[Edit this paragraph] Heze Peony Scientific Research Achievements
Heze peony has achieved fruitful scientific research. As early as the first National Flower Expo, the breeding of new peony varieties in Heze, the research on flower-forcing technology in field and the third scientific research achievement of new peony varieties won the national scientific and technological progress award, ranking first in the number of national peony scientific research awards. 1997 1 month 14, Heze peony scientific research achievements passed the national appraisal for the fourth time. Only this time, seven achievements, including new peony variety cultivation, desk peony soilless culture, temperature-resistant peony product screening, application of Feng Dan grafted ornamental peony in commercial production, peony bonsai research, peony cut flower variety screening and new peony variety breeding, have passed the appraisal, which is the most scientific research achievements of peony. Five of them have reached the domestic leading level, which indicates that Heze Peony has made a breakthrough in scientific research. Thus, the ornamental value of peony is improved, the planting range and application range of peony are broadened, the problem of rapid breeding of precious varieties is solved to a certain extent, a new way is opened up for peony to enter thousands of households, and conditions are created for connecting with the international flower industry. Praised by Vice President Chen. Heze Peony has also won awards in major flower exhibitions at home and abroad, enjoying a high reputation at home and abroad. At the first, second, third and fourth National Flower Exposition, Heze Peony won the gold, silver and bronze awards and the scientific and technological progress award, and 26 fine pieces will be exhibited. In three Hong Kong international flower shows, Heze Peony caused a sensation, winning the first prize 1 piece and three first prizes. At the Bordeaux International Flower Expo in France and the Pittsburgh International Invention Expo in the United States, they won the silver prize for the total score of the contest and the silver prize for dried peony flowers respectively. At the 4th Flower Expo, Heze Peony won the only "Special Award for Attractions" and 6 individual awards. Especially in the 99' China Kunming World Horticultural Exposition, Heze Peony won the championship in one fell swoop, and * * won 8 1 in the19 Peony Individual Award, accounting for 68%. Among them, Heze "Cao Zhou Peony Garden" and "Qiaozihong" Peony each won1; 12 gold medal, Heze Peony "Black Flower" and "Caozhou Red" won10; 36 silver medals, 26 Heze Peony "Hu Hong" and "lantian jade"; Of the 60 bronze medals, Heze Peony "Flower Er Qiao" and "Huang Huakui" won 43. The expert judges unanimously commented: "Heze peony flower is big, colorful and full, and it deserves to be called National Color Day.
Heze peony belongs to the Central Plains peony population, with rich colors and ever-changing patterns. Now Heze Peony has developed into nine color systems: pink, red (including purple), purple, blue, yellow, white, black, green and multicolor, and each color system can be divided into deep, light and thick. According to the flower shape and the evolution degree of male and female, it can be divided into ten flower types, such as single petal type, lotus type, chrysanthemum type, rose type, gold ring type, crown type, hydrangea type, dry platform type and pavilion type. Heze Peony 1 100 is a unique variety of Heze Peony. There are precious varieties of Heze peony in various colors, such as "Zhang Huaan", which are like fire and red. "Drunk Yang Fei" dressed in red, bowed his head and hid his face, winking at him; "Pear Flower Snow" is like pear flower, white, and is known as the crown of white; "Kunshan luminous flower" is surprisingly white, and the night still exists, which was called "lantern" in ancient times; "Yao Huang" has a thousand layers of golden buildings, known as Kao; "Qinglong lies in Mo Chi" is like a dragon lying in ink, and there is something strange in the black; The "highest jet" is black and purple like satin, clean and shiny; "Blue hydrangea" is like hydrangea, a blue crown; "Zhao Fen" pink peach blossoms welcome guests to laugh, gloomy and fragrant; "Pink Er Qiao" is pink and purple, charming and lovely; "Vichy" is light purple and delicate, and the ancient variety is called "Flower Princess"; "Jiao Rong San Bian" turns green at first, red when it blooms, white when it dies, and changes three times in ten days, which is a rare product ... Heze is also the largest peony production, scientific research and ornamental base in China, with peony planting area, scientific research and cultivation and ornamental export ranking first in the world. In the big family of China peony, there are nearly 800 varieties of Heze peony, and more than 600 varieties are named by the National Flower Association. Traditionally, there are three types, ten types and nine color systems. Large flowers, beautiful shapes and bright colors are the remarkable characteristics of Heze peony. The ancients used "surplus foot flower" to describe its size; "A thousand pieces of red Xia Ying are rotten, and a hundred branches are bright" describes its magnificent appearance. There are three kinds of peony in Heze: single petal, compound petal and thousand petals. Single petal, the flower is as big as a flower disc; Compound valve with clear valve; Thousands of petals, petals overlap, dense. The ten types of peony in Heze are lotus, chrysanthemum, Jin Rui, rose, gold ring, laurel, multi-layer terrace, landing terrace, crown and hydrangea. The nine color systems of Heze Peony are red, white, yellow, black, pink, purple, blue, green and compound color. Heze peony 1, safflower system, peony garden family, more than 200 varieties, including depth. For example, "Yipin Zhu Yi", scarlet is about to flow, fragrant crowns and flowers; "Spring is red and delicate", the sunrise covers the sun, and the leaves are colorful; Red hydrangea, shades, rouge dyeing. 2. Yellow flowers, such as "Yao Huang" and "Jade", are dignified and elegant. 3. White flowers such as "Curling Jade", "Kunshan Luminous" and "Jade Plate White" are pure and flawless, refreshing and fascinating; Although there are not as many blue flowers as red ones. But they are also sisters in the group. "Sapphire", "Blue Flower Kui", "Purple Blue Kwai", "Hanging Branch Blue", "Cold Light Blue" and "lantian jade" are all top-grade peonies, and this "lantian jade" was carefully cultivated by Zhao Yutian, a flower farmer in Cao Zhou in Qing Dynasty. This kind of flower has open branches, round and large buds, and is pale pink blue when it blooms. The flowers are straight and the blue light is shining, which is very popular. At that time, Ma Bangju, the magistrate, appreciated these flowers very much, and once presented a plaque of "Elephant Orchid". 5. The pollen system is also a branch of Peony Garden. Pastel Ball, Pink Face, Pink Emerald Ball, Bead Fighting, Green Colla Corii Asini and Qinglong Pink Pool are all famous peony flowers. Another example is "Zhao Fen", with slightly curved branches, stout pedicels, yellow-green leaves, round buds, large flowers, sideways open petals, which are particularly attractive. 6. There are many varieties of purple peony in Heze. Besides Wei Zi, there are Jin Ge Zi, Zi Jin Pan, Xia Zi Jin Dian and Bang Ning Zi. "Bonning Purple" is the crystallization of many years' painstaking efforts of Zhao Bangning, a flower farmer in Cao Zhou in the Ming Dynasty. Heze Lvmu 7. Green, black and colorful flowers, such as "blue-green", "highest black jade" and "Er Qiao", are even more colorful and unique. There are dozens and hundreds of varieties of various colors, which can be described as varied and charming.
[Edit this paragraph] Heze Peony Classification Principles
Classification principles of peony varieties There are many methods to classify peony varieties. In the past, it was mostly classified by color, flowering period or double petals of flowers. In recent years, flower classification methods have been widely used. Practice has proved that although the above methods are simple and practical, they can fully show the internal changes and connections between melon varieties and me. The pattern classification can take both into account, which is convenient and practical, and can reflect the variety and its evolution law, so it has become one of the important classification methods to guide production and scientific research at present. According to the origin and development of peony varieties, the process of variety deepening and the way of heart evolution, through practical test, it is determined that its variety classification system can be divided into four levels: line (including subfamily), group, class (including subfamily) and type And put forward the following classification basis: the source of different groups is the primary basis for the classification of varieties "strains"; The different number of species in the participating population is the basis of "sub-line" classification, and different provenances are the main basis of variety classification. The number of flowers that make up the pattern is the main basis for variety classification. Good flower structure and variation degree are the main basis for the final classification of varieties. A new system for classification and modification of varieties and patterns * * * This system is divided into 3 series (including 4 sub-lines), 12 group, 2 types (including 4 subclasses) and 16 type. Now the revised new system is divided into the following parts: the division of first-class standard system and sub-system. Peony series includes the variety group of the main original species in the peony group and the hybrid variety group of offspring with parents as the main original species. Most peony varieties at home and abroad belong to this line. It is divided into two subsystems. (1) The peony sub-line is a variety group formed by the origin and development of a certain original species. For example, the "Feng Dan" variety widely cultivated for medicine in China is all cultivated from the original species of peony in Shan Yang. There is also the variety system of Yanshi varieties cultivated in western countries, which are basically cultivated directly from the original species of Paeonia rockii. (2) The hybrid sub-line of Paeonia suffruticosa is a hybrid progeny group formed by crossing most original species. For example, the Central Plains variety group with the largest variety and the widest cultivation distribution in China, the deep purple peony variety group in Saunders system in the United States and the yellow peony variety group in Lemoine system in France were all bred by most original species. Paeonia lactiflora series includes the variety group of the main original species in Paeonia lactiflora group and the hybrid population bred by crossing the main original species as parents. The system is divided into two subsystems. (3) Paeonia lactiflora subspecies is a variety group formed by the origin and development of an original species. For example, the cut flower peony popular in western countries at present is the variety group cultivated by medicinal peony (also known as Dutch peony). There are also many early-flowering yellow single-petal "Weimeng" strains bred from Weimeng grapes as parents. The varieties of Paeonia lactiflora in China are basically cultivated by Paeonia lactiflora. (4) The hybrid sub-line of Paeonia lactiflora is a hybrid progeny population formed by crossing most original species with their varieties. At present, most peony varieties popular in European countries belong to it. The hybrid series of Paeonia lactiflora and Paeonia lactiflora is mainly the progeny group formed by some interspecific or interspecific hybridization between Paeonia lactiflora and Paeonia lactiflora. For example, the yellow hybrid Paeonia lactiflora bred by crossing the peony variety "Huaxiangdian" in Yi Tengshi with the peony variety "Huangjin" in Lemoine, and the Ito hybrid bred by American breeders, all caused a sensation in the world. Recently, some people in China have crossed peony varieties with peony varieties and obtained hybrid seedlings. Although these distant hybrids have not formed a certain number and stable variety groups at present, they are also used for specialty products. It is argued that these varieties must exist, and with the development of peony breeding and specialty products in the future, new hybrid offspring will be formed, so their corresponding positions should be retained in variety classification. The classification of the second-class standard "group" The origin of the "group" under Peony subfamily is clear, and two groups have been applied in production. (1) As mentioned above, the variety group of Paeonia rockii basically only shows the progeny group of the original species of Paeonia rockii. Their * * * isomorphism is characterized by a bright large dark purple or dark purple patch at the base of each petal, and the stigma, filament and bulb skin (disk) are milky white with narrow leaf shape. (2) The Shan Yang Peony Group of Austi Peony is only the descendant of Shan Yang Peony, that is, the "Feng Dan" variety system with medicinal cultivation as the main part. They all have their own primitive species, with tall and upright branches, long internodes, narrow leaves and few nicked edges. These flowers are flat and neat. According to different provenances, the "groups" under the hybrid peony sub-line are divided into 7 groups. (3) The peony culture group in the northwest of China is a hybrid offspring group of Paeonia rockii and Paeonia suffruticosa. In addition to obvious purple spots at the base of petals, some varieties have shorter and wider leaves, and the filaments, stigma and bulb skin in the center of flowers are purple, which has the characteristics of dwarf peony. Other varieties have narrow leaves, white filaments, stigma and bulb skin, which have the characteristics of purple peony. At present, there are many cultivated varieties in Gansu, about 100 varieties. (4) China Zhongyuan Peony Group (Peony Culture Group from China Zhongyuan) This is a descendant group formed by the hybridization of dwarf peony and ancient Zhongyuan peony after they moved southward to adapt to local local conditions. (5) China Jiangnan Peony Group (China Jiangnan Peony) is a descendant group formed by crossing Shan Yang Peony and Zhongyuan Peony to adapt to local conditions. (6) China Southwest Tree Species Group. The source of this variety show is very complicated. At present, the number of varieties is small and the cultivation distribution is scattered. Further research is needed, and only its taxonomic status is preserved (see article 2 above). (7) French Lemoine Peony Series (French Lemoine Peony Series Variety Group) is a yellow hybrid progeny group formed by crossing purple peony, yellow peony and dwarf peony as main materials. At present, varieties such as "Gold" and "Di Chin" cultivated in Europe, America and Japan are among them. Some big cities in China also have a small amount of introduction and cultivation. (8) The cultivated population of American Saunders Peony Series es is a deep purple hybrid progeny population which is mainly bred by crossing purple peony, yellow peony and Japanese peony varieties. For example, Black Pirate and Golden Age are all famous excellent hybrids. (9) Japanese Peony Culture Group Although Japanese peony was first introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty, after long-term variety improvement, especially since the Edo period, the variety improvement work has developed rapidly, and it has embarked on the road of "Japanese-style" breeding, cultivated many varieties adapted to local conditions and folk customs, and gradually formed a unique Japanese peony variety group. Its main characteristics are bright colors, weak double petals, smooth and neat patterns, hard pedicels and thick petals. There are three different subgroups of Paeonia lactiflora. (10) The herbaceous group of Paeonia lactiflora mainly originated from China, Japan and South Korea, and was also the earliest group in horticulture. Represented by the existing varieties of Paeonia lactiflora in China. (1 1) Medicinal Paeonia lactiflora group, also known as Dutch Paeonia lactiflora or cut-flower Paeonia lactiflora variety group, is a descendant group mainly cultivated by natural primary medicinal Paeonia lactiflora from southern Europe to western Asia. Mainly used as cut flowers, it is widely cultivated and applied in Europe, and its color is richer than the former. (12) Paeonia tenuifolia variety group _ the progeny group mainly cultivated by Paeonia tenuifolia, the original species of Paeonia tenuifolia originated in Europe. In particular, the descendants of Polygala tenuifolia, whose leaves are only 0.2 cm wide, are a precious group of fine-leaved varieties, suitable for flower beds. Since the beginning of this century, European and American breeders have done a lot of cross-breeding work on Paeonia, and cultivated many new varieties of hybrid Paeonia, the most outstanding of which is American hybrid Paeonia. (13) New American Hybrid Peony Group (American Paeonia lactiflora Cultivars Group) This is a progeny group formed by interspecies and varieties crossing from many sources. The main parents are Paeonia lactiflora, Paeonia lactiflora and their close relatives, Paeonia macrophylla and Paeonia macrophylla. These hybrid Paeonia lactiflora have greatly improved and enriched the original varieties of Paeonia lactiflora, and their colors are gorgeous. The three-level standard * * * is divided into two categories and four subcategories. According to the number of flowers and the source of petals, each variety group is divided into the following two categories and four subcategories. The single flower part consists of a single flower. (1) Petals in the subsegment of 100 petals mainly come from natural growth and are arranged in concentric layers. The petals are almost the same at first, and they get smaller from the outside to the inside. Stamens decrease or disappear with the increase of petals, or there is only a small amount of petals in the center of flowers: pistil is normal or degenerated. The whole flower is flat and tidy. (2) Petals in the crown subsegment mainly come from stamen petalization, and the outer petals are wide and flat, with about 2-4 rounds. The inner petals are mainly developed from stamens to petals from the inside out. Petals are long, narrow, slit or shriveled and curled: pistils are normal or petals are degenerated and disappeared, and flowers are towering or protruding like terraces. The flower pattern of the tiger flower festival is made up of two or more single flowers overlapping up and down. It is divided into two subcategories. (3) Each flower pattern of Melaleuca terrace subclass is formed by overlapping two or more single flowers in Melaleuca terrace subclass. (4) In the Louzi subclass, the crown multiplication flower subclass consists of two or more single flowers overlapping up and down. According to the classification of the fourth standard, *** 16 can be divided into the following 16 types because of the different number of petals in each subclass or the different degree of stamen petalization: (1) haplotype Melaleuca subfamily petals 1 to 3 circles, wide, spreading, broadly ovoid or ovoid or inverted. (2)4-5 rounds of lotus-shaped petals are large and uniform: the pistils and stamens are normal. When open, the petals are slightly inward, shaped like a lotus. (3) The chrysanthemum type has more than 6 petals, which are arranged layer by layer from the outside to the inside and gradually become smaller. Stamens are normal, the number is reduced or there are a few petals in the center of the flower: pistil is normal. (4) The height of rose-shaped irregular petals increases, and they are arranged layer by layer from the outside to the inside, and become obviously smaller: most stamens disappear, sometimes a few square stamens remain in the center of the flower or a few petals are mixed with finely divided petals; the pistil is political or slightly petaloid or degenerated. Each flower pattern of Louzi subclass (5) has 2-3 rounds of outer petals in the form of golden stamens, which are wide and flat: the stamen anthers are obviously enlarged and the filaments are thickened, all of which are bright golden yellow; the pistil is normal. (6) Obturated outer flap, 2-3 rounds, wide and flat; Stamens are completely valved, and valved petals are long, narrow and erect; Pistil square or reduced to smaller. (7) Golden round outer flap, 2 ~ 3 circles wide; Stamens are mostly petal-shaped, and only a ring of party stamens remains around the outer petals, which is a gold ring; The gynoecium is either petal-shaped or degenerated into smaller ones. (8) The coronal external valve is wide and common; Stamens are valved, the valved petals are wider from outside to inside, and sometimes a few stamens gradually degenerate, and the heart completely degenerates. The pistil is petal-shaped or degenerated into smaller or completely disappeared, and the whole flower is towering and shaped like a crown. (9) Hydrangea stamens are highly petaled, and petaled petals are similar in size and shape to outer petals, so it is difficult to distinguish them. Pistil is highly clavate or degenerated to become smaller or disappear completely. The whole flower is plump and shaped like a hydrangea. Each flower pattern (10) of the subclass Melaleuca is a lotus multiplication flower pattern, which is formed by overlapping two single lotus flowers. This type is less in peony and peony varieties. (1 1) Chrysanthemum-It is formed by overlapping two single chrysanthemums. The pistil of the flower is slightly petal-shaped and inserted around the upper flower. The upper flowers are underdeveloped, the number of petals is small, and the pistils and stamens are basically normal. (12) The rose flower pattern is formed by overlapping two or more single roses. The pistil of the lower flower is petal-shaped, and its petal-shaped petals are different in shape and color, sometimes green, sometimes purple with green stripes or green with purple stripes, and some are completely normal petals. The degree of petalization varies with varieties. The upper flowers are less developed than the former, with fewer stamens, sometimes a little petaloid, and the pistil is slightly petaloid or degenerated into smaller ones. Each pattern (13) of Louzitaige is an anemone multiplication pattern, which is formed by overlapping two laurel-shaped single flowers. The upper flower is underdeveloped, and a small number of stamens and normal or degenerated pistils often remain in the center of the flower. This pattern is less in peony and peony varieties. (14) The flower shape of gold ring proliferation is formed by overlapping two or more gold ring sound flowers. Develop well. (15) The crown multiplication flower is formed by overlapping two or more single crown flowers. The flowers below are fully developed, the stamens are completely petaled, and the pistil is highly petaled and presents a variety of colorful petals (like 14 colored petals); The upper flowers are also fully developed, but sometimes there are still a few stamens in the flower heart, and the pistil degenerates into smaller or disappears. (16) Hydrangeas are made up of two or more hydrangeas. The upper and lower flowers are fully developed. Stamen petals elongate and widen like normal petals. The pistil of the lower flower also petals into normal petals, while the pistil of the upper flower petals or degenerates. All flowers are spherical.
[Edit this paragraph] Heze Peony Festival
"Take flowers as a medium, make friends, set up a stage for the government, and sing operas in economy and trade." 1992, with the approval of the State Council, Heze held the first "Heze International Peony Fair", and invited experts, scholars and florists from more than ten countries including North Korea, Japan, the United States, France and Germany to participate. At the same time, a large-scale peony ordering meeting will be held to push Heze peony to the world. Cao Zhou's agricultural proverb says, "Three generations of Grain Rain visited peony". During the annual flower show, millions of Chinese and foreign tourists, painters, writers, calligraphers, journalists, photographers, embroidery artists, printing and dyeing designers, patriotic overseas Chinese, international friends and local residents gathered in Heze, the flower town, to watch this "gorgeous peony" and discuss economic and trade cooperation. By then, peony will be in full bloom, colorful and fragrant, and tourists will be woven into a sea of adults and fresh flowers, which is very popular. It can be said that "only peony is the real national color, and it will move the capital as soon as it opens" and "it will be crazy for people in the city to bloom for 20 days". By the end of 2009, Heze International Peony Fair had been held for 18 sessions, with import and export turnover exceeding 300 million US dollars, with an average of more than 800 foreign businessmen attending each session. At present, Heze Peony has accounted for 85% of the national sales share and has become a pillar industry in Heze. Under the market economy, Heze Peony has also successfully played an important media role of "attracting investment and revitalizing the economy". Since 1992, Heze prefectural party committee and administrative office have held 18 international peony flower fair successfully and achieved remarkable economic and social benefits. First, Heze's popularity has improved. The colorful cultural and economic activities held during previous flower shows attracted a large number of Chinese and foreign guests. According to incomplete statistics, the first eight flower fairs received more than 50,000 Chinese and foreign tourists/kloc-0, more than 300 provincial and ministerial leaders visited Heze, and more than 3,500 foreign guests attended the fair. Every flower fair has a large number of Chinese and foreign journalists coming to Heze for interviews. Various cultural and economic activities highlight Heze peony culture, highlight Heze's location advantages, and show Heze's superior investment environment and bright development prospects to friends at home and abroad. The Peony Festival has enhanced our communication with the outside world. During the Flower Festival, a large number of friends from all walks of life at home and abroad gather in Heze. They learned about Heze through various channels and ways, publicized Heze, and greatly improved Heze's popularity in the country and even the world. Second, the Peony Fair has brought considerable economic benefits. According to statistics, the total economic and trade turnover of the first eight flower fairs reached more than 654.38+08 billion yuan. Many enterprises set annual production contracts at one time during the flower show. With the help of the Flower Expo, foreign trade and economic cooperation made a breakthrough. In the first eight flower fairs, on average, more than 300 foreign businessmen attended each meeting, and * * * signed 178 contracts for the utilization of foreign capital, with a total contracted foreign capital of $325,438+0.6 million. The flower show promoted the development of the tertiary industry. In the past eight years, the direct economic income of the whole region has increased by more than 200 million yuan, of which the ticket income of the flower area alone has reached more than 30 million yuan. The business of photography, catering and other service industries is also very prosperous, and the income has increased greatly. Hotels and guest houses in urban areas are full, and the turnover has soared. Even some ordinary guest houses are full of guests. Before and after the opening of the flower show, it has also become a golden opportunity for all kinds of hotels, restaurants and shops to focus on opening. The prosperity of the tertiary industry brought by the Expo has made cadres and the masses, especially business people, strongly feel the great benefits of the marriage of culture and economy and trade. Third, it has promoted the improvement of urban construction and management. Since the Flower Festival was held, the urban construction of Heze has developed rapidly and the urban appearance has changed obviously.