacquerware (Shandong).
In Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, China's art forms were mainly various 1 bronzes (ding, Jue, pot, statue, bean, water, etc. ), 2 bronze carvings (four sheep statues), 3 stone carvings and jade carvings (Yulong in Henan Women's Tomb), 4 pottery (hard-printed pottery) and 4 gold and silver ivory vessels (turquoise tooth cups in Women's Tomb).
The main art forms of China in Qin and Han Dynasties 1: Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Dynasty, servants of the Western Han Dynasty, 2 stone carvings, 3 bronze statues of Xiongnu, 4 paintings: silk paintings, T-shaped silk paintings of Mawangdui in Changsha, tomb murals, Moon Nuwa pictures, 5 relief stones and Wuliangsi West.
The main artistic forms of China in the Jin Dynasty are: 1 painting: tomb murals (tomb murals in Wei, Jin and sixteen countries); 2 murals (Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes); Painters and handed down works: A Woman's History by Cao Buxing, Wei Xie and Gu Kaizhi, Painting on Yuntai Mountain, and Calligraphy Preface to Lanting Collection by Wang Xizhi; Technology: celadon and architecture: leaves.
In the Paleolithic period, the main western art forms: murals and rock paintings, Lascaux caves in France, etc.
In the Neolithic Age, the main western art form: Stonehenge architecture in Si Tong, England.
In the Greek era, Greek art was divided into four periods: 1 Homer period: geometric pattern style pottery bottle 2 antique period: bottle painting (oriental, black painting and red painting style), architecture: temple, sculpture: rigid, relief: high realistic skills 3 classical period: architecture, acropolis complex (gate, Parthenon, Nikai temple, etc.). ), discus throwers sculpture ideal and realistic human body and artistic theory: Lao phidias, sculpture Hermes and Dionysus Praktilis, female nude circular sculpture Aphrodite of Nidos, Hera Keres —— Studying in Sipos 4 Hellenistic period: Greece.
Ancient Roman art can be divided into * * * and early national and imperial periods. Mainly reflected in architecture: 1 large public building 2 municipal engineering: roads, waterways, bridges, squares, public baths, etc. Pantheon, Colosseum, Trajan Memorial Column, Arc de Triomphe in Constantine, 3 sculptures: personalized statue of Augustus, realism, Nepalese video.
Comprehensive comparison
Similarity: The original aesthetic form of 1 is closely related to work and life. Western cave murals are based on primitive animals, which may be praying for smooth hunting; China first made stone tools with aesthetic shapes.
Art forms are all influenced by specific factors, showing individuality. The love and imagination of the whole Greek city-state created a series of Greek works of art with ideal beauty; Rome's calm and pragmatic national style makes it simple and realistic; The farming civilization bred by Chinese rivers and the change of social mainstream thoughts brought about by the constant change of dynasties have also profoundly influenced China's fine arts, such as the hideous beauty of bronzes in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the simplicity and elegance in Qin, Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties.
3. Spiritual belief is based on God and expressed by art, which is best illustrated by Greek mythology. The temple buildings in Rome, the totem worship of early tribes in China and the fairy stories of China portrait bricks can all be reflected.
Art forms are diversified. Western sculptures, architecture and murals; China's handicrafts, paintings, calligraphy, etc.
discrepancy
1 Asymmetry between China and the West. The origin of ancient art in China is obviously earlier than that in the West, and the ancient art system in China is obviously larger than that in the West. The number, form and classification of works of art are more than those in the west, and the evolution of style is also faster than that in the west. The transition from various forms of ancient art in China to the next stage is systematically completed and optimized.
Generally speaking, from the front-end development of ancient Chinese and Western art (up to 476 years), the formal harmony of modeling in the West and the psychological harmony of freehand brushwork in China have begun to take shape, especially in the early Chinese and Western painting fields.
China intellectuals set foot in the field of fine arts earlier than the west, and the number is also more than the west. The respective interpretations of Chinese and western artists and craftsmen have influenced Chinese and western art to some extent.
abstract
Comparative method can study the problem relatively objectively and comprehensively. With 476 years as the boundary, China has experienced several generations. I don't know if it will be unfair to the west, but it also objectively shows the speed and depth of China's art development. By enumerating a large number of social backgrounds and various art forms of Chinese and Western arts, this paper simply compares some similarities and differences between Chinese and Western arts. However, Chinese and Western arts have already shown different aesthetic value tendencies from the root-the most fundamental Western art is objective and rigorous, while China is subjective and free.