1. The meaning and examples of Ren in classical Chinese
1. The title name of a woman during the reign of King Mang of Han Dynasty. Used to refer to princesses
Her daughters are all called Ren. ——"Book of Han·Biography of Wang Mang"
2. A kind of music of the ethnic minorities in southern China in ancient times
Ren, the music of the southern barbarians. ——"Book of Rites·Mingtang Wei"
3. Burden, luggage
Menzi will return from his post. - "Mencius". Note: "Carry."
4. Ban Bai does not follow the road according to his will. ——"Book of Rites·Sacrifice for Righteousness". Note: "What is held."
Another example: Zhi Ren (packing luggage).
5.
Responsibilities
In addition, the official role in the mid-term is to play the piano and the harp. If the strings are out of tune and cannot be understood, it will be the middle term. ——"Han Feizi"
Please accept it if you are satisfied! 2. What is classical Chinese?
"Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular".
The first "wen" means written articles. "Yan" means writing, The meaning of expression, recording, etc. "Classical Chinese" refers to written language. "Classical Chinese" is relative to "oral language", and the last "literary" refers to works, articles, etc. It means the type of writing.
"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language" and "vernacular Chinese" means: "written in commonly used straightforward spoken language." "Article".
Vernacular Chinese
In ancient my country, the same thing was expressed in spoken language and written language, which were different. For example, you wanted to ask someone if he had eaten. , expressed in spoken language, is “Have you eaten? ", and to express it in books and language, it is "Fan? ". "Fan Fou" refers to classical Chinese. In ancient my country, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"
Classical Chinese is the treasure of Chinese culture. The ancients left us a large amount of classical Chinese. In China, the study of classical Chinese plays a large role in middle school Chinese courses.
Of course, the ancients from other countries also left a large amount of classical Chinese. .
What is classical Chinese?
1. Classical Chinese is undoubtedly the main body of Chinese traditional culture. The history of modern civilization is still very short, and deconstructing or interpreting traditional culture is still necessary for modernization, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.
2. Classical Chinese is knowledge, because classical Chinese has already existed. It is no longer a language, it is purely text. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and oracle bone script is also knowledge. Why not learn oracle bone script? By the way, it is precisely because oracle bone script is a more primitive script, so classical Chinese is a further step to learn traditional advanced scripts such as oracle bone script. The basis of (learning).
3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. Chinese expressions, descriptions, combinations, transformations, metaphors, metaphors, deductions... fully carry the essence of Chinese civilization in the expression of ideas. Style. Master the physical structure of classical Chinese, have a deeper understanding of modern Chinese, and have a "law" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.
4. "Classical Chinese" is the opposite of "vernacular". The structure is like this: Classical Chinese - Wen. The first "wen" means "character", and "wen" means language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "literary language". It has two meanings: first, it refers to classical Chinese. It was originally a language; secondly, this language was later written down. The word “written up” also has two meanings: first, it can be a culture that has language but no writing. For example, most ethnic minorities only have language but no writing. Secondly, the language function withdraws from life and becomes history in the form of words.
The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: a style of language that has been literalized. Refers to literary style.
So apart from archaeological research, does classical Chinese have any "future"? In other words, does it have any practical value in life?
When the traditional form of life fades into modern society, it is only that people ignore the social life in some marginal areas, which causes modern applications to doubt or ignore classical Chinese. For example, in religious construction, some inscriptions are still written in classical Chinese, written in calligraphy, and engraved using tools. This is also the case for most applications of seal script.
Looking further, classical poetry belongs to the category of "classical Chinese", and they have not left us in life. It's just that in terms of language form, Zhihu has also left the spoken word. After it became written, it obviously has definite normative requirements for the refinement of techniques and the expansion of meaning. Its "prospect" lies in its application and its ability to awaken ambiguous etymology and allusions. It can be said that the future is promising.
The term "classical Chinese" can also encompass the cultural and historical relationship between language and writing. In a certain form, once a certain language - including dialects - is "wen" or literalized, that is, written, the charm of its language is suddenly reduced, while the function of writing is doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and is closely related to life, language has not yet entered a cultural state. It is a preservation of life experience and does not have the extended performance of words.
In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: Did people in ancient times also say this? I think this can be "feeled" by the difference in expression between written language and spoken language in the present tense. There is no big difference in structure and rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech was just more casual and popular than classical Chinese. The "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for when we read classical Chinese today, of course it does not mean that we are repeating what the ancients said, but that we are reciting or silently reading a literary style.
When reading classical Chinese, you feel a very clear line of thought, just like occasionally reading the works of Western philosophers, which has the solemnity it deserves. 3. What does classical Chinese mean?
1. Definition: Classical Chinese is a processed written language based on ancient Chinese.
Classical Chinese is a written language in ancient China. It mainly includes written language based on the spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular, and is characterized by writing based on characters, focusing on allusions, parallel antithesis, and neat rhythm. It includes various literary styles such as policy, poetry, lyrics, music, eight-legged essay, and parallel prose.
2. Characteristics: The characteristics of classical Chinese are: separation of words and concise writing. The characteristics of classical Chinese are compared with vernacular (including spoken and written language), and are mainly reflected in grammar and vocabulary.
3. Structure: (1) Judgment sentence The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence pattern that uses a noun, pronoun or noun phrase as a predicate to judge the subject. Its common forms are as follows: 1)."·······,... is also""...,... is also""...,... is also""... is,..." "...person,...person" and other forms.
For example: ① "Chen She is from Yangcheng." ("Historical Records. Chen She Family") - Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng.
② "Although Cao Cao was named Han Prime Minister, he was actually a Han thief." ("Zizhi Tongjian") ③Yi was a good archer in ancient times. (p> Wang Anshi's "A Journey to Baochan Mountain") ⑤Those who are awkward are those who have no shots from King Zhou Jing.
2). Use the adverbs "nai", "ie", "ze", "all", "yes", "sincere", "wei", etc. to express judgment. For example: "This is the autumn when I serve my life.
" 1. I don't know what year it is in the palace in the sky. ② Those who are still in the tomb today.
③Liang’s father is Xiang Yan, the general of Chu. ④This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
3). Use the negative adverb "fei" to express negation. For example: "The six kingdoms were destroyed not only because of the disadvantages of the army, but also because of poor fighting skills, but because of bribing Qin.
" ① Climb high and move, your arms will not be lengthened, but you will see far away. ②The city is not too high, the pond is not too deep, the army is not not strong and powerful, and the rice and millet are not not abundant.
③ It’s not like taking Mount Tai to reach the North Sea. Passive Sentence In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the recipient of the action. This sentence pattern is a passive sentence.
The common types are: 1). "见" "...见...yu" "Yu" means passive.
For example: "I often laugh at generous families.
" ① I am sincerely afraid of being deceived by the king. ② The city of Qin may not be accessible, but it will only be deceived.
③ Therefore, he was confused by Zheng Xiu internally and bullied by Zhang Yi externally. ④Zi Pan, a seventeen-year-old son of the Li family, was fond of ancient prose and was familiar with all the classics and biographies of the six arts.
2). "Wei" and "wei..." means passive. For example: "Parents and clans were all killed.
" ① When one dies and the country is destroyed, the world laughs. ② Those who serve the country will be robbed by those who accumulate prestige.
③For the benefit of others. ④ Fear of being ahead of others.
Inversion sentences in classical Chinese are relative to the sentence order of modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide classical Chinese inversion sentences into object preposition, attributive postposition, and adverbial Postposition, subject-predicate inversion, etc. 1). Object preposition. The so-called object preposition is a component that is usually used as an object and is placed in front of the predicate verb to show emphasis.
For example: "Zhi" in "Jie Bu Zhi Xin" is the prepositioned object. Object preposition is usually divided into four situations.
(1) In interrogative sentences, the interrogative pronoun serves as the object, and the object is placed in front. For example: "Why does the king come?" "Weisi people, who should I return to?" (2) In a negative sentence, the pronoun acts as the object, and the object is placed in front.
For example: "The ancients did not deceive anyone." (3) Use "zhi" and "shi" to advance the object.
For example: "I don't know how to read a sentence, and I can't understand it when I am confused." "Studying diligently is just a matter of urgency to learn, but it is not common.
" (4) The object in the introductory phrase Front. For example: "Otherwise, why would we be here?" 2) Postposition of attributive Usually the attributive should be placed in front of the central word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that place the attributive after the central word.
For example: "An earthworm has no sharp claws and teeth, but no strong muscles and bones. It eats earth and drinks from the underworld. It has the same intention." The "profit" and "strong" are all postpositioned attributives.
There are the following situations in which attributive postpositions are found in classical Chinese. (1) Use "之" to postposition the attributive.
For example: "How many people are there in the vast world?" (2) Use the postposition of "人". For example: "A horse that travels a thousand miles can eat one grain or one stone in one meal.
" 3) Postposition of adverbials In classical Chinese, adverbials with a prepositional structure are often placed at the end of the sentence as a complement. For example: "Yu Fu Zhe" is a prepositional phrase placed after the sentence as a complement.
4) Subject-verb inversion is rare and is often used to express strong exclamations. For example: "What a shame, I'm not doing you any favors."
"Blessed, this wind." "Beautiful, my young China.
"[Exercise] Determine the meaning in the following sentences Sentence structure. ① To protect the people and become king, no one can control it.
② The king is no different from the people who love the king. ③ How can you be a king if you are virtuous? ④ How do you know I can do it? Omitted sentences In classical Chinese, there are commonly situations where components are omitted. Grasping the omitted components will help to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.
The elliptical sentences in classical Chinese usually include: 1). Omitting the subject. (1) Inherit the former province.
For example: "The wild snakes in Yongzhou have black substance and white seals." (2) Inherited from the later province.
For example: "Pei Gong said to Zhang Liang: '(Gong) sent me to the army, and he entered.'" (3) Self-reported province.
For example: "(Yi) Love is like a stream, and when it enters two or three miles, (Yu) will find the home of the one who has the most extraordinary love." (4) Provincial dialogue.
For example: "(Mencius) said: 'To be happy (yuè) happy (lè) alone, to be happy (yuè) happy (lè) with others, which one is happy (lè)?' (Wang) said:' '" 2). Omit the predicate.
For example: "One drum will make the energy strong, and then (drum) will fade away, and three (drums) will be exhausted." 3). Omit the object.
For example: "It can be burned and taken away." 4). Omit the preposition object.
For example: "After the public reading, the mink will be reborn to hide the house." 5). Omit the preposition "yu".
For example: "Now the bell chime is placed (in) the water, even if the wind and waves are strong, it cannot make a sound." [Exercise] Complete the omitted elements in the following sentences.
① The Ran family lived here, so their surname was Shixi, Ranxi. ②Therefore, Ximen Leopard was the order of Ye and was famous all over the world.
③ Among the two strategies, it is better to defeat Qin Qu. ④They all go out to the plains at the foot of the mountain, and they go out from the top of the mountain.
Fixed structure 1) Common fixed structures expressing questions are: nai he, ruo, how, how, nai...he, if...he, such (nai)...he, which and, There is nothing..., which one is better. For example: ① What can I do if I take my jade but don’t give me the city? ("The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") ② What do you think my son will do if he takes the elk and uses it as a leisure for the rest of the city? ("Battle") ③It's better to be different, how about it? ("Zuo Zhuan·Qi Huan Gong's Attack on Chu") ④What if you laugh at a hundred steps with fifty steps? (. 4. What does classical Chinese mean?
Classical Chinese is a processed written language based on ancient Chinese.
The earliest written language based on spoken language may have already been processed. Classical Chinese is an article composed of a written language in ancient China. It mainly includes written language based on the spoken language of the Pre-Qin period.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, objects for recording writing had not yet been invented. Bamboo slips, silk and other materials were used for writing, but silk was expensive, bamboo slips were bulky, and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on "one volume" of bamboo slips, unimportant words were deleted and later became "." When "paper" was used on a large scale, the ruling class's habit of using "official documents" for correspondence had been finalized, and being able to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.
Classical Chinese is derived from the vernacular, and its characteristics are Writing is based on words, focusing on allusions, parallel antitheses, and neat rhythms. It includes a variety of literary styles such as strategies, poems, lyrics, tunes, eight-part essays, parallel prose, and other ancient prose. In order to facilitate reading and understanding, classical Chinese texts are generally modified. Mark punctuation marks. 5. What does classical Chinese mean?
What:
Indicates asking about the nature or nature of someone, something or something
You What news did you get from there?
Inquiring about something or something
Tell me what you are looking for
A virtual finger, indicating something uncertain
What kind of floral fragrance do you smell?
Expressing denial
Who is he? You actually care about him
Expressing blame
What are you laughing at?
Indicates asking for possibilities not included in the preceding word or series of words
Is this a reptile, an amphibian, or something else?
Express surprise or excitement
What, no breakfast!
Excerpted from "Baidu Chinese"
Interrogative pronouns. Expressing doubts.
Wang Dingbao of the Five Dynasties wrote in "Tang Zhayan·Gongjian": "Qizhang Gongshi came from Jianghuangjian, put a book bag at the east gate of the country, and brought his business to the two Dukes... Han Shi Seeing the question, I asked him, "What is your name?" "Ming Fada." What is the meaning? To put it bluntly, it just reflects some aspects of the old society."
Interrogative pronoun. It means no need, no need.
Tang Luyan " "Encouragement to the World" poem: "Food and clothing follow the fate, and you will naturally be happy; what is your destiny, why ask for divination?!"
The fourth chapter of Yuan Mingshi's "Zhuan Kuai Tong": "If the emperor of the Han Dynasty had handed down the book clearly, Marshal Han is immune to false accusations... I, Kuai Che, also pretend to be a wind demon and use any tricks! "Such as: Tell me, why are you pretending to be dumb!
Excerpted from related entries in "Baidu Encyclopedia".