Knowledge tree of development of ancient Chinese history

Chapter 1 Primitive Society

The emergence of primitive society from blood family to clan system Homo erectus: Yuanmou Man, Beijing Man, Lantian Man, Hexian Man Early Paleolithic Age

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Early Homo sapiens: Dingcun people in the Middle Paleolithic Age

Late Homo sapiens: Dingding cave people (the emergence of clan system) Late Paleolithic period

From the prosperity of matrilineal clans to The disintegration of primitive society and the prosperity of matrilineal clans: Banpo and Hemudu clans in the Neolithic Age (including the Chalcolithic Age)

Patriarchal clans: middle and late Dawenkou Culture, Longshan Culture, and Liangzhu Culture

Chapter 2 Xia and Shang

Xia and Shang slave dynasties Xia Dynasty Time 21st century BC (Qi) - 16th century BC (Jie)

National characteristics Divide the territory by region (Kyushu)

Public power structure (officials, army, punishment, etc.)

Site Erlitou Culture

Shang Dynasty AD 16th century BC (Tang) - 14th century BC (Pangeng moved to Yin) - 11th century BC (Zhou)

Class relations Ruling class: Shang kings and slave-owning aristocrats

Dominated class: slaves and civilians

Cruel class oppression: human sacrifice, human sacrifice

Xia, Shang culture, Xia calendar, oracle bone inscriptions, bronzes, "Book of Changes", etc.

Education The Xia Dynasty had the prototype of schools; in the Western Zhou Dynasty, learning was in the government

Status China is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world; the culture of the Western Zhou Dynasty was already in a leading position in the world.

Chapter 3 Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States

11th century BC in the Western Zhou Dynasty (Battle of Muye) - 841 BC (Chinese riot) - 771 BC (King Ping moved eastward)

Political throne hereditary system, enfeoffment system

Economic well-field system

Spring and Autumn Period 770 BC - 403 BC

Political Zhou royal family Decline - the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period

Military Duke Huan of Qi was the first to dominate the Central Plains (respecting the king to repel the barbarians, the Kuiqiu Alliance)

The battle between Jin and Chu for hegemony (the Battle of Chengpu, the Meeting to Annihilate the Soldiers)< /p>

Wu Yue’s struggle for hegemony

Promotion of economic iron tools and cattle farming; development of handicrafts and commerce

Disintegration of the well-field system; early taxation of acres in the Lu Kingdom; disintegration of slavery

Warring States Period 403 BC - 221 BC

Political Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei

Reforms in various countries: Wei State Li Kui’s Reform and Qin’s Shang Yang’s Reform

Changes in class relations: the contradiction between landlords and peasants replaced the contradiction between slave owners and slaves and became the main contradiction in society; the class of scholars appeared

The military encircled Wei and rescued Zhao, united Zong and Lianheng, and Qin destroyed the six kingdoms

Economic agriculture: farmers generally attach importance to fertilizers, seed selection and timely cultivation

Water conservancy: Dujiangyan and Zhengguo Canal

< p>Handicrafts and commerce: Luban; the emergence of emerging feudal cities

The culture of the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the Five Classics, and the Five Classics: "Poetry", "Book", "Yi", "Li", and "Spring and Autumn"

Three Biographies: The three books that explain the "Spring and Autumn Annals", namely "Zuo Zhuan", "Gongyang Zhuan", and "Gu Liang Zhuan"

Confucius and Confucianism, Laozi and Taoism, Mozi and Mohism, Legalism and Han Fei, military strategists and Sun Wu and Sun Bin

Literature Qu Yuan and Chu Ci, prose

Science and technology astronomy: Twenty-Eight Constellations, "Gan Shi Xing Jing"< /p>

Calendar: Summer Calendar

Medicine: Bian Que’s Four Diagnostic Methods, "Huangdi Neijing"

Chapter 4 Qin and Han

Qin

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221 BC - 206 BC, the founders were Ying Zheng and Du Xianyang

Qin Shihuang's measures to consolidate unification politically established an authoritarian centralized system (emperor, three ministers and nine officials, prefectures and counties) )

Economic and cultural unification of land taxation across the country: "make the capital of Guizhou self-contained"

Unify writing, currency, weights and measures; remove checkpoints, build Chi Road, etc.

Ideologically burning books and entrapping Confucians

Expand the territory and build the Great Wall, defend the Xiongnu in the north

Conquer the Yue people in the south, and dig the Ling Canal

Peasant uprising in the late Qin Dynasty (209 BC - - 206 BC) Reasons for tyranny: heavy taxes, numerous corvees, and harsh punishments

After the uprising of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang (Daze Township), the prelude was kicked off

The uprising of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu overthrew the tyranny. Qin

Significance The first peasant uprising overthrew the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty, attacked the feudal landlord class, and created conditions for economic development in the early Han Dynasty.

Chu-Han War 206 BC - 202 BC Liu Bang and Xiang Yu competed for the throne, Liu Bang won and established the Western Han Dynasty

Han Dynasty

Chu-Han War 202 BC - 8- -25--189 Western Han Dynasty (Liu Bang, Chang'an), Xin Dynasty (Wang Mang), Eastern Han Dynasty (Liu Xiu, Luoyang)

Politics The great ancestor of the Western Han Dynasty (physical maintenance and health) - Emperor Wen and Jingdi (the rule of Wen and Jing, pacification) Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms) - Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened the centralization of power (heyday) - the rule of Zhaoxuan - weakened

The new king Mang usurped power - the restructuring failed - the Green Forest Red Eyebrow Uprising

Eastern Han Dynasty Guangwu Zhongxing - the development of the power of powerful landlords - the dictatorship of foreign relatives and eunuchs and the disaster of party indium - the resistance of the Qiang people and the Huangzhi uprising

Economic and land conditions The farms of powerful landlords in the Eastern Han Dynasty

Agricultural columbine, field method and area planting method

Water Conservancy Bai Canal, Liufu Canal, Longshou Canal, Jing Canal

Handicraft industry, iron smelting industry (set up iron officials), silk weaving Industry (exported to West Asia and Europe)

Business Chang'an and Luoyang are commercial centers, and the commercial area is called "city"

National relations and the war between the Xiongnu and the Western Han Dynasty Gaozu: War (White The siege of Deng) - Heqin

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: War (Conspiracy of Mayi - Wei Qing and Huo Qubing fought against the Xiongnu

Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty: Harmony (Hu Hanxie Chanyu surrendered)< /p>

Emperor Han Yuan: Peace (Zhaojun goes out of the fortress)

Emperor Ming and Zhang of the Eastern Han Dynasty: War (Dou Gu and Dou Xian fight against the Xiongnu)

Ethnic groups in the South and the Western Han Dynasty connected with the southwestern Yi , South Vietnam

The Western Regions were visited twice by Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty - setting up the Protector of the Western Regions

The Eastern Han Dynasty Ban Chao envoyed the Western Regions

External exchanges with Western Asia, the European Silk Road, Gan Ying Bochiwan and King Andun of the Qin Dynasty sent envoys to the Eastern Han Dynasty

East Asia, Japan and Korea

Qin

Han

Wen

The invention of chemical science and technology paper appeared in the Western Han Dynasty - improved by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty

The astronomical calendar "Taichu Calendar" in the Western Han Dynasty - Zhang Heng and the armillary sphere and seismograph in the Eastern Han Dynasty

Mathematics "Zhou Bisuan" "Jing" and Nine Chapters of Arithmetic

Medicine "Shen Nong's Materia Medica", Zhang Zhongjing and "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases", Hua Tuo

Academic thoughts Dong Zhongshu's thoughts, the prophecy of Confucian classics, Wang Chong and "Lunheng"

Religion The introduction of Buddhism in the Western Han Dynasty and the rise of Taoism in the Eastern Han Dynasty

History Sima Qian and "Historical Records", Ban Gu and "Han Shu"

Literary and artistic poems, prose, Yuefu poems; Qinling Terracotta Warriors

Education and social life Taixue, the twenty-four solar terms, the Lantern Festival

World status and the world's major powers (Parthia, Rome) in the same period , Guishan) coexist

Being in an advanced position in the world

Chapter 5 Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Wei

Jin

< p>South

North

North Korea

Government

Government

and

Economic

The Tripod of the Three Kingdoms. The warlords' melee in the late Eastern Han Dynasty--The Battle of Guandu (200 years)--Cao Cao unified the north--The Battle of Chibi (208 years)--The Tripod of the Three Kingdoms

Wei In 220 years, Cao Pi, Luoyang

Implementing farming to restore and develop the northern economy

Nine-level Zhongzheng system

In 221 years of Shu, Liu Bei, Chengdu

Zhuge Liang ruled Shu

In the 229th year of Wu, Sun Quan, Jianye (today's Nanjing)

Developed Jiangnan

The unification of the Western Jin Dynasty In the 280th year of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu

265--316 years, Sima Yan, Luoyang

The formation of the gentry clan system

The Rebellion of the Eight Kings

The inward migration of the "Five Hus"

Liu Yuan raised troops and the Western Jin Dynasty fell

Eastern Jin Dynasty 317-420, Sima Rui, Jiankang

The further development of the gentry clan system

< p>Zu Ti and Huan Wen's Northern Expedition

In the Battle of Feishui in 383, the confrontation between the north and the south was formed

In the early period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, former Zhao, later Zhao, former Yan and former Qin

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Confrontation with the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the later period

Northern and Southern Dynasties Southern Dynasty 420-589, Song-Qi-Liang-Chen, Jiankang

Hou Jing's Rebellion, the decline of the gentry

The development of Jiangnan economy

In 439 AD of the Northern Dynasties, Tuoba Tao of the Xianbei people of the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the north

Emperor Xiaowen's reforms (ban salary, land equalization order, rent modulation, three-chief system, and Sinicization policy

The Northern Wei Dynasty split: the Eastern Wei Dynasty - Northern Qi; Western Wei - Northern Zhou - Sui

Articles

Chemical Science and Technology Mathematics Liu Hui, Zu Chongzhi and Pi

The invention of the mechanical horse jun (keel Waterwheel)

Medicine Western Jin Dynasty: Wang Shuhe's "Mai Jing", Huangfu Mi's "Acupuncture Jia Yi Jing"

Southern Dynasty: Tao Hongjing's "Compendium of Materia Medica"

Geography Li Daoyuan and "Shui Jing Zhu"

Agriculture Jia Sixie and "Qi Min Yao Shu"

Literature Jian'an poets, Tao Yuanming and pastoral poetry, and folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties

Art calligraphy Zhong Yao and Wang Xizhi

Painting Gu Kaizhi

Grotto art Yungang and Longmen Grottoes

Philosophy Religion Wei and Jin metaphysics

Buddhism Presence, Faxian and "Buddha Kingdom"

Taoism formed a complete religious system

Fan Zhen and "The Theory of Destruction of Gods"

The decline of educational schools and the Western Jin Dynasty Founded Guozixue

Still maintaining its leading position in the world

Chapter 6 Sui and Tang Dynasties

Sui Dynasty's political and economic reforms established three provinces and six ministries system, changed the prefectures, counties, and counties into a two-level system of prefectures and counties, and strengthened local control

Abolish the nine-rank Zhongzheng system and create the imperial examination system

Continue to implement the equalization system of land, and "Da Suo" Mao Yue", check the household registration

Military reform and reform of the government military system

The great project of digging the Grand Canal

The reasons for the peasant war were the brutal rule of Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty

In 611, Shandong King Bo Changbaishan Uprising

The rebel army Wagang Army, the Hebei Rebel Army, and the Jianghuai Rebel Army

Tang Dynasty

The early political period of the Tang Dynasty The rule of Zhenguan - the rule of Wu Zhou - the prosperous age of Kaiyuan

The Anshi Rebellion in the later period - separatist rule of vassal towns, exclusive power of eunuchs, crony disputes - peasant wars

Economic agriculture implements the land equalization system, renting The melodious method, the emergence of curved shaft plows, barrel carts, and the construction of water conservancy projects

Handicraft industry management methods: government workshops, private workshops and individual farmers' sideline businesses

Production areas: silk, ceramics, papermaking, Metal utensil making and other production sectors

Commercial Tang capital Chang'an and Eastern capital Luoyang

Ethnic relations Northern Turks and Uighurs

Southwestern Tubo and Nanzhao

Northeastern Mohe

Foreign exchanges and exchanges with Korea, Japan, Tianzhu, Central Asia, West Asia and other places

Peasant War Wang Xianzhi, Huang Chao Uprising

Five Dynasties In the Ten Kingdoms and Five Dynasties, the Yellow River Basin has successively seen the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Five dynasties, collectively called the Five Dynasties

Among the Ten Kingdoms and Ten Kingdoms, the Northern Han Dynasty is located in Shanxi, and the rest are in the south

The culture, science and technology of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, the invention of engraving printing and gunpowder, the measurement of the meridian by a monk, "Tang Materia Medica", Sun Simiao and "A Thousand Gold Prescriptions", Li Chun and Zhaozhou Bridge

Religion and Academics The rise of ideology and religion, Han Yu's "Tao Tong theory", Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi's materialism

Historians revised history, Liu Zhiji's "Shi Tong" and Du You's "Tong Dian"

Literature and art Tang poetry, calligraphy (face style), painting, grotto art, dance

Education and social life schools became accessories to the imperial examination

Chapter 7 Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan

Song Dynasty

Liao Dynasty

Jin Dynasty

The territory of Yuan and Liao Kingdom extended to the sea in the east, the Altai Mountains in the west, and encompassed the Mongolian desert and Heilongjiang in the north. Basin, connecting the vast areas of Hebei and Shanxi to the south

The capital was first moved to Beijing, and later moved to Nanjing (Yanjing)

The main monarch Yelu Abaoji: unified the Khitan tribes and established the Khitan Kingdom

Yelü Deguang: Acquire the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun

Most of the Yellow River Basin and Jiangnan area in the Northern Song Dynasty

The capital Tokyo (Kaifeng)

Mainly The monarch Song Taizu: established the Northern Song Dynasty and strengthened the centralization of power

Song Taizong: ended the separation of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Song Zhenzong: signed the Chanyuan Alliance

Song Renzong: Appoint Fan Zhongyan to implement the Qingli New Deal

Song Shenzong: Appoint Wang An

Shi carried out the reform

Song Huizong and Song Qinzong: the Jingkang disaster, the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty

The Western Xia territory of Gansu, Ningxia, and northwest Shaanxi

The capital is Xingqing (Yinchuan)

The main monarch Yuan Hao: called the Emperor of Daxia

Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty

The main monarch Song Gaozong: took the throne in Yingtian Mansion and established and rebuilt the Song Dynasty. Signed the "Shaoxing Peace Agreement"

The Jin Kingdom controlled the Northeast and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River

The capital was originally Huining, but later moved to Yanjing and renamed Zhongdu

The main monarch Wanyan Aguda (Jin Taizu): resisted the Liao Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Huining, and established the Jin Kingdom

From Jin Xizong to Jin Zhangzong, family farming was encouraged, taxes were reduced, and "payment notes" were issued

The territory of the Yuan Dynasty spanned the Yin Mountains in the north, the quicksands in the west, the Liaozuo in the east, and the sea surface in the south. It was vaster than any previous dynasty

The capital city (today's Beijing)

Main Monarch Temujin (Genghis Khan): unified Mongolia, established the Mongol Khanate, implemented the "house enfeoffment system" and launched a large-scale expansion war

Kublai Khan (Yuan Shizu): named the country "Dayuan" , established the capital of Dadu, unified the country, and promoted "Han Law"

Three major inventions of culture, science and technology in Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties: movable type printing, compass, and gunpowder

Shen Kuo and "Mengxi Bi Tan" , Guo Shoujing and the "Scheduling Calendar"

The Yuan government compiled "Nongsang Jiyao", Wang Zhen and "Nongshu"

Academic Thoughts Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism

Historiography Sima Guang and "Zizhi Tongjian", Yuan Shu and "Tongjian Chronicles"

Literature Song Ci, Yuan Opera

Education and Social Life Private school education is developed

Chapter 8 Ming and Qing Dynasties (Before the Opium War)

Ming Dynasty

The political monarchy in the early dynasty was unprecedentedly strengthened: administrative agencies, supervisory agencies, and stereotyped writers compiled the "Yellow Book" and "Fish Scale Atlas"

Economic health policy in the early Ming Dynasty

In the middle and late period of politics, eunuch dictatorship and cabinet disputes, Zhang Juzheng's reforms

Economic development and capital The germination of socialism

Ethnic relations changed and returned to their old ways, Oara and Tatar, the rise of the Later Jin Dynasty, the establishment of the Qing Dynasty

Foreign relations "tributary trade", Zheng He's voyages to the West, overseas Chinese and Southeast Asia Development, the anti-Japanese struggle, the war to aid Korea, and the arrival of European colonists from the east

Peasant uprising Peasant uprising led by Li Zicheng

Qing Dynasty

North Korea

The development of feudal autocratic and centralized politics in the early period

Economy In the early Qing Dynasty, the economic policies and production were restored and developed, and the sprouts of capitalism developed slowly

Consolidate the unification of Southeast China and Zheng successfully regained Taiwan, and the Qing Dynasty established Taiwan Prefecture

The Southwest pacified the San Francisco Rebellion and strengthened its jurisdiction over Tibet and Yunnan-Guizhou regions

The Battle of Yaksa in the Northeast and "Neb Treaty of Chu"

The Galdan rebellion was put down in the northwest, the Hezhuo rebellion was put down, and Torgut returned to the motherland

Foreign policy closed policy

Ming

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Qing Dynasty

Wen

The scientific works of chemical science and technology "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Compendium of Agricultural Affairs", "Tiangong Kaiwu", "Xu Xiake's Travels", " "Xiao'an New Law"

Building Beijing City, the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty, and garden architecture

Cultural exchange missionary activities and Sino-Western scientific and technological cultural exchanges

Academic Thoughts Wang Shouren and Li Zhi , the thoughts of Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, and Wang Fuzhi, textual criticism

The series and related books "Yongle Dadian", "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books", "Sikuquanshu"

Literature "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Journey to the West", "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio", "The Scholars"

Art drama, calligraphy, painting

Prosperous education schools, academies Prosperity, Imperial Examination

Social Life Clothing, Food, Housing and Transportation in Ming and Qing Dynasties

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