Chapter 1 Primitive Society
The emergence of primitive society from blood family to clan system Homo erectus: Yuanmou Man, Beijing Man, Lantian Man, Hexian Man Early Paleolithic Age
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Early Homo sapiens: Dingcun people in the Middle Paleolithic Age
Late Homo sapiens: Dingding cave people (the emergence of clan system) Late Paleolithic period
From the prosperity of matrilineal clans to The disintegration of primitive society and the prosperity of matrilineal clans: Banpo and Hemudu clans in the Neolithic Age (including the Chalcolithic Age)
Patriarchal clans: middle and late Dawenkou Culture, Longshan Culture, and Liangzhu Culture
Chapter 2 Xia and Shang
Xia and Shang slave dynasties Xia Dynasty Time 21st century BC (Qi) - 16th century BC (Jie)
National characteristics Divide the territory by region (Kyushu)
Public power structure (officials, army, punishment, etc.)
Site Erlitou Culture
Shang Dynasty AD 16th century BC (Tang) - 14th century BC (Pangeng moved to Yin) - 11th century BC (Zhou)
Class relations Ruling class: Shang kings and slave-owning aristocrats
Dominated class: slaves and civilians
Cruel class oppression: human sacrifice, human sacrifice
Xia, Shang culture, Xia calendar, oracle bone inscriptions, bronzes, "Book of Changes", etc.
Education The Xia Dynasty had the prototype of schools; in the Western Zhou Dynasty, learning was in the government
Status China is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world; the culture of the Western Zhou Dynasty was already in a leading position in the world.
Chapter 3 Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States
11th century BC in the Western Zhou Dynasty (Battle of Muye) - 841 BC (Chinese riot) - 771 BC (King Ping moved eastward)
Political throne hereditary system, enfeoffment system
Economic well-field system
Spring and Autumn Period 770 BC - 403 BC
Political Zhou royal family Decline - the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period
Military Duke Huan of Qi was the first to dominate the Central Plains (respecting the king to repel the barbarians, the Kuiqiu Alliance)
The battle between Jin and Chu for hegemony (the Battle of Chengpu, the Meeting to Annihilate the Soldiers)< /p>
Wu Yue’s struggle for hegemony
Promotion of economic iron tools and cattle farming; development of handicrafts and commerce
Disintegration of the well-field system; early taxation of acres in the Lu Kingdom; disintegration of slavery
Warring States Period 403 BC - 221 BC
Political Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei
Reforms in various countries: Wei State Li Kui’s Reform and Qin’s Shang Yang’s Reform
Changes in class relations: the contradiction between landlords and peasants replaced the contradiction between slave owners and slaves and became the main contradiction in society; the class of scholars appeared
The military encircled Wei and rescued Zhao, united Zong and Lianheng, and Qin destroyed the six kingdoms
Economic agriculture: farmers generally attach importance to fertilizers, seed selection and timely cultivation
Water conservancy: Dujiangyan and Zhengguo Canal
< p>Handicrafts and commerce: Luban; the emergence of emerging feudal citiesThe culture of the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the Five Classics, and the Five Classics: "Poetry", "Book", "Yi", "Li", and "Spring and Autumn"
Three Biographies: The three books that explain the "Spring and Autumn Annals", namely "Zuo Zhuan", "Gongyang Zhuan", and "Gu Liang Zhuan"
Confucius and Confucianism, Laozi and Taoism, Mozi and Mohism, Legalism and Han Fei, military strategists and Sun Wu and Sun Bin
Literature Qu Yuan and Chu Ci, prose
Science and technology astronomy: Twenty-Eight Constellations, "Gan Shi Xing Jing"< /p>
Calendar: Summer Calendar
Medicine: Bian Que’s Four Diagnostic Methods, "Huangdi Neijing"
Chapter 4 Qin and Han
Qin
p>221 BC - 206 BC, the founders were Ying Zheng and Du Xianyang
Qin Shihuang's measures to consolidate unification politically established an authoritarian centralized system (emperor, three ministers and nine officials, prefectures and counties) )
Economic and cultural unification of land taxation across the country: "make the capital of Guizhou self-contained"
Unify writing, currency, weights and measures; remove checkpoints, build Chi Road, etc.
Ideologically burning books and entrapping Confucians
Expand the territory and build the Great Wall, defend the Xiongnu in the north
Conquer the Yue people in the south, and dig the Ling Canal
Peasant uprising in the late Qin Dynasty (209 BC - - 206 BC) Reasons for tyranny: heavy taxes, numerous corvees, and harsh punishments
After the uprising of Chen Sheng and Wu Guang (Daze Township), the prelude was kicked off
The uprising of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu overthrew the tyranny. Qin
Significance The first peasant uprising overthrew the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty, attacked the feudal landlord class, and created conditions for economic development in the early Han Dynasty.
Chu-Han War 206 BC - 202 BC Liu Bang and Xiang Yu competed for the throne, Liu Bang won and established the Western Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty
Chu-Han War 202 BC - 8- -25--189 Western Han Dynasty (Liu Bang, Chang'an), Xin Dynasty (Wang Mang), Eastern Han Dynasty (Liu Xiu, Luoyang)
Politics The great ancestor of the Western Han Dynasty (physical maintenance and health) - Emperor Wen and Jingdi (the rule of Wen and Jing, pacification) Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms) - Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened the centralization of power (heyday) - the rule of Zhaoxuan - weakened
The new king Mang usurped power - the restructuring failed - the Green Forest Red Eyebrow Uprising
Eastern Han Dynasty Guangwu Zhongxing - the development of the power of powerful landlords - the dictatorship of foreign relatives and eunuchs and the disaster of party indium - the resistance of the Qiang people and the Huangzhi uprising
Economic and land conditions The farms of powerful landlords in the Eastern Han Dynasty
Agricultural columbine, field method and area planting method
Water Conservancy Bai Canal, Liufu Canal, Longshou Canal, Jing Canal
Handicraft industry, iron smelting industry (set up iron officials), silk weaving Industry (exported to West Asia and Europe)
Business Chang'an and Luoyang are commercial centers, and the commercial area is called "city"
National relations and the war between the Xiongnu and the Western Han Dynasty Gaozu: War (White The siege of Deng) - Heqin
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: War (Conspiracy of Mayi - Wei Qing and Huo Qubing fought against the Xiongnu
Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty: Harmony (Hu Hanxie Chanyu surrendered)< /p>
Emperor Han Yuan: Peace (Zhaojun goes out of the fortress)
Emperor Ming and Zhang of the Eastern Han Dynasty: War (Dou Gu and Dou Xian fight against the Xiongnu)
Ethnic groups in the South and the Western Han Dynasty connected with the southwestern Yi , South Vietnam
The Western Regions were visited twice by Zhang Qian in the Western Han Dynasty - setting up the Protector of the Western Regions
The Eastern Han Dynasty Ban Chao envoyed the Western Regions
External exchanges with Western Asia, the European Silk Road, Gan Ying Bochiwan and King Andun of the Qin Dynasty sent envoys to the Eastern Han Dynasty
East Asia, Japan and Korea
Qin
Han
Wen
The invention of chemical science and technology paper appeared in the Western Han Dynasty - improved by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty
The astronomical calendar "Taichu Calendar" in the Western Han Dynasty - Zhang Heng and the armillary sphere and seismograph in the Eastern Han Dynasty
Mathematics "Zhou Bisuan" "Jing" and Nine Chapters of Arithmetic
Medicine "Shen Nong's Materia Medica", Zhang Zhongjing and "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases", Hua Tuo
Academic thoughts Dong Zhongshu's thoughts, the prophecy of Confucian classics, Wang Chong and "Lunheng"
Religion The introduction of Buddhism in the Western Han Dynasty and the rise of Taoism in the Eastern Han Dynasty
History Sima Qian and "Historical Records", Ban Gu and "Han Shu"
Literary and artistic poems, prose, Yuefu poems; Qinling Terracotta Warriors
Education and social life Taixue, the twenty-four solar terms, the Lantern Festival
World status and the world's major powers (Parthia, Rome) in the same period , Guishan) coexist
Being in an advanced position in the world
Chapter 5 Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Wei
Jin
< p>SouthNorth
North Korea
Government
Government
and
Economic
The Tripod of the Three Kingdoms. The warlords' melee in the late Eastern Han Dynasty--The Battle of Guandu (200 years)--Cao Cao unified the north--The Battle of Chibi (208 years)--The Tripod of the Three Kingdoms
Wei In 220 years, Cao Pi, Luoyang
Implementing farming to restore and develop the northern economy
Nine-level Zhongzheng system
In 221 years of Shu, Liu Bei, Chengdu
Zhuge Liang ruled Shu
In the 229th year of Wu, Sun Quan, Jianye (today's Nanjing)
Developed Jiangnan
The unification of the Western Jin Dynasty In the 280th year of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu
265--316 years, Sima Yan, Luoyang
The formation of the gentry clan system
The Rebellion of the Eight Kings
The inward migration of the "Five Hus"
Liu Yuan raised troops and the Western Jin Dynasty fell
Eastern Jin Dynasty 317-420, Sima Rui, Jiankang
The further development of the gentry clan system
< p>Zu Ti and Huan Wen's Northern ExpeditionIn the Battle of Feishui in 383, the confrontation between the north and the south was formed
In the early period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, former Zhao, later Zhao, former Yan and former Qin
>Confrontation with the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the later period
Northern and Southern Dynasties Southern Dynasty 420-589, Song-Qi-Liang-Chen, Jiankang
Hou Jing's Rebellion, the decline of the gentry
The development of Jiangnan economy
In 439 AD of the Northern Dynasties, Tuoba Tao of the Xianbei people of the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the north
Emperor Xiaowen's reforms (ban salary, land equalization order, rent modulation, three-chief system, and Sinicization policy
The Northern Wei Dynasty split: the Eastern Wei Dynasty - Northern Qi; Western Wei - Northern Zhou - Sui
Articles
Chemical Science and Technology Mathematics Liu Hui, Zu Chongzhi and Pi
The invention of the mechanical horse jun (keel Waterwheel)
Medicine Western Jin Dynasty: Wang Shuhe's "Mai Jing", Huangfu Mi's "Acupuncture Jia Yi Jing"
Southern Dynasty: Tao Hongjing's "Compendium of Materia Medica"
Geography Li Daoyuan and "Shui Jing Zhu"
Agriculture Jia Sixie and "Qi Min Yao Shu"
Literature Jian'an poets, Tao Yuanming and pastoral poetry, and folk songs of the Southern and Northern Dynasties
Art calligraphy Zhong Yao and Wang Xizhi
Painting Gu Kaizhi
Grotto art Yungang and Longmen Grottoes
Philosophy Religion Wei and Jin metaphysics
Buddhism Presence, Faxian and "Buddha Kingdom"
Taoism formed a complete religious system
Fan Zhen and "The Theory of Destruction of Gods"
The decline of educational schools and the Western Jin Dynasty Founded Guozixue
Still maintaining its leading position in the world
Chapter 6 Sui and Tang Dynasties
Sui Dynasty's political and economic reforms established three provinces and six ministries system, changed the prefectures, counties, and counties into a two-level system of prefectures and counties, and strengthened local control
Abolish the nine-rank Zhongzheng system and create the imperial examination system
Continue to implement the equalization system of land, and "Da Suo" Mao Yue", check the household registration
Military reform and reform of the government military system
The great project of digging the Grand Canal
The reasons for the peasant war were the brutal rule of Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty
In 611, Shandong King Bo Changbaishan Uprising
The rebel army Wagang Army, the Hebei Rebel Army, and the Jianghuai Rebel Army
Tang Dynasty
The early political period of the Tang Dynasty The rule of Zhenguan - the rule of Wu Zhou - the prosperous age of Kaiyuan
The Anshi Rebellion in the later period - separatist rule of vassal towns, exclusive power of eunuchs, crony disputes - peasant wars
Economic agriculture implements the land equalization system, renting The melodious method, the emergence of curved shaft plows, barrel carts, and the construction of water conservancy projects
Handicraft industry management methods: government workshops, private workshops and individual farmers' sideline businesses
Production areas: silk, ceramics, papermaking, Metal utensil making and other production sectors
Commercial Tang capital Chang'an and Eastern capital Luoyang
Ethnic relations Northern Turks and Uighurs
Southwestern Tubo and Nanzhao
Northeastern Mohe
Foreign exchanges and exchanges with Korea, Japan, Tianzhu, Central Asia, West Asia and other places
Peasant War Wang Xianzhi, Huang Chao Uprising
Five Dynasties In the Ten Kingdoms and Five Dynasties, the Yellow River Basin has successively seen the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Five dynasties, collectively called the Five Dynasties
Among the Ten Kingdoms and Ten Kingdoms, the Northern Han Dynasty is located in Shanxi, and the rest are in the south
The culture, science and technology of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, the invention of engraving printing and gunpowder, the measurement of the meridian by a monk, "Tang Materia Medica", Sun Simiao and "A Thousand Gold Prescriptions", Li Chun and Zhaozhou Bridge
Religion and Academics The rise of ideology and religion, Han Yu's "Tao Tong theory", Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi's materialism
Historians revised history, Liu Zhiji's "Shi Tong" and Du You's "Tong Dian"
Literature and art Tang poetry, calligraphy (face style), painting, grotto art, dance
Education and social life schools became accessories to the imperial examination
Chapter 7 Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan
Song Dynasty
Liao Dynasty
Jin Dynasty
The territory of Yuan and Liao Kingdom extended to the sea in the east, the Altai Mountains in the west, and encompassed the Mongolian desert and Heilongjiang in the north. Basin, connecting the vast areas of Hebei and Shanxi to the south
The capital was first moved to Beijing, and later moved to Nanjing (Yanjing)
The main monarch Yelu Abaoji: unified the Khitan tribes and established the Khitan Kingdom
Yelü Deguang: Acquire the Sixteen Prefectures of Youyun
Most of the Yellow River Basin and Jiangnan area in the Northern Song Dynasty
The capital Tokyo (Kaifeng)
Mainly The monarch Song Taizu: established the Northern Song Dynasty and strengthened the centralization of power
Song Taizong: ended the separation of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Song Zhenzong: signed the Chanyuan Alliance
Song Renzong: Appoint Fan Zhongyan to implement the Qingli New Deal
Song Shenzong: Appoint Wang An
Shi carried out the reform
Song Huizong and Song Qinzong: the Jingkang disaster, the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty
The Western Xia territory of Gansu, Ningxia, and northwest Shaanxi
The capital is Xingqing (Yinchuan)
The main monarch Yuan Hao: called the Emperor of Daxia
Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty
The main monarch Song Gaozong: took the throne in Yingtian Mansion and established and rebuilt the Song Dynasty. Signed the "Shaoxing Peace Agreement"
The Jin Kingdom controlled the Northeast and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River
The capital was originally Huining, but later moved to Yanjing and renamed Zhongdu
The main monarch Wanyan Aguda (Jin Taizu): resisted the Liao Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor in Huining, and established the Jin Kingdom
From Jin Xizong to Jin Zhangzong, family farming was encouraged, taxes were reduced, and "payment notes" were issued
The territory of the Yuan Dynasty spanned the Yin Mountains in the north, the quicksands in the west, the Liaozuo in the east, and the sea surface in the south. It was vaster than any previous dynasty
The capital city (today's Beijing)
Main Monarch Temujin (Genghis Khan): unified Mongolia, established the Mongol Khanate, implemented the "house enfeoffment system" and launched a large-scale expansion war
Kublai Khan (Yuan Shizu): named the country "Dayuan" , established the capital of Dadu, unified the country, and promoted "Han Law"
Three major inventions of culture, science and technology in Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties: movable type printing, compass, and gunpowder
Shen Kuo and "Mengxi Bi Tan" , Guo Shoujing and the "Scheduling Calendar"
The Yuan government compiled "Nongsang Jiyao", Wang Zhen and "Nongshu"
Academic Thoughts Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism
Historiography Sima Guang and "Zizhi Tongjian", Yuan Shu and "Tongjian Chronicles"
Literature Song Ci, Yuan Opera
Education and Social Life Private school education is developed
Chapter 8 Ming and Qing Dynasties (Before the Opium War)
Ming Dynasty
The political monarchy in the early dynasty was unprecedentedly strengthened: administrative agencies, supervisory agencies, and stereotyped writers compiled the "Yellow Book" and "Fish Scale Atlas"
Economic health policy in the early Ming Dynasty
In the middle and late period of politics, eunuch dictatorship and cabinet disputes, Zhang Juzheng's reforms
Economic development and capital The germination of socialism
Ethnic relations changed and returned to their old ways, Oara and Tatar, the rise of the Later Jin Dynasty, the establishment of the Qing Dynasty
Foreign relations "tributary trade", Zheng He's voyages to the West, overseas Chinese and Southeast Asia Development, the anti-Japanese struggle, the war to aid Korea, and the arrival of European colonists from the east
Peasant uprising Peasant uprising led by Li Zicheng
Qing Dynasty
North Korea
The development of feudal autocratic and centralized politics in the early period
Economy In the early Qing Dynasty, the economic policies and production were restored and developed, and the sprouts of capitalism developed slowly
Consolidate the unification of Southeast China and Zheng successfully regained Taiwan, and the Qing Dynasty established Taiwan Prefecture
The Southwest pacified the San Francisco Rebellion and strengthened its jurisdiction over Tibet and Yunnan-Guizhou regions
The Battle of Yaksa in the Northeast and "Neb Treaty of Chu"
The Galdan rebellion was put down in the northwest, the Hezhuo rebellion was put down, and Torgut returned to the motherland
Foreign policy closed policy
Ming
p>Qing Dynasty
Wen
The scientific works of chemical science and technology "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Compendium of Agricultural Affairs", "Tiangong Kaiwu", "Xu Xiake's Travels", " "Xiao'an New Law"
Building Beijing City, the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty, and garden architecture
Cultural exchange missionary activities and Sino-Western scientific and technological cultural exchanges
Academic Thoughts Wang Shouren and Li Zhi , the thoughts of Huang Zongxi, Gu Yanwu, and Wang Fuzhi, textual criticism
The series and related books "Yongle Dadian", "Collection of Ancient and Modern Books", "Sikuquanshu"
Literature "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Journey to the West", "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio", "The Scholars"
Art drama, calligraphy, painting
Prosperous education schools, academies Prosperity, Imperial Examination
Social Life Clothing, Food, Housing and Transportation in Ming and Qing Dynasties
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