In the late Mesozoic, a strong volcanic eruption occurred in Wuyishan, followed by a large-scale granite intrusion. It has been found that there are abundant volcanic institutions in this area, which is a typical structural feature of the Pacific Rim region in East Asia. The late Cretaceous red glutenite is the main body of Danxia landform.
Mesozoic crustal movement laid the basic skeleton of Wuyishan landform. The landform development of Wuyi Mountain is also obvious. The peaks above 1500m in the west are basically composed of hard tuff lava and rhyolite, while the red sand shale areas in the east often develop wide valleys and basins. Therefore, the rich landform types in Wuyishan are the result of comprehensive actions such as geological structure, flowing water erosion, weathering erosion and gravity collapse. In 2007, 3728 species of plants were known in Wuyishan. The number of seed plants is in the forefront of the central subtropical region, with 365,438+0 species of 27 genera endemic to China and 3,728 species of Ginkgo biloba in relict plant. The number of seed plants is in the forefront in the subtropical region. There are 27 genera, 365,438+0 species endemic to China, many of which, such as Ginkgo biloba, are single species in relict plant. Up to 2007, 28 rare and endangered plants have been listed in China Plant Red Book, such as Liriodendron chinense, silver bell tree, southern hemlock, ornamental tree and purple stem. There are 32 genera and 78 species of orchids in Wuyishan, among which Cymbidium hybridum and Cymbidium hybridum are new records in China and Eupatorium fortunei is new records in Fujian. There are 65,438+04 species of Pteris wuyiensis, Pteris wuyiensis, Pteris wuyiensis, Pteris wuyiensis, Pteris wuyiensis, etc., and as many as 6 species are named "Pteris wuyiensis". The ancient and famous trees in Wuyishan are ancient, large, rare and numerous, such as the 880-year-old ancient laurel in Wuyi Palace and the 980-year-old Taxus mairei in Keng, which are of great scientific research and preservation value.
In 2007, there were 565,438+065,438+00 known animal species in Wuyishan, including 765,438+0 mammals, 256 birds, 40 fishes, 35 amphibians, 73 reptiles and 4,635 insects (including more than 700 new species and 20 new records in China). Among the animal species, amphibians, reptiles and Kunqu Opera are famous all over the world. Biologists at home and abroad call Wuyi Mountain "the key to study amphibians and reptiles", "bird paradise", "snake kingdom" and "insect world". By 20 1 1, 46 species of animals have been listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and black muntjac, golden pheasant, golden pheasant, etc. 1 1 species are listed in the first-class protection. There are 97 species protected by Sino-Japanese and Sino-Australian migratory bird protection agreements. There are 49 species of wild animals endemic to China, among which toads (horned monsters), lizards, scalelike snakes and hanging birds in Chong 'an are endemic to Wuyishan. From the historical and scientific point of view, Wuyi Mountain has outstanding and universal value, which not only provides a unique witness for the ancient civilization and cultural tradition that have disappeared, but also has direct and substantial connection with Neo-Confucianism, which conforms to the third and fifth standards of world cultural heritage. Nature has endowed Wuyishan with a unique and superior natural environment, attracting scholars, writers and military commanders from all previous dynasties to visit, live in seclusion and write, or learn from teachers in the mountains, wave after wave, you come and go. Natural landscape edifies people's temperament and enlightens people's wisdom. The active exchange of human beings has developed Wuyi Mountain, adding luster to the natural landscape. The wisdom of the ancestors and the obstruction of the scribes left many cultural relics on both sides of the Jiuqu River: the sunken ship of 18 has been hanging on the cliff for thousands of years; There are 35 sites of Confucian Academy, including Zhu, You Zuo, Cai, etc. There are more than 450 ancient cliff stone carvings, which can be called the treasure house of ancient calligraphy art in China. Among them, the ancient government and villagers imposed a 13 ban on Wuyi landscape, animal and plant protection; There are more than 60 temples and temples, and there are Buddhist monks and Taoist priests.
Ancient min culture
Built more than 3750 years ago, the ship coffin is the earliest hanging coffin site found at home and abroad. Wuyishan is rich in historical and cultural relics. As early as more than 4,000 years ago, our ancestors worked and lived here, and gradually formed the unique "ancient Fujian" culture and the subsequent "Fujian and Guangdong" culture in a corner of China, which was famous at home and abroad, and lasted for more than 2,000 years, leaving many cultural relics. Reflecting the cultural characteristics of this period, there are mainly "boat-making coffins", "Hongqiao board" and the site of the Wang Cheng of Fujian and Vietnam in the Han Dynasty covering an area of 480,000 square meters.
The coffin and Hongqiao board in the cliff cave in the east of Wuyishan are the burial tools of ancient ancestors, which have been more than 3000 years since. The cotton piece in the coffin is the earliest cotton textile discovered in China so far. Wuyi Jiahe Boat Coffin is the oldest hanging coffin found in China. Therefore, Wuyi Mountain is regarded by archaeologists as the birthplace of hanging coffin burial custom, and its physical objects are extremely precious materials for studying the history of China before Qin Dynasty and the disappearing ancient Fujian culture.
Ancient Hancheng site
Wuyishan Seoul site is a "modern" city more than 2200 years ago. 1999 was listed in the World Cultural Heritage List from June 5438 to February 65438, and it is also the only site of Wangcheng in Han Dynasty listed in the World Heritage List in China. The site of Seoul covers an area of 480,000 square meters and is of great historical, cultural and research value. It is the most complete preserved site of the ancient city of Han Dynasty in the south of the Yangtze River in China, and it is unique in site selection, architectural technology and style. It is a typical representative of ancient southern cities in China and occupies an important position in the architectural history of China and the world. At present, a large number of precious cultural relics have been excavated, such as daily pottery, ceramic building materials, tiles, iron bronzes and so on. They respectively represented the advanced productive forces at that time, embodied the highest level of Chinese civilization, and provided important physical materials for studying the rise and fall of Fujian and Yue nationalities in Han Dynasty and the history of economic and cultural development in the south of the Yangtze River. 20 13 12.20, Wuyishan Seoul site was listed in the national archaeological site park.
Taoist cave
According to legend, Taoism has 36 caves and 72 blessed places, all of which are places where immortals live and relax. The world thinks that the land of heaven is auspicious and full of admiration. Taoist hermits like to live in quiet forests, so they choose places with fairy tales to build temples, which can benefit from the fairy wind and Taoist temple. Since ancient times, Taoist couples have stopped living and pilgrims have been in an endless stream. Therefore, the cave has become a scenic spot of Jinxiu River and Mountain in China. The cave is blessed with land, also known as thirty-six small caves.
Wuyi palace
Wuyi Palace, also known as Huixian Temple, Chongyou Temple and Wannian Palace, is located at the southern foot of Wang Feng and in front of the mouth of Jiuqu River. It is a place where emperors of past dynasties offered sacrifices to Wuyi Jun, and it is also one of the six famous views in Song Dynasty. According to the records of Wuyishan, Wuyi Palace was built in Tianbao period of Tang Dynasty (742-755), which is the oldest palace in Wuyishan with a history of 1000 years. When Wuyi Palace was first built, it was not on this site, but on a winding island called Tianbao Hall. Bao was in the second year of Southern Tang Dynasty (944). Li Wangjing resigned as his younger brother Li, and later moved to this place, named "Huixian Temple". After the completion of Huixian Temple, feudal rulers who believed in immortals in past dynasties spared no expense to repair and expand the palace many times and renamed it "Zhong You Temple". Xin Qiji, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu You, Liu Zijun, Zhu and others all took charge of the concept of "revisiting". Thailand was established for five years (1328), and the palace was changed, which was called "Wannian Palace". In the fourth year of Ming Dynasty (1439), Guan was destroyed by soldiers. During the years of Tianshun and Chenghua (1457- 1487), although the government allocated funds for repairs many times, it failed to restore its old appearance. In the fourth year of Jiajing (1525), Guan Yu was burned again and recovered the following year. This is Wuyi Palace. Although the Wuyi Palace with a long history has been repaired in past dynasties, it can't stand several fires and wars, leaving only a few empty rooms. During 2006-2008, with the support of the tourism and cultural departments, the main hall of Wuyi Palace was rebuilt. Two osmanthus trees in the courtyard were left over from the Song Dynasty, which are 800-900 years old. The plan to comprehensively restore Wuyi Palace will be carried out step by step. This concept of eternal fame is sure to reproduce its former glory. Feng Tianyou
Tianyou Peak is 408m above sea level, with a relative height of 2 15m. It is a rock ridge extending from north to south. It is connected with Xianyou Rock in the east and Zhangxianfeng in the west. The cliff is steep and the mountain peaks are towering above Wan Ren. On the peak, there is a stream flowing down the cliff to the bottom of the peak, forming a spring water with a height difference of about 120m. There are many famous and ancient trees on the peak, and the evergreen broad-leaved forest is lush. Xu Xiake, a famous geographer in the Ming Dynasty, praised: "If you can win the Jiuxi River without backing it, this peak should be the first."
There are nearly 100 cliff carvings in the past dynasties on the stone wall next to Humajian at the peak. The largest is the "First Mountain", which was inscribed by Xu Qingchao, general of Dongwu County, Daoguang Renchen. It means that Tianyou Peak is "the first resort in Wuyi" and should be called "the first mountain". It has also been explained that Wuyishan is a famous Taoist mountain and the 16th climbing cave among the 36 caves.
Jiuqu Stream
Jiuquxi originated in Wuyishan Nature Reserve, with dense forests and a total length of 62.8 kilometers. A section of the river entering the scenic spot is not only influenced by the natural bending of the river, but also controlled by the fracture direction of several groups of strata, forming a deep meander, which makes the straight-line distance of the 9.5-kilometer-long river only 5 kilometers and the curvature is 1.9. Jiuquxi has clear water flow and abundant water resources, and the water quality reaches the national surface water standard.
Da Hong Pao Scenic Area
Dahongpao Scenic Area is located in the center of Wuyishan Scenic Area, in the famous Grand Canyon "Jiulong Pavilion". This is a deep and long valley controlled by the east-west fault structure. The valley is deep, and the long single-sided mountains on both sides of the nine dangerous peaks are towering, with rugged bones, parallel north and south, unique joint development and undulating peaks.
The world-famous Dahongpao grows on the cliff near the foot of Jiulong Mountain. There are a large and a small bonsai-style ancient tea garden, and six ancient and lush tea trees are flourishing. It has a history of more than 340 years.
In July 2007, 20 grams of Dahongpao tea was collected by China National Museum, which was the first time that modern tea was hidden in Guo Bo. Wuyishan will no longer be the mother tree Dahongpao tea.
Water Curtain Cave
Water curtain cave in Wuyishan is one of the 72 famous caves in Wuyishan. Located in the north of Zhangtang River. Entering the scenic spot, there is a row of small waterfalls flowing down from the top of Xiabin Rock, which is called Little water curtain cave. After climbing the stairs, we arrived in water curtain cave. The dangerous rock at the top of the cave is obliquely covered, and the cave is deeply hidden in the convergent rock waist. The mouth of the cave is inclined, and the top of the cave is cool. Two flying springs pour down from the top of the inclined overlying rock 100 meters, just like two Youlong spouting dragon saliva, floating in the mountains, and like two bead curtains, hanging from the sky to the earth, so it is also called the bead curtain hole.
Water curtain cave is full of carved vertical and horizontal Dan cliffs. Among them, there is a seal script, which extracts Zhu's famous sentence, "Ask the canal so clearly, because there is flowing water at the source." There are inscriptions of "water curtain cave" on scenic spots in the Ming Dynasty, and stone-carved couplets of "It rains all day long on the eaves of ancient and modern times, and pearls are hung on the flowers in spring and autumn". Wuyishan Nature Reserve is famous for its majestic mountain shape and biodiversity. It spans Wuyishan, Jianyang and Guangze in Fujian Province and Yanshan County in Jiangxi Province, with a total area of 56,527.4 hectares. Huanggang Mountain, the main peak, is located in Mu Tong Village, Yanshan County, Jiangxi Province. Its highest peak is 2 157.8 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in the southeast of the mainland and the highest peak in six provinces and one city in East China. It is the largest nature reserve in Fujian Province, 60 kilometers away from Wuyishan City, and the most intact forest ecosystem in the same latitude zone in the world. The reserve was built in 1979, which is a national key protected area for forest ecology and wildlife types. 1987 was accepted by UNESCO as a member of "Man and Biosphere" World Nature Conservation Network, and 1992 was designated by the United Nations as 155 national nature reserves in China. Wuyishan Natural Museum is built on the banks of three ports in the nature reserve.
There are many peaks in the reserve, and Huanggang Mountain in the north is 2158m above sea level, which is the highest peak in the southeast of China. It is called "East China Roof", and the resort is about 90 kilometers away from the top of Huanggang Mountain. It contains all the subtropical vegetation types in China, and it is also a world-famous wildlife paradise. Climbing Huanggang Mountain, you can enjoy Tongmuguan fault zone and ancient waterfall along the way, and enjoy the vertical belt spectrum of vegetation: Castanopsis eyrei, Schima superba and other tree species are vertically distributed between 350- 1400 meters above sea level; The coniferous and broad-leaved transitional forest belt is distributed at an altitude of 500- 1700 meters; The bryophyte dwarf forest belt in Zhongshan is located at 1700- 1970 m above sea level, and the Zhongshan meadow belt is located at the top of Huanggang Mountain at 1700-2 158 m above sea level. Due to the extremely special environment, wild ancient grasses such as wild green grass and marsh grass were born, forming a "grassland" on the top of the mountain. Zhongshan meadow, sunrise and sea of clouds are a major tourist feature of Huanggang Mountain. Up to 20 12, more than 5,000 species of wild animals have been known in Wuyishan. 57 species of national key protected animals.
1February, 1999, the protected area and Wuyishan Scenic Area jointly applied for the World Double Heritage List, making this area the only protected area in China that is both a world biosphere reserve and a world double heritage reserve. In February 2006, it was listed as the first demonstration unit of nature reserves in China by the State Forestry Administration. Wuyishan nature reserve plays a very important role in the ecological construction on the west side of the Taiwan Strait and even in the whole country, and has become the business card of Fujian forestry.