Question 2: How do you write calligraphy in small letters? Gu Zhuo's so-called "referring to reality" is the five-finger writing of L, pressure, hook, case and touch. L use the abdomen of the first section of the thumb to press against the top of the pen tube, and force it to the upper right, which should be inclined. The upper end of the index finger abuts against the outside of the pen tube, and the force is opposite to that of the thumb. Hook the upper middle finger near the horizontal bar, bend it into a hook and hook the pen tube, and force it to the right and down. The joint between the ring finger and claw is close to the pen tube, and the strength is opposite to that of the middle finger. Press the little finger against the lower end of the ring finger to increase the finger force of the ring finger. Due to the reasonable distribution of five fingers, the strength is gathered from all directions, and a pen is firmly held in your hand. When writing small print, it is advisable to write lightly, and stick the finger tip on the tube because the finger tip feels sensitive. If you write shallowly, your palm will naturally be weak, and your palm will be weak, so you will be comfortable to exercise and there will be no obstacles. Calligraphers in the past dynasties have different interpretations of the "stirrup-pulling method" proposed by Li Houzhu in the Southern Tang Dynasty. Some people think that people who are good at riding horses can easily get in and out on tiptoe. Some people think that stirrup pulling is that the ancients pulled out the lamp core with a small stick with their fingertips, which is a metaphor for shallow grip. Some people think that it is because of the shallow writing that the tiger's mouth is like a horse's stirrup (that is, the writing of Cheng).
When writing lowercase letters, you shouldn't hold the pen too tightly or too loosely. If it is too tight, the pen will be stiff, if it is too loose, the stippling will be weak. Therefore, it is best to combine hard and soft, tight but not dead, loose but not loose, not wide and not fierce, and there is a way of neutralization. Zhao H-guang said in "On a Broom in Cold Mountain": "If you hold the pipe too tightly, your strength will stop on the pipe, which will make the pipe inflexible and unsafe to command." This is indeed a learned saying. The strength of the pen should penetrate into the tip of the pen through the shoulders, elbows, wrists and fingers, and the muscles of each joint should not be tense and hard. If the grip is too tight, the force will stop at the tube, and if the wrist is tense, the nib will not be able to penetrate. Therefore, Su Shi suggested that the pen should be wide, and only when it is wide can it be used freely. When writing fine print, if you hold the pen too deeply (that is, hold it in the middle of the middle finger), the palm of your hand will be empty, and the fingers will be deep and solid, so that the pen can not rotate back and forth, which will easily lead to stagnation of qi and invalid transportation. When writing small print, the pen should not be too high, so it is about an inch away from the writing head. If it is low, it is calm and firm, and words are not erratic. Tang Wei Rongzong said: "The real book is small and dense, and it is suitable to hold it near the head." Zhao h-guang's talk on a broom in a cold mountain also said: "the real book should be stable, so write one inch or one inch." If the pen is too high when writing fine print, the painting will be vain, but there will be no strength. In this case, lowercase letters are mainly composed of thick ends, and a lower pen can better control the pen force. When writing small print, the wrist should be flat and the palm should be upright (that is, the elbow and wrist should be flat on the desktop, and the palm should be slightly erect when the wrist can stand up, keeping an oblique angle with the paper). When the wrist is flat and the palm is vertical, the front is easy to straighten, the front is regular and full of potential. It must be clear here, write in lower case, and control the pen when lifting it? It is always perpendicular to the paper and moves in parallel. When the pen is centered on a straight line, the pen tube moves forward, backward, left and right with the pen gesture, but it is all made by will. When the pen is closed, if the end is led with a rope, the pen gesture is naturally round. Especially when writing fine print beside Fang Bi, it is not appropriate to hold it straight down when raising a pen. When the pen tube is slightly tilted to the right, it will be smooth and smooth, and often it can achieve handy results. Zhu Hegang's New Interpretation of Linchi said: "I even said that the pen is like a marksmanship. When I am left and right, I will turn around, follow the trend, concentrate on it, exercise my heart, and sometimes slightly sideways, which is more agile. " This passage is worth remembering. If we adhere to the fixed method of taking the center as the correct method blindly, we will not be able to achieve comprehensive and natural changes. In short, the method of writing, but should be appropriate, not curious, so as to give full play to the pen.
Question 3: Why is it said that the basic feature and aesthetic style of Han art is imposing manner, which is the art of any era in Gu Zhuo and reflects the mentality of this era? In addition to the portrait stone carvings of the Han Dynasty, the calligraphy inscriptions, seal cutting, sculpture and music of the Han Dynasty, which remain in later generations, all interpret the collective aesthetic consciousness of this era from different sides, different ways and different carriers with their artistic characteristics of reaching the same goal by different routes.
The spirit of tolerance facing infinity and the unity of man and nature
The vitality of the Han empire and its broad vision in the four seas made the rich and huge life scenes become art.
The first representation of the object. Dr. Han's description and elaborate decoration of the scenery combine vast territory, magnificent mountains and rivers, bustling cities, lofty palaces, vast Lin Yuan, rich products, grand ceremonies of emperors, solemn ceremonies, grand songs and dances and extravagant feasts, which is a tribute to the beauty of nature and human creativity. It shows people the magnificence of quantity, volume, scene and strength. Wang Chong's "On Heng Ding Xian Pian" thinks that all the philosophers are endowed with "beauty and great deeds", and exaggerates the gorgeous rhetoric to enhance the artistic appeal of the works. "The spirit of poverty is all kinds of metamorphosis, magnificent and mysterious, without a clue", "All kinds are always numerous, but they are numerous and tireless" (2) "Fu is called Fu because things are messy and poems can't be made. There are many kinds of people in the world, and people who see them repeatedly will be unrestrained and endlessly spit. " (3) The giver walks in the vast universe, thinking freely and showing colorful beauty. Therefore, Fu's sense of space is enormous, just like a Dapeng soaring in Wan Li, overlooking the world of mortals. Sima Xiangru said: "The core of the family embraces the universe and gives an overview of the characters. You got it from it, but you can't get it and you can't pass it on. " (4) Mr. Wen Yiduo said in Han Fu that "all great beauty is indescribable", and (5) profoundly revealed the most basic aesthetic characteristics of Han Fu.
In the face of the turbulent world, the hearts of Han literati are full of lofty sentiments of making achievements and lamenting that life is short. The intrinsic motivation of Sima Qian's efforts in Historical Records is "endless self-hatred, contempt for the world, and lack of literary talent", so he wants to "learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a family statement". This is a typical manifestation of the enterprising, strong and broad spirit of the times in the Han Dynasty.
The architecture of the Han dynasty also pursues the world style, including mountains and seas. As early as the early Western Han Dynasty, Weiyang Palace was built in Xiao He, including Dongque, Beique, Qian Dian, Armory and Taicang. The reason is that "the emperor takes the four seas as his home, transcends grandeur, and makes later generations add color to it" (6) It embodies the cultural intention of tolerance, cheerfulness and self-confidence and strives for unprecedented greatness. "Its palace is like heaven and earth, and its latitude and longitude are like yin and yang. According to Hannah Quinlivan's position, it is too purple. " "According to the treasure potential of Hannah Quinlivan, it inherits the pure yin of Cang Hao, contains the change of Yin and Yang, and contains the smoke and hydrogen of vitality" (7) The limited architectural space is based on Liuhe, conforms to the operation law of heaven and earth, and extends to the infinite space beyond time and space. The architectural layout style and name are based on the astronomical phenomena, paying attention to the correspondence between architecture and heaven, piling up all kinds of exquisite building materials, arranging and symmetry of hierarchical structure groups, attaching an overview of heaven and earth figures and the wall decoration of cornices with exaggerated romantic colors, forming a grand style that is extremely yearning for the future world.
What we see today are architectural objects of the Han Dynasty, which were unearthed from tombs in various places. As funerary objects, these architectural models reflect the architectural reality of the Han Dynasty. These architectural styles have a tall and straight posture and a multi-storey structure that stands upright. As a group of manor buildings, its buildings, cloisters, high platforms, warehouses and gates crisscross. A local manor is still like this. Then the palace building boasted in Han Fu is huge in scale and complex in structure, and it is not groundless. The palaces are connected with each other, and the Yun Qi waves are connected with the Gefei Strait. This is what Ban Gu wrote in "West Capital Fu": "The road is managed, and the grid is not divided. Group structure is the basic pattern of palace architecture in Han dynasty, which is not only the capital of kings, but also the capital of local princes. Wang Yanshou wrote in Lu Lingguang's Ode to the Temple that Wang Gong pursued the "right of the emperor's room" and "built a temple on the mountain, connected the pavilion to the palace, galloped around, looked from the pavilion and flew to a tall building. "The huge group structure shows the exquisiteness of architectural art in the Han Dynasty. In architectural decoration, the pursuit of colorful decorative gold is gorgeous. > & gt
Question 4: What does it mean to step on snow in Xun Mei? 1. Xun Mei's meaning of stepping on snow: enjoying oneself, elegant artistic conception. Describe the feelings of literati who love scenery and painstakingly write poems.
China people not only look at plum blossoms, but also appreciate them, explore them and discover them. Exploring plum blossoms in the snow, and Xun Mei stepping on snow are natural since ancient times. Moreover, the environmental atmosphere of watching and enjoying plums is also very particular. In Mei Pin written by Zhang, there are 26 "flowers should be called": Qingxi Bridge, hedge, moss on the ground, opening the window to face flowers; Under the flowers, there may be rare birds as companions, cranes as companions, away from the hubbub, no clear environment, and so on.
People treat plum blossoms so differently, which is naturally related to the fact that plum blossoms bloom alone in the winter when flowers bloom and fall and flowers are scarce. But more importantly, Mena's high-standard charm of resisting ice and snow, fragrance, cold, elegance and holiness has always been respected by the world. Actually, where are the plum blossoms? However, people who love Mei, especially indifferent literati, have to go far and near, and even go through the snow to find a visit. The reason is self-evident. Those plum trees that enter the palace garden, even if they are beautiful and graceful, have lost their edges and corners, and the breath of freedom has disappeared, stained with too much wealth and craftsmanship, far from the natural charm of Jiang Mei, Simei and Ye Mei, which stand upright in the secluded water. Lu said: Xun Mei after the snow, visiting chrysanthemums before the frost, protecting orchids in the rain, and listening to bamboo outside the wind solidified the leisure of strangers, which is the deep interest of literati. Su Dongpo, a great writer in Song Dynasty, experienced ups and downs in his life. Song Shaosheng wrote to the first year of Zhezong, and once again relegated Lingnan. One day, when I came to Luofu Mountain, I remembered the story of Cho Se Ung, a demoted official, who happened to meet Mei Xian under the moon in a pine forest in the middle of the suburbs. I was in a trance, and wrote a famous sentence by Yongmei: "Under the Luofu Mountain in Meihua Village, jade snow is the soul of bones and ice. I had doubts about osmanthus trees from the beginning. I was lonely and confused. " Here, it not only praises the purity, beauty and gentleness of plum blossom, but also reveals the loneliness and desolation of the poet alone in the starry sky at dusk. Why does Su Dongpo have a soft spot for plum blossoms in Luofu Mountain? Isn't it because the clear rhyme Gog of wild plum in Luofu Mountain, which was opened by hanling alone, touched the string in his heart, so that poetry would come out in generate!
It can be seen that the best places to visit Meihe are deep mountains and secluded waters and abandoned ancient temples. In the silent world of ice and snow, the cold plum trees stand proudly, which not only shows the charm and spirit of plum, but also reflects the feelings of Confucian scholars who are in adversity but stick to their ambitions.
However, because of different personalities and moods, people who are visiting Mei often have different interests. For example, Mr. Lin Hejing lived in seclusion under the lonely mountain of West Lake for many years, stayed away from downtown for 20 years, and never married. He delights in raising cranes and planting plums, and is called "Plum Wife Crane". Xun Mei, his agent, likes to "get the moon first". If you don't believe me, look at his Yongmei poem: "The shadow is oblique, the water is shallow, and the fragrance floats at dusk." "The pool looks down and the eaves are inclined into low branches." Every word, every line, is full of water and kindness. The moonlight shines on the shallow stream of Han Mei. The clear stream reflects a faint plum shadow, and the hazy Yamashita seems to have a faint fragrance. Sparse plum blossoms, clear streams, hazy moonlight and faint fragrance together constitute a quiet realm. In this realm, Han Mei is so noble and dignified, and so elegant and luxurious. With the cold water of Leng Yue as the foil, Mei's charm and verve will come out, while Guan Mei's solitary moral integrity and detached feelings will not ripple in it. Jin Nong, the head of the Eight Eccentrics in Yangzhou, seems to have fallen in love with Jiang Mei. When he painted Jiang Mei, he put great emphasis on the word "slim". He said that thin places should be "like herons standing cold, and people don't want to get close", while clear places are "very cold and full, with the bright moon as the precursor". The plum blossoms he painted are thick in trunk, with sloping branches and tiny stamens, which are full of Gu Zhuo's crazy and strange meaning, and the pen and ink are bold and unrestrained, showing the indomitable pride in the painter's chest, the firmness and heroism of the kite cream.
Of course, when you visit Meihe, you should be in the snow. "Cold plum blossoms are new in snow", "Plum blossoms are fragrant in snow" and "Ten thousand flowers dare to produce fragrant snow, and one tree leads the world in spring." Snow and plum, plum and snow are like a match made in heaven. Snow flying and dancing, flowers and snow blend together, crystal clear, white and flawless, brewing beautiful Leng Yan and full of vitality!
Because of this, since ancient times, people are not afraid of freezing, mountains and roads, asking questions and searching. For those upright and noble people, it is better to look for spiritual nourishment and support than to go to Xun Mei to look for plum blossoms. Lu You, who has been wandering all his life, loves plum blossoms very much. * * * wrote more than 100 poems by Yongmei, wishing to turn himself into hundreds of millions of plum blossom trees, preferring to "smash into mud" beside the plum blossom beside the broken bridge outside the post station. > & gt
Question 5: There was once a frivolous man who laughed at Cao He and called him the Lord of Bao Zhao's Western Emperor, thanking me for walking alone today. This sentence comes from Liang Zhongrong's Preface to Poetry. The meaning of this sentence has been translated upstairs, and the meaning is not bad. Are you complimenting Bao Zhao by saying this? Actually, it's not a compliment. In his poems, Zhong Rong listed Bao Zhao and Xie Me as Chinese products, while Zhong Rong listed Serina Liu and Cao Zhi as top products. However, Bao Zhao and Xie himself have not been denied. Zhong Rong means that people at that time didn't know what was the best. Bao Zhao and Xie have achieved good results, but neither of them has reached the status of an independent college. In short, it was a mockery of people's ignorance at that time.
Question 6: What does Weiyang mean? Weiyang Interpretation Weiyang: 1, unfinished, unfinished. "Poetry. Xiaoya. Ting Liao: "How about the night? The night is still early. " Chu ci Li Sao: "I am still old." Wang Yi's note: "Yang, do it." Du Fu's poem "Zhang Zizhou Orange Pavilion and Dou Shaoyi" says: "What the host does to see guests off is never over."
2. See Weiyang Palace for the name of Han Palace. [Edit this paragraph] The word Weiyang Palace comes from Weiyang Palace: the name of the palace. So the address is in the southwest corner of Chang 'an Old City, northwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi. Emperor Han Gaodi was built in seven years, which is often the place where the court appeared. The new waywardness was finally destroyed. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo restored the Weiyang Hall. Weiyang Palace was forbidden in the Tang Dynasty and was destroyed at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
The word "Weiyang" is taken from Poetry. Xiaoya. Ting Liao: "What about that night? The night is still early. " It means "endless" and "endless". The founding emperor of the Western Han Dynasty named his ruling center "Weiyang", which was in line with Zheng's wish to call himself "the first emperor" so as to be handed down from generation to generation.
The second is the "Weiyang" intercepted in Changle Weiyang. There were two palaces in the Han Dynasty, namely Changle Palace and Weiyang Palace. "Changle is endless" means happiness forever, with no end.
Separately, "Weiyang" means endless, endless.
The night is still young, which means the night is endless.
The simple explanation is that before the darkest night, the central government talks with the middle, and the central government does not talk with it, that is, it has not reached the central government.
The "Xiaoya" poem "Ting Liao" in The Book of Songs is:
Tingliao
How about the evening? The night is still early (the night ends),
The light of the court. The gentleman will stop and the voice will be heard.
How about the evening? Ai at night,
The courtroom is burning. A gentleman should stop, Luanbang.
How about the evening? Night township morning,
The court is magnificent. A gentleman stops talking and watches his flag.
This poem can be regarded as the origin of Weiyang. There are two opinions about this poem:
One theory is that Ting Liao is a poem about a night party between men and women. "That night? The night is still early. How's the weather? The night is not over yet) "Then the gentleman (Wang Xuan) came. Men and women meet.
Another way of saying this is that Ting Liao is a diligent poem. When the gentleman (Wang Xuan) was young, he asked about the night in the morning and evening, and then continued to be diligent when the night was not over, so he praised his diligence.
So there are two kinds of quotations,
For example, Weiyang Palace in Han Dynasty (diligent) and the author named Weiyangsheng who wrote * * * (ancient yellow book) [Edit this paragraph] briefly introduced Weiyang Palace in China's Western Han Palace. It is located about 3 kilometers northwest of Xi City, Shaanxi Province. Located in the southwest of Chang 'an, the capital of Han Dynasty. Because it is in the west of Changle Palace, it is called Xigong in Chinese. It was built on the basis of Qin Zhangtai in the seventh year of Emperor Gaozu (the first 200 years). After Hui Di ascended the throne, it became the main palace.
According to records, there are doors on all sides of Miyagi in Weiyang Palace, and there are Quelou outside the east and north gates, which are called East Que and North Que. The princes came to the DPRK and went in and out of Dongque; The gentry played in the North Que. In order to use the top of Longshou Mountain for infrastructure construction. There are Xuan Shi, Kirin, Jinhua, Chengming, Wutai, Hook Yi and other halls in the palace, with a total of 32 pavilions. The archaeological work of Weiyang Palace began at 1956. According to exploration, the palace is square in plane, with a circumference of more than 8 kilometers and an area of about 5 square kilometers, accounting for about 1/7 of the total area of Chang 'an City. Qian Dian is located in the center of the whole palace. Its rammed earth foundation is 350m long from north to south, 200m wide from east to west, and the highest point at the north end is15m. A number of palace ruins have been excavated in the north of Qian Dian, and tens of thousands of Oracle Bone Inscriptions engraved with words have been unearthed in one place, which may be the official offices of workers and officials or their subordinate offices. Excavation proved that Weiyang Palace was destroyed by war at the end of the Western Han Dynasty and then abandoned. [Edit this paragraph] novel Weiyang Author: Guo Moruo
Ai was like a falling meteor, suddenly awakened by the cry of his eldest son. He got up, vaguely, hugged him and walked around upstairs for a long time. When his crying stopped, they slept together again.
My son is three years old and became a brother ten months ago, so he had to sleep with Ai. Because I suffered all kinds of uneasiness in my mother's womb; Postpartum nutrition is not very good; When he grows up, as soon as he goes out, he will be bullied by the children next door, calling him "China guy" and hitting him with sticks or stones: a poor child who is only three years old, and his fragile nervous system has been incurable. Since he was born, he has always woken up several times at midnight. After crying, Yuan opened his eyes, made a noise, and hit the quilt with two small fists. Sometimes I cry without tears. Sometimes I suddenly cry ... >>