The relationship between China literati and wine can be traced back to Cao Cao in the Three Kingdoms period. From "warm wine to chop Hua Xiong" to "green plum to cook wine", Meng De has a lot to do with wine. Cao Cao is extravagant and extravagant, and eats and drinks everything. As a prime minister, he did not know how much food he had drunk in his life. He fought in the south and fought in the north, but he often sang to himself. The famous phrase "Du Kang alone solves your worries" in the short song seems to define the function of wine, but Li Bai's "But since the water is still flowing, I will cut it with a sword and drown your worries with wine" ("Farewell to Uncle Yun in Xie Tiao Building, Xuanzhou") gave Cao a negative.
Liu Ling, known as "the first alcoholic in China" in the Western Jin Dynasty. He claimed that "one drink and one welcome, five fights wake up", which shows that the amount of alcohol is so great that it is frightening. When Jianwei joined the army, a modest minister often sat in a carriage with a big pot of wine. People followed him with shovels and said, "If I drink to death, bury me where I drink to death." However, Liu Ling didn't die of drinking, nor did he suffer from cirrhosis or alcoholism. Instead, she drank a lot of funny stories. It is said that Liu Ling has a problem, that is, she is always naked when she is drunk. In my own room, of course, but it also hurts. As one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", Liu Ling wrote a poem "Ode to Wine Virtue", but he was not chaste, but crazy, just like an old child.
Ruan Ji, who belongs to the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", is also very good. Ruan Ji lived at the turn of Wei and Jin Dynasties. On the one hand, he was deeply disappointed with the arrogance and corruption of Cao Wei Group, on the other hand, he refused to attach himself to the hypocritical and insidious Sima Group, and his heart was full of contradictions. He often goes to go on road trip, walks around, and comes back crying at the end of the road; Borrow wine at home to eliminate disasters and stay away from right and wrong. It is said that the longest drunk time is more than 60 days, which makes future generations far behind. In fact, he was half drunk and half awake, and he was in great pain.
Although Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty had a bad career, he only worked as a Peng Ling for more than 80 days. But when he was an official, there was a public field in the yamen. He ordered the cultivation of japonica rice for wine, and even forgot the great event of eating. It was his wife who tried to grow rice in half of the public land. Later, he abandoned his official post and returned to the field. "Five buckets of rice don't worship", but he drifted outside, so he wrote "Come home to Xi". When he returned to his desolate hometown, the first thing that delighted him was "bringing young children into the house and bottles". Abandoning the official will get nothing, and drinking will become a big problem. What should I do? In the biography of Mr. May 6th, it was written that "sex is addicted to alcohol, and family poverty is hard to come by." Know from the old, or buy wine to recruit. If you drink, you will get drunk. I was drunk and retired, and I didn't hesitate to stay. "It seems that for the sake of wine, I have to care about face. It is worth mentioning that he also wrote a group of poems named after "drinking" with great interest, the most famous of which is the fifth poem, the famous sentence is "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely" After returning to his hometown, Tao Yuanming made his own living. Although his life is hard, he lives openly and freely. This is really a realm of life.
Wine can stimulate nerves, generate inspiration and arouse associations. In his twenties, Wang Bo, who was listed as one of the "Four Masters of Early Tang Dynasty", is said to have grinded several liters of ink while writing seven-character ancient poems "Tengwangge" and "Preface to Tengwangge", then gulped down the wine, then pulled up the quilt and fell asleep. He woke up, waved his hand and grabbed the pen. It was hard to write a word. Throughout the history of China art, we can see that many artists also use wine as a medium for emotional catharsis and a catalyst for artistic inspiration. Zhang Xu, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty, was called "Zhang Dian" for "every time he got drunk, he called for running" and even "writing with ink on his head, which attracted people's attention and made him think that God could not accept it". His drunken calligraphy ink, such as Four Poems of Ancient Poetry, is really like a whirlwind, and the paper is full of Yun Qi, which has become a masterpiece of cursive art.
Many great literati in the Tang Dynasty were drunkards, and Li Bai, the first to advocate "poetry and wine are two immortals". Li Bai loved nature all his life, yearned for freedom, and became the main representative of the weather in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Regarding his drinking capacity, Li Bai himself has a poem to prove it: "36,000 cups a day for a hundred years!" Some people may say that this is an exaggeration of art, so please see, his good friend Du Fu wrote in "Song of Drinking Eight Immortals": "Li Bai has a hundred poems about fighting wine, and he sleeps in a restaurant in Chang 'an. The son of heaven called instead of boarding the boat, claiming that he was Brewmaster. "This is how heroic and free and easy! It is said that when Li Bai wrote Qing Ping Diao for Xuanzong, he was drunk and the water woke up. Li Bai has the ideal of pursuing success, but he refuses to bow his head and hold his head high, which makes him unable to stand on the political stage. So, he wandered around, drank crazy songs, and expressed his ideals, likes and dislikes, resentment and worries in the high spirits of poetry and wine. When visiting Dongting, he wrote "Baling drinks infinitely, and Dongting is killed in autumn" ("After drinking with Uncle Assistant Minister"), when he was in Jinling, he wrote "A gust of wind, with catkins, fragrant shop and Wu Ji pressed wine to persuade guests to taste" ("Parting in a restaurant in Nanjing"), and when he was exiled, he wrote "Yesterday, I was drunk in Chang 'an, and five kings and seven gentlemen were expensive with a glass of wine" ("I was drunk in Chang 'an" Almost every word of his two most famous ancient poems "Into the Wine" and "Drinking the Bright Moon Alone" contains the taste of wine, such as "If you are proud of life, you must be drunk with wine, and you must not pour your golden cup on the bright moon!" "Cook a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen your appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a long drink!" "What are bells and drums, delicacies and treasures? Let me be intoxicated forever, never come to reason! " "All the sages forget the sober people in the old days, only the drinkers leave their names", "Five golden flowers, a thousand golden flowers, give them to the lad in exchange for good wine, and be with you" and "Let's share the eternal worries". Raise the invited bright moon, bring me my shadow, and let us become three people. " The poet's grand ambition could not be put into practice, so he had to drown his sorrows by drinking. The former is full of lofty sentiments, while the latter is lonely and hard to send. Guo Moruo did statistics before his death. Of the 65,438+0,500 poems handed down by Li Bai, 65,438+0,70 were about drinking, so some people joked that if all Li Bai's poems about wine were squeezed out, maybe half a pot of sorghum wine could be squeezed out.
Li Bai, the "Poet Fairy", is an uninhibited person, so Du Fu, the "Poet Saint", should be a refined person, but his closeness to wine has not diminished at all. In "An Shi Rebellion", Du Fu heard that the imperial army had recaptured Henan and Hebei, and he was ecstatic to write the poem "Send me home in green spring" ("The banks of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army"). When living in a thatched cottage in Chengdu, Du Fu lived a poor and stable life, and friends came from afar to visit my humble abode. He wrote frankly, "It's a long way to the market, and I can give you very little. I only respect the poor and the old" ("Guests"); When Du Fu left the thatched cottage, went down the river, stayed in Kuizhou, and climbed to the top of the mountain, he couldn't help but write down with tears in his eyes, "Misfortune, frost, temples, pain in his heart, fatigue and dust in wine" ("Summit"). Write wine three times, with great joy and great sorrow. Guo Moruo did statistics. Of Du Fu's 1400 poems handed down from ancient times, 300 are about drinking, more than Li Bai's 100. One thing is certain, because Du Fu lived in exile and poverty all his life. He drank half of the wine and the other half of the tears, and his understanding of life is self-evident.
Bai Juyi drinks a lot. His life is famous not only for binge drinking, but also for fine brewing. When he was an official, he devoted a considerable part of his energy to the research of brewing. The quality of wine depends on the water quality, but different formulas can also make "turbid water" brew high-quality wine. Bai Juyi is like this. He was ashamed that he didn't make any achievements in his last year, but he was complacent that he could make good wine. In the process of brewing, he did not give orders, but personally participated in the practice. He has two famous drinking poems. At Pipa, I, the master, have dismounted, my guest has boarded his boat, and we raise our cups in the hope of drinking-but, alas, there is no music. How much wine did we drink, but we didn't find it interesting, and we were about to part. At this time, the river mysteriously widened in the direction of the full moon, but it was also friendship. "A suggestion for my friend Liu" wrote: "There is a ray of green in the old bottle, and a touch of red in the quiet stove. It feels like snow outside at dusk. How about a glass of wine inside? ? "The former is tragic and the latter is warm.
Song Dynasty is a more rational era. At that time, four great inventions of ancient china was widely used, science and culture were in the forefront of the world, and the taste of wine was "tasted" to the extreme by literati.
The description of wine in articles is often more in-depth. When Fan Zhongyan was stationed at the border, he was disappointed that "a glass of turbid wine is Wan Li's home, but he doesn't return to nothing" (Fisherman's Passion), and "wine turns into homesick tears" (Su Curtain Cover). Although he has been demoted many times, he can "worry about his people if he lives in a temple, and worry about his king if he is far away", put the wine on Yueyang Tower and sing the famous sentence "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world afterwards", which lasts forever!
Ouyang Xiu is an alcoholic known to all women and children. His famous preface to the drunken pavilion is "yes" from beginning to end, with a stream of alcohol running through it. No wine, no writing, no wine, no joy. Happy in the sky, happy in the world, happy in the mountains and happy in the water, all because of wine. He claimed that "drunken coke can wake up" and "the meaning of drunkenness is not in wine, but in mountains and rivers", which made the real drunkards in the world fall for it!
Su Dongpo is a famous writer and a famous restaurant. "When the moon is in the sky, ask for wine" (Water Tune Song Tou), "Life is like a dream, and a bottle is full moon" ("Nian Nujiao's Red Cliff Nostalgia"), "It's chilly to wake up with wine" ("Ding Feng"), "Drink Dongpo at night, wake up drunk again, and come back at midnight", holding wine as guests, chanting moon poems and singing graceful chapters. "Su Dongpo's night tour of Chibi with friends is very elegant. They sang poems to the bright moon and invited the breeze to drink. We can find the shadow of this talented romantic poet from Li Bai's alcohol and elegant manners. His poems, his words and his prose all have a strong smell of wine. Someone checked from Dongpo Yuefu, and half of the works are related to drinking! This is enough to show how close wine and poets are! Just like Li Bai's works, if the ingredients of wine are removed, the color, aroma and taste will drop sharply.
Su Dongpo and Xin Qiji are representatives of the wild school. Su Dongpo's "Ask for Wine" left a story of "I wish people a long life, a thousand miles * * *". Expressed the heroism of Xin Qiji's "Fighting Autumn" (both from "Broken Battleship"). "When you are drunk and greedy, you have no time to worry" (Xijiang Moon) also reveals a kind of ridicule.
That's what men do. What about women? Please look at the poetess Li Qingzhao's poems. As a young woman, when she is lonely, it is "last night, the wind was sparse and the rain was sudden, and the wine was still lingering after a deep sleep", "I often remember the sunset in Xiting, and I don't know where to go when I am drunk" (all from dreams), and "Dongli put the wine on her sleeve after dusk. Undead, the curtain rolls west wind, and people are thinner than yellow flowers "("Drunken Flowers "). After crossing the south, Li Qingzhao, who had a rough life and worried about her country and home, often "three cups and two glasses of wine" ("Slow Voice"), reminiscing about the warm past in the bitter wind and rain.
When discussing the relationship between literati and alcohol, people always think that the reason why literati are addicted to alcohol is that they are frustrated or have something difficult to solve in their hearts, and they will cite a lot of examples, such as Cao Cao, and the only person who can solve their troubles is Du Kang. Indeed, there are many literati in history who drown their sorrows by drinking, but not all the literati who drink have sorrows, and not all those who have sorrows drink. The relationship between wine and literati is far from simple. A history of literature lasted for five thousand years. Literati who can't drink are really rare. To some extent, they are not literati who can't drink. Because, the special function of wine really helps the literati to exert their creative imagination and stimulate their passion and inspiration. Another example is William Wang's Liangzhou Ci "Glow a glass of grape wine and urge you to drink pipa at once", Wang Wei's "Send Yuaner to Anxi", "Advise you to drink more wine and go out of Yangguan for no reason", Du Mu's "Qingming", "Excuse me, where is the restaurant, and the shepherd boy will point out the Xinghua Village", Liu Yong's "Lin Yuling" and "Where will you wake up tonight?" Yang Liuan, Xiao Feng and the waning moon are household names and will never be sung again.