The book "Spring and Autumn" records the history of how many monarchs.

"Spring and Autumn", also known as "Lin Jing" ("Lin History"). It is a chronicle of the state of Lu, revised by Confucius. It records the history from the first year of Lu Yin (722 BC) to the fourteenth year of Lu Aigong (481 BC). It is the earliest existing chronicle history book in China. The historical data of "Spring and Autumn" are of high value, but they are incomplete. Wang Anshi even said that "Spring and Autumn" is "a report of the end of the dynasty". It is also one of the Confucian classics.

Historical Books

In ancient China, spring and autumn were the seasons when princes made pilgrimages to the royal family. In addition, spring and autumn also represented the four seasons of the year in ancient times. History books record major events that occurred throughout the four seasons, so "Spring and Autumn" is the collective name for history books. The official name of the history book of the State of Lu is "Spring and Autumn Annals". Traditionally, "Spring and Autumn" is believed to be the work of Confucius, and some people think it is the collective work of the historians of the State of Lu.

The text in "Spring and Autumn" is very concise, and the records of events are very brief. However, in 242 years, the attacks of princes, alliance meetings, usurpation and sacrifice, disasters and customs, etc. are all recorded. The chronology of the twelve generations of the Lu Kingdom recorded in it is completely correct. The solar eclipses recorded in it are consistent with each other more than 30 times in the "Eclipse Classic" written by Western scholars, which proves that the "Spring and Autumn" was not written by the ancients out of thin air. It can be regarded as a historical record. However, in the long process of spreading, it is inevitable that there will be problems such as deletion, increase and channeling in the text.

The original text of "Spring and Autumn" was only more than 18,000 words, and the existing version is only more than 16,000 words. In

Chun Qiu Zuo Shi Zhuan

the language is extremely concise and the words are well ordered. Because the text was too simple and difficult for future generations to understand, explanatory works appeared one after another to explain and explain the records in the book, which were called "biography". Among them, Zuo Qiuming's "Chun Qiu Zuo Shi Zhuan", Gong Yanggao's "Chun Qiu Gong Yang Zhuan", and Ge Liangchi's "Chun Qiu Gong Yang Zhuan" are collectively known as "Spring and Autumn Three Biography" and are included in the Confucian classics. Nowadays, the original text of "Spring and Autumn" is generally compiled into "Zuo Zhuan" as "Jing", and the new content of "Zuo Zhuan" is regarded as "Zhuan". According to "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi", there are 5 biographers of the Spring and Autumn Period:

"Zuo's Biography" in 30 volumes;

"Gongyang's Biography" in 11 volumes;

"Biography of Guliang" 11 volumes;

"Biography of Zou" 11 volumes;

"Biography of Jia" 11 volumes.

The last two of them no longer exist. Gongyang Zhuan and Gu Liang Zhuan were written in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. They were written in the official script that was popular at that time and were called Jinwen. There are two kinds of Zuozhuan. One is written on the wall of Confucius's former residence using ancient scripts before the Qin Dynasty, which is called ancient script; the other is handed down from Xun Qing during the Warring States Period.

Gongyang Zhuan and Luliang Zhuan are very different from Zuo Zhuan. Gongyang Zhuan and Luliang Zhuan talk about "small words and great meaning"

Spring and Autumn Guliang Biography

I hope to try to clarify the original intention of Confucius (the author (believe that "Spring and Autumn" was written by Confucius), some people think that some of the contents are far-fetched. Zuo Zhuan mainly focuses on historical facts and supplements major events not recorded in "Spring and Autumn". Some records are inconsistent with "Spring and Autumn". Some people think that the value of Zuo Zhuan's historical materials is greater than that of Gongyang Zhuan and Guliang Zhuan.

Since the Western Zhou Dynasty at the latest, Taishi has recorded national events; at the beginning of each season, the four seasons from "spring" to "autumn" are generally written. However, the ancients attached great importance to spring and autumn, so they called the national history records "Spring

Spring and Autumn Gongyang Zhuan

Autumn". This may be " "Spring and Autumn" is the origin of the title of the history book. The existing "Spring and Autumn" records from the records of Lu Yin Gong to Lu Ai Gong, twelve generations of monarchs, totaling 244 years. One hundred and forty-two years, two years longer than "Zuo Zhuan"), it is basically the original text of the history book of the state of Lu.

It is said that the book "Spring and Autumn" was written by Confucius. In the old days, there was a saying that "King Wen was restrained and acted out the Book of Changes, and Zhong Nihe wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals". However, later generations also had different opinions. Yuan Gufang of the Qing Dynasty said in "Spring and Autumn Calligraphy Theory": "Spring and Autumn" was written by Lu Shi. It was written by Lu Shi and Confucius recorded it and hid it in order to pass it on to future generations. Shi Yunyu's "The First Draft of Duxuelu: Spring and Autumn Annals" also said: "Spring and Autumn" is an old text of Lu Shi. The story of the Twelve Dukes of the Spring and Autumn Annals lasted for 240 years, and there must have been dozens of people who wrote it.

These dozens of people are their own teachers and students, so how can their calligraphy be the same? Although the author of Spring and Autumn is controversial, there is no big difference since it was revised and modified by Confucius. In fact, the Spring and Autumn Period, as a history book of the State of Lu, has long gone beyond the scope of history books. The Spring and Autumn Period's use of words and sentences, "every word is a needle and a needle", has become a unique style of writing, which is called the Spring and Autumn Writing Technique and is regarded as a classic by historians of all dynasties. "Spring and Autumn" records major events in various countries in the Spring and Autumn Period for more than 240 years. The full text currently preserved is only more than 16,000 words. However, according to "Spring and Autumn Theory" cited by Zhang Yan of the Cao Wei Dynasty and Xu Yan of the late Tang Dynasty, both It is said to be 18,000 words (quoted by Zhang Shuo in "Historical Records Tai Shi Gong's Preface to the Collection" and Xu Shuo in "Gongyang Zhuan· Zhao Gong's Twelve Years Shu"). It can be seen that the original text of "Spring and Autumn" has been removed from the Three Kingdoms period. More than a thousand words were revealed. Many important events were missed.