It is said that the official script was written by Cheng Miao, a calligrapher of the Qin Dynasty. Cheng Miao, the word Cen, was born in Xia Du in Qin Dynasty. He was originally a county warden, and he was very good at writing. Later, he was trapped and offended Qin Shihuang. He was imprisoned in Yunyang (now northwest of Chunhua, Shaanxi) 10 year. He felt that there were many official documents in the prison at that time, and the structure of seal script was complicated, which was inconvenient to write. So, he used his brains to transform it, sorted it out on the basis of the original seal script, simplified it, simplified it into a square, drew up a number of standard official scripts for daily use, and typed 3000 words. After seeing it, Qin Shihuang appreciated it very much. He not only pardoned his sin, but also took it as a suggestion and sent his official script to the official prison for application, so he called it "official script". In the Tang Dynasty, Yu Shinan's Shu Zhi Shu said that his book was simple and abstruse. Therefore, the world called Cheng Miao "the ancestor of official script".
Question 2: Which dynasty's official script originated in the Warring States and flourished in the Han Dynasty?
It is generally believed that official script is developed from seal script, with broad and flat shape, long horizontal painting and short vertical painting, and pays attention to "swallow tail of silkworm head" and "twists and turns". According to the unearthed bamboo slips, Lishu originated in the Warring States Period. According to legend, Cheng Miao was a servant shooter, which reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty and had a great influence on later calligraphy. Calligraphy is known as "Han Li Tang Kai".
Question 3: Which dynasty did Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jin Wen, Ding Shu, Li Shu, regular script, cursive script and running script come from respectively? 1. Oracle Bone Inscriptions Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a writing carved on tortoise shells and animal bones, which was mainly used for divination and was applied in the late Shang Dynasty. They have a high degree of phase contrast, and the direction of the character lines is quite uncertain.
2. Bronze inscriptions. Bronze inscriptions are words cast on bronzes. They were mainly used in the late Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty. The pictographic degree of bronze inscriptions is relatively high, but at the same time there is a trend of lines and straightness.
3. big seal. This is the writing of the late Western Zhou Dynasty. Inheriting the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Xiao Zhuan was created.
4. Xiao Yan. This is the writing used in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After Qin unified the six countries, Xiao Zhuan became a national book. The font of Xiao Zhuan is regular and symmetrical, and the font is simplified, which further reduces the degree of phase contrast.
5. Official script. Lishu came into being in the late Warring States and matured in the Western Zhou Dynasty. It was the main font used in the Han Dynasty. Lishu changed the curved lines of Xiao Zhuan into straight strokes, which further simplified the font and made writing easier, but at the same time greatly reduced the pictographic degree of ancient Chinese characters. The shape is regular, the length is slightly undulating, and the right oblique pen has a ruler.
6. cursive script. Cursive script, formed in the Han Dynasty, is a simple font to assist official script, which is mainly used to draft documents and letters. Lian Bi is used in cursive writing, which is fast, but difficult to recognize.
7. Run the script. Running script appeared at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. After the emergence of regular script, running script gradually evolved into a font between cursive script and regular script, which is easier to identify and write than cursive script.
8. regular script Regular script, also called block script, is a kind of real writing. It was formed in the Han and Wei Dynasties and gradually became the main font in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It has been used until now. Its font is square and neat, left-handed, stiff and hard-hooked, the wave potential is reduced, the strokes tend to be simple and round, and it is easier to write.
Question 4: In which dynasty did Lishu come into being and what evolved from it? In the process of "writing in the same language", Qin Shihuang ordered Li Si to create Xiao Zhuan, and also adopted the official script compiled by Cheng Miao. Xu Shen of the Han Dynasty recorded this history in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "... Qin burned books, purged the old people, officers and men made outstanding contributions, were promoted to military service and defended, and there were countless officials and prisons. At first, it was an official script, for the convenience of agreement. " As an official script, Xiao Zhuan's writing speed is slow, which turns official script into a square fold and improves writing efficiency. Guo Moruo used "the greater achievement of Qin Shihuang's reform of writing is the adoption of official script" to evaluate its importance ("Slavery era? Official script is basically evolved from seal script, and the evolution process of Chinese characters from small seal script to official script is called "official change", which mainly changes the round strokes of seal script into square folds, making writing faster, and it is difficult to draw round strokes when writing with pigments on wooden slips.
Question 5: When did the official script come? official script
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Question 6: Which dynasty did the official script of Da and Xiao seal come from?
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, Chinese characters developed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions to Dazhuan.
Dazhuan, also known as Zhuan (zhòu) text. It is the early script of Biography and the basis of Biography. Generally speaking, Da Zhuan is a popular Chinese character in the West and Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to legend, this font was written by Zhou Xuanwang Taishi, so it is also called "Wen Shu". The physical structure of Da Zhuan is more regular and complicated than that of Six Kingdoms ancient prose. It inherited the inscriptions on bronze and seal script from the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, and its development is clear and identifiable. The representative font of Dazhuan is "Shi Guwen" unearthed in the Tang Dynasty.
Small/small seal characters
"Turn" is originally a combination of small turn and big turn. Because it is customary to call Wen Zhuan Da Zhuan, later generations often call him "Wen Zhuan". Xiao Zhuan, also known as Qin Zhuan, is a font that was omitted from Da Zhuan. It originated in the Qin State at the end of the Warring States Period and prevailed in the Qin Dynasty and the early Western Han Dynasty. During the Warring States period, countries were separated, and their characters were not uniform and their fonts were quite complicated. So Qin Shihuang unified the world's characters with Qin's characters, abolished all kinds of forms different from Qin's characters in the six-country characters, and omitted and deleted the original characters of Qin. At the same time, he absorbed some simplified and popular fonts in folk characters and standardized them, thus forming a new font-Xiao Zhuan.
China characters developed to the stage of Xiao Zhuan, and gradually began to finalize the outline, strokes and structure. The pictographic meaning is weakened, which makes the characters more symbolic and reduces the confusion and difficulty of writing and human reading. This is also the product of the first large-scale use of administrative means to standardize writing in the history of China. The Qin Dynasty unified the national characters with the sorted seal script, which not only basically eliminated the phenomenon of different lines of characters in different places, but also greatly changed the situation of different fonts in ancient Chinese, and played an important role in the development history of China characters. In addition to Xiao Zhuan, it also includes Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, collectively referred to as Chinese characters; The development of ancient philology had a great influence on the study of ancient history, philosophy, economy, law, culture, science and technology in China.
official script
There is a legend about the emergence of official script, which was created by Cheng Miao. Cheng Miao, a disciple of Qin Dynasty, was imprisoned for offending Qin Shihuang. He found it troublesome to write prison officials' waist tags with seal script, so he made them square and created a new style of writing. Qin Shihuang appreciated it after reading it. Not only was he pardoned for his crimes, but he was also made an empire, and it was stipulated that this font should be used in official prisons in the future. Because this new style of calligraphy was originally used by officials, and Cheng Miao was an official, it was called official script, or Zuo Shu and Zuo Li. Of course, this is just a legend, because, in fact, any kind of representative calligraphy can't appear out of thin air, nor can it happen overnight. It will take quite a while to form gradually. As for a person's contribution, it is generally just a comprehensive arrangement and a collection of achievements. This is true of official script, and so is the production technology of regular script, running script and cursive script.
Archaeological data prove that the ink on bamboo slips from the Warring States to the Qin Dynasty has become commonplace, with fewer strokes and longer and flatter glyphs. In addition to the above-mentioned "pure officials", many figures began to appear, calling them "Qin officials" (in the name of "Qin officials" to distinguish them from mature ones), and a large number of ink calligraphy, such as silk books of Mawangdui in Changsha (such as Lao Zi Jia Ben and Zi Yi Ben), bamboo slips of Chisongshan, and bamboo slips of Juyan, etc. , which has obvious official script meaning, not only shows how the simple official script with seal script meaning evolved into the elegant and free and easy standard Han Li, but also allows us to truly appreciate the elegant demeanor of official script. From the end of the Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty, although the official script had already appeared and was used by the people, it occupied a dominant position independently, but in the Han Dynasty, especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was regarded as an official script from Emperor Huan of Han Dynasty (147- 167) to Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty (168- 189).
The appearance of official script, like later regular script and cursive script, is a major change in the history of calligraphy in China. Judging from the history of writing, the appearance of official script ended the pictographic characteristics of ancient Chinese characters and entered the field of writing symbolization. From the perspective of calligraphy history, it is a major milestone in the history of calligraphy development that official script inherits seal script and opens regular script. The pen used in official script broke through the monotony of the pen used in seal script. These points are clearly defined, and it is very important that Fiona Fang is harmonious with each other. On behalf of the main pen "Swallowtail Silkworm Head", there are twists and turns.
In addition, Han Li's bold and simple style reflects the magnificent scene of the Han Empire from one side. Unfortunately, the creators of such brilliant art and the calligraphers who wrote calligraphy at that time did not leave their names, and even the relevant historical records were pitiful ... >>