First, recite
The original meaning of the word "reciting" is reciting aloud. Huang Tingjian, a famous writer and calligrapher in Song Dynasty, could recite the Five Classics at the age of five. One day, he asked the teacher, "It's always called the Six Classics. Why do you read only five books? " The teacher replied, "Spring and Autumn is not enough to read." This was a very popular view among the people at that time, which was most typically reflected in Wang Anshi's comment that Spring and Autumn Annals was a "broken morning paper". However, Huang Tingjian said, "What are you talking about? Why not read the classics? " It is said that he then "recited for ten days without leaving a word, and spared no effort."
Second, record
"Recording" means copying books. Books are rare, and words are preserved by copying, similar to memory.
Song Lian, the first civil servant in Ming Dynasty, wrote a famous article entitled "Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Yang". In that article, he recalled his childhood experience and said, "When I was young, I was addicted to books. My family is poor and I can't read. Every time I borrow it from the library. Write your own notes and count the days. When the weather is cold, the water in the salt pond freezes into ice and I can't stretch my fingers. I still don't relax reading. Send it away after recording. Dare not slightly offside. So many people regard books as holidays, and I have to read all the books. "
Why do you say "dare not be slightly offside"? At that time, people had the saying of "three fools", one of which was "borrowing books stupidly". It means that there are too many things that can't be returned, so you can't lend books to others easily. Because of this, Song Lian dare not exceed the appointment, otherwise it will be difficult to borrow again.
Third, schools.
Proofreading is proofreading. Before printing was put into use, ancient books were circulated in the form of reciting texts and manuscripts, and mistakes were inevitable in the process of reciting or copying, which led to great differences in the texts of the same ancient book.
Even after the appearance of printed books, this situation still exists in large numbers. On the one hand, the original difference of printed version is based on the original version, on the other hand, new mistakes may appear in the process of rigid printing. Therefore, before the ancients read, the first step was to proofread the text to keep the accuracy of the text as much as possible.
Fourth, doubt.
"Doubt" refers to a positive questioning spirit. Xu Heng, a great educator in Yuan Dynasty, likes students who are good at "doubt" best. In his biography, he said, "If students have doubts, they will be happy to meet them. Because of the language:' There is no doubt in the book, there is doubt; Doubt can make it go beyond doubt. Learning is good. "However, this meaning is not his own invention. Zhu, who was a little earlier than him, has said something similar.
V. Taste
The so-called "taste" is a sentence I summed up from the following words of the ancients: "You can't see the real taste until you are reluctant to give up" (Zhu); "When you rest with a book, the taste of the book is still in your chest" (Huang Tingjian); "After sleeping, the book is in my chest" (Lu You).
Six, "big heart" and "complacency"
"Be content with yourself" and "enjoy yourself" refer to reading "When you ponder the main idea, you can share your own experience ... The way to learn is to have peace of mind without it" (Zhu). Or, as Cheng Yi said, "It is a sage's opinion to be calm, angry and suspicious when reading."
reference data
People's Network-What are the ancient reading methods? There is always a suitable for you