At the end of Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang supported Chu Huaiwang's anti-Qin campaign. After several years of fighting, Liu Xiangjun seized the world, and Xiang Yu abandoned Wang Huai as the overlord of the place of Chu, and enfeoffed the land of the world to dozens of princes, among whom Liu Bang was named Hanwang and Nanzheng. However, Liu Bang was not satisfied with living under Xiang Yu. With the help of counselors, Xiao He, general Han Xin and others, he defeated Xiang Yu in 202 BC and ascended the throne, with the title of Han, with Chang 'an as his capital, and became Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
During the seven years of Emperor Gaozu, Han Xin, Ying Bu, Peng Yue and other generals were deprived of their military power and titles, so as to weaken the power of princes with different surnames and strengthen centralized rule. At the same time, he formulated a series of political policies of "sharing interest with the people", which consolidated his rule and laid the foundation for the strong prosperity of the Han Dynasty. 159, Gao Zuqiu was transferred to Liu Ying, Hui Di, but at this time, the regime was actually in the hands of Lv Zhi, the Queen of Henkel. Lv Hou was in power for 16 years and was one of the few female rulers in Chinese history. Before 183, Liu Heng ascended the throne as Wendi, and both he and Jingdi (son of Wendi, former 156- 143 reigned) continued to implement the policy of "sharing interest with the people" formulated by Gaozu, reducing people's taxes, making the economy of the Han Empire prosperous, people's lives stable and national strength greatly enhanced. Historians call this stage.
Through the "rule of cultural scene", the national strength of the Han Dynasty gradually became stronger. 14 1 years ago, Jingdi died and his son acceded to the throne. Liu Che is also one of the famous emperors in Chinese history. During his reign, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing defeated the Huns, expanded the rule of the Western Han Dynasty, and ensured the economic and cultural development of the northern Han region. However, after years of fighting, the national strength declined, so Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty called a truce in his later years and vigorously developed agriculture, so that the economy of the Western Han Dynasty continued to develop. Zhao, the son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, inherited his father's policy, continued to practice inaction politics and developed the economy, which brought the peak of the Western Han Dynasty.
After Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty (reigned in 73-48 years ago) implemented the policy of "sharing interest with the people" for 38 years, the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty increased, but at the same time, the local power also increased, which seriously affected the rule of the Han Empire, from (reigned in 48-32 years ago) to becoming an emperor (reigned in 32-8 years ago) and mourning the emperor (reigned in 6 years ago). When Liu Ying ascended the throne, North Korea's power had fallen into the hands of Wang Mang's consorts. In the eighth year, Wang Mang usurped the throne and changed his title to a new country, ending the Western Han Dynasty's rule over China.
The Western Han Dynasty was one of the more powerful empires in China's history. Rulers focus on agricultural development, and have been practicing the policy of "rest and recuperation" throughout the ages. The people have plenty of food and clothing and live and work in peace and contentment, so the politics of the Han Dynasty has been relatively stable. During the Liang Wudi period, Minister Dong Zhongshu put forward the proposal of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which was adopted by Liang Wudi. Since then, Confucianism and Confucianism have formed the general plan of governing the country that China has followed since the Han Dynasty. Due to political and economic stability, handicrafts, commerce, humanities and arts and natural sciences have all developed by leaps and bounds. With the improvement of science and technology, the production efficiency of handicraft industry dominated by metallurgy and textile in the Western Han Dynasty has been greatly improved. Take textile as an example, there were embroidery machines that were close to forming in the Western Han Dynasty, which showed that some production at that time was separated from pure manual labor and improved productivity. The development of handicraft industry has promoted the prosperity of commerce, and many commercial cities have been formed with Chang 'an as the center, and diplomatic and commercial exchanges with western Asian countries have been opened up through the Silk Road.
In the field of humanities and arts in Han Dynasty, an outstanding great historian-Sima Qian appeared. He completed China's first general history "Historical Records", which was praised by later generations as "a masterpiece of historians, with no rhyme in Li Sao". In addition, the artistic level of the Han Dynasty reached a fairly high level. Judging from some cultural relics unearthed from Han tombs in recent years, their workmanship and craftsmanship are as fine as today. For example, the pottery figurines with hoes unearthed in Guanghan, Sichuan, and the wooden boat model of Han Dynasty unearthed in Guangzhou are all rare art treasures with fine craftsmanship.
In the Western Han Dynasty, since the founding of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, it has gone through fourteen generations (including Wang Mang's new dynasty) for more than 230 years, making China once a powerful and wealthy empire. Therefore, the Western Han Dynasty is regarded as the first revival in the history of China.
Wang Mang's new dynasty was a short-lived regime, which was replaced by the Eastern Han Dynasty. Liu was a royal family with Luoyang as its capital. So historians call it the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the dynasty established by Liu Bang in Xi 'an is called the Western Han Dynasty.
Wang Mang's reform is a great move. But he failed, losing his dynasty and life together.
Liu Xiu showed his courage and wisdom in the battle of Kunyang, thus strengthening his power. In 25 AD, he proclaimed himself emperor and established the Eastern Han regime. After more than ten years' efforts, China was reunified by him. The Eastern Han Dynasty is a continuation of the Western Han Dynasty.
Qin Shihuang established the first autocratic and centralized country in the Chinese Empire, which was much more autocratic than the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty. Emperor Guangwu's general plan of reforming the country and concentrating his power on the platform of ministers made the emperor's personal dictatorship play an important role. But once the emperor was fatuous or weak, Shangshutai became the basis of the authority of ministers, and imperial power became a plaything in their hands. Unfortunately, the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty has been exactly the same since Emperor Guangwu. As the young master ascended the throne, there was a serious situation in which the mother entered the DPRK and the power belonged to the woman. The consorts manipulated state affairs in the name of "must go to the bookstore", which destroyed the power restriction between the centralized emperor and the central government. Under the dictatorship of consorts, there must be eunuchs. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the empire was unified repeatedly, and foreigners invaded, so the mother son of heaven had no flesh and blood and relied on the dictatorship of consorts. The son of heaven is powerful, and if he wants to regain power, he will inevitably have conflicts with his consorts, so the son of heaven leads eunuchs to plot to get rid of them. The consorts and eunuchs are fighting in the dark, one after another.
After the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty made great progress in diplomacy. Ban Chao was stationed in the Western Regions for a long time in the Ming Dynasty. Finally, more than 50 countries in the Western Regions surrendered to the Eastern Han Dynasty and sent hostages to North Korea every year. Ban Chao sent Gan Ying to the Roman Empire, but he was deceived by Arabs and only went to the Mediterranean coast.
The Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127) was a feudal dynasty established by Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu. The establishment of the Song Dynasty ended the fragmented situation formed in the late Tang Dynasty and reunified China. However, due to the strength of Liao, Jin, Xixia and other countries at the same time as that of Song Dynasty, the political power of Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty has been under the threat of foreign countries.
In 960 A.D., Zhao Kuangyin, who was inspected in the latter Zhou Dynasty, staged a coup on the way to send troops, forcing Emperor Zhou Gong to abdicate and establishing the Song Dynasty, which was called "Northern Song Dynasty" in history. This is the "Chen Qiao mutiny" recorded in history books. He is the founding emperor of the Song Dynasty, "Song Taizu". At that time, in addition to the newly established Song Dynasty, there were separatist forces such as Houshu, Nanhan, Nantang, wuyue and Beihan. So since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Song Dynasty, Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin began their struggle to unify the whole country. The Northern Song Dynasty wiped out Jingxiang, Houshu and Nanhan in 964, 965 and 970 respectively, and defeated the more powerful Nantang in 974. Since then, local forces in wuyue, Fujian, Zhang Quan and other places have "absorbed soil" from the Song Dynasty, gradually ending the chaotic situation.
During the Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, sixteen northern states and the Qidan nationality established the separatist regime of Liao State. In order to recover sixteen states, the Northern Song Dynasty waged a long war with Liao. Since Zhao Guangyi, Song Taizong, the Northern Song Dynasty has been at war with Liao for many times, but it has never recovered its lost territory. It was not until A.D. 1004 that North and Liao countries stopped fighting in Yizhou and agreed that Song and Liao countries were brotherly ties. The Northern Song Dynasty paid "ancient coins" to Liao every year, and the two sides did not invade each other. Since then, there has been some peace in northern China, and this alliance between Song and Liao has been called "the alliance of one source" by later generations.
At the beginning of the establishment of the Song Dynasty in Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu, he formulated a series of policies and guidelines to prevent the Song Dynasty from becoming another short-lived dynasty after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. First of all, in military affairs, Taizu released the general's control over the army with the right of "relieving soldiers with a glass of wine", which gave the Song Dynasty complete control over the army. In addition, the Song Dynasty followed the Tang system, which weakened the authority of officials to a certain extent and gave the emperor greater power than previous dynasties. In the imperial examination, Song Taizu broke away from convention and gave the final examination to the candidates in the way of palace examination. In this way, the bureaucratic ranks in the Northern Song Dynasty were expanded, from which a large number of outstanding politicians emerged and the political power was consolidated. Later, the Northern Song Dynasty passed through Zhenzong, Renzong, Yingzong and Zongshen, and the society was riddled with holes because of foreign attacks and the incompetence of rulers. In order to make the society develop, Zongshen appointed Wang Anshi as prime minister in 1069 and implemented the new law. However, because the conservative forces were too strong, Wang Anshi pushed the new law twice and both ended in failure. During the reign of Zhezong, Ying Zonggao completely abolished the new law, and the original ruling style was restored in the Song Dynasty. At this point, the Northern Song Dynasty began to decline.
Due to the corruption of officials in the Northern Song Dynasty, the people were forced to rebel. Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun Uprising in the early Northern Song Dynasty once posed a serious threat to their rule. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Fang La, Song Jiang and others revolted again. At the same time, Liao, a powerful northern country, was destroyed by the Jin State established by the Nuzhen nationality. After Jin destroyed Liao, he immediately pointed the finger at the rule of the Northern Song Dynasty. 11February 25, in the seventh year of Xuanhe, Jin invaded the Song Dynasty in the name of breaking the treaty with Liao. 8 Jin Jun soldiers invaded south in two ways, with the East Route Army under the command of Wobuli and the West Route under the command of Zanhan, and jointly attacked Taiyuan. At this point, the situation in the Song Dynasty was in chaos, and Hui Zong had to cede the throne to Prince Zhao Heng and Song Qinzong. Hope to improve the situation, resist the nomads from, in order to reverse the unfavorable situation. At this time, the nomads from the Yellow River had reached the bank, forcing the capital of Song Dynasty to turn to Kaifeng, while fleeing to Jinling (now Nanjing). Under the command of Prime Minister Li Gang, the army of the Northern Song Dynasty repelled the Jin Army and temporarily stopped the invasion of the Jin State. However, due to the incompetence of Huidi and Qin Emperor, they were bent on making peace with the State of Jin. They promised to cede territory and pay reparations to Xu Jin, and also removed Li Gang and other loyal ministers, making the nomads from the army even more unscrupulous. In A.D. 1 127, the Jin army attacked Kaifeng again, taking away the Hui and Qin emperors and a lot of property. At this point, the Northern Song Dynasty declared its demise.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, although wars broke out again and again, because it unified most parts of the country and some areas were relatively peaceful, productivity and science and technology made remarkable progress, and letterpress printing, as one of the four great inventions in China, was an outstanding representative. In addition, due to the need of war, gunpowder was first used in the military in the Song Dynasty. Modern weapons of war in western countries were developed on the basis of gunpowder manufacturing technology spread through western Asian countries in the Northern Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, not only in science, but also in literature and art, celebrities came forth in large numbers. The imperial examination system in Song Dynasty allowed the literati to develop freely. Among them, Wang Anshi, Fan Zhongyan, Sima Guang and others are well-known literati, and the Ci works of the Song Dynasty have reached a high level, and together with the Tang poetry, they have become the treasures of China classical literature and art. In the art of calligraphy and painting, Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is the first one. By depicting the scenery of Bianjing, this long scroll made nearly 600 people jump to the page and became an immortal masterpiece in the history of China painting.
The establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty marked the end of the separatist situation in China. Since then, the long-term division in the history of China has never happened again. The Northern Song Dynasty, which lasted for 167 years, was finally wiped out by the Jin Dynasty, which also opened the precedent for foreigners to rule China.
The Southern Song Dynasty (1 127 ~ 1279) was a small dynasty established by the royal family of the Song Dynasty in the south of the Yangtze River after the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. Since the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty, it has been under the threat of the State of Jin until it was destroyed by the Yuan Dynasty, and it failed to restore the rule of the Song Dynasty in northern China.
In A.D. 1 127, after the state of Jin withdrew from Kaifeng, Zhang Bangchang was appointed as the puppet emperor. Because Zhang Bangchang was originally from Steven Song, and later gave him gold, Kaifeng soldiers and civilians hated him, and a large part of the old Song Dynasty courtiers asked him to abdicate. In desperation, in the name of Queen Mother Meng, King Kang was made emperor. On May 1st, the second year of Jingkang (A.D. 1 127), Zhao Gou, King of Kang, officially acceded to the throne as Song Gaozong. However, the rebel Zhang Bangchang was crowned king in the name of defending the country. In the second year of Emperor Gaozong's reign, Xu Jin continued to invade southern China in the name of abolishing Zhang Bangchang. Since then, in A.D. 1 129, in order to strengthen the rule of the state of Jin over the area south of the Yellow River, Liu Yu was made emperor, with the title of Qi, which was called "pseudo-Qi" in history. The Song Dynasty also sent troops to the Northern Expedition, under the command of Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, Liu Guangshi, Zhang Jun and other anti-Jin generals. On both sides of the Yellow River, the puppet Qi army and the Jin allied army were once defeated.
Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong, took Qin Gui as prime minister in 65438 AD and pursued a peace policy. 1 14 1 year, Qin Gui dismissed Han Shizhong, the general who resisted gold, imprisoned Yue Fei on trumped-up charges, and killed his father and son on New Year's Eve (114265438+1October 28th). All other civilian commanders who supported Yue Fei and loyal opposition Jin were also condemned. Song Gaozong returned the sovereignty of the southeast half of the country at the expense of paying tribute.
After Emperor Gaozong, the development of Song and Jin countries was relatively stable. Xu Jin invaded the south several times, but most of them fell by the wayside. During the reign of Xiaozong in the Southern Song Dynasty, the Northern Expedition was also carried out, but the territory was not recovered.
By A.D. 1207, Shi was in power in the Southern Song Dynasty, continued to pursue the peace policy, and restored his title and posthumous title. However, at this time, the strength of the state of Jin is not as good as before. Not only can we not go south, but we must always guard against the rise of Mongolian forces from the northwest. Subsequently, in July of 12 14, according to Zhen's memorial, the Southern Song Dynasty decided not to pay tribute to Jin from now on, and Jin had already been hit by Mongolia. In order to expand the territory and make up for the areas occupied by Mongolia, Jin invaded the south in the name of "no longer accepting the old coins of the Song Dynasty", and the Southern Song Dynasty joined forces with Mongolia to fight against the Jin Army. In A.D. 1234, Cai Zhou, the state of Jin, was captured by the allied forces of Mongolia and Song, and Jin Aizong hanged himself, and Jin perished.
After the death of Jin, the Southern Song Dynasty not only failed to gain temporary peace, but also faced a more powerful enemy-Mongolia. After the destruction of gold, the Southern Song Dynasty wanted to recover the land occupied by Mongolia when it withdrew its troops. However, in the Southern Song Dynasty, peace was always the most important, and there was no strong military force, so sending troops did not achieve the expected purpose. This move in the Southern Song Dynasty became an excuse for Mongolia's invasion to the south. In 1235, the Mongols invaded the south for the first time and were repelled. Unwilling to fail, the Mongolian army invaded south twice in the following September and the third year, and the front almost approached the north bank of the Yangtze River. Because Song Jun fought bravely and defeated the Mongols, he once again foiled the Mongols' attempt to cross the river. Subsequently, under the command of anti-Mongolian generals Meng Ying and Yu Jie, the soldiers and civilians in the Southern Song Dynasty defeated the Mongolian army many times, forcing them to try to make a detour. In A.D. 1259, Mongolian Khan Mungo died in the army. His brother Kublai Khan was at war with Song Jun in Ezhou. After hearing the news, he immediately withdrew his troops in order to seize Khan's position. However, Jia Sidao, a courtier in the Southern Song Dynasty, not only did not send troops to pursue south, but made peace with Mongolia to ensure peace and make the Mongolian army return to the north smoothly.
Since then, Kublai Khan has inherited the status of Khan and continued to travel south. In A.D. 127 1 year, Mongolia was founded, and 1276 captured Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the Southern Song Dynasty went to extinction.
As for the Ming Dynasty, there was a debate about whether to make Beijing or Nanjing its capital when the People's Republic of China was founded. From Zhu Yuanzhang to Judy in the early years, Beijing was the capital of the Ming Dynasty, and then Judy moved to Yanjing (that is, Beijing), which was his early fief. Later, during the civil war, someone proposed to move to Nanjing, but it failed because of the opposition of warring factions headed by Yu Qian in North Korea. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, there were many small regimes in Nanming, but none of them became a climate.
The foreign aggression faced by the Qing dynasty mainly came from the southern coastline, so it was impossible to distinguish the two.