(1470.11.28—1559.3.28), formerly known as Bi (or Zuo Bi), is Ming. Since I was forty-two, I have paid more attention to words. Because of its predecessor Hengshan, it was named "Hengshan Jushi" and "Wenhengshan" in the world. Han nationality, a native of Changzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu), was a painter, calligrapher and writer in Ming Dynasty. Because the official went to the Hanlin to wait for the imperial edict, he personally worshipped Mr. Zhen, so he was called "Wen Hou Zhao" and "Zheng Wenxian". Like Zhu He, Ning Wang hired him because he admired his virtue, but refused to go because of illness. In Zheng De's last years, due to the recommendation of 20-year-old Gong Sheng, he awarded Hanlin a letter to be written. He didn't care about dignitaries, especially refused to paint for princes and middle-level officials, and soon resigned and returned to China. And "Fu Tian Ji".
Major achievements
Summary of achievements
Wen Zhiming's paintings are good at landscapes, orchids, figures and flowers, especially landscapes. In his early years, he studied under Shen Zhou, and later joined Zhao Mengfu, Wang Meng and Zhenwu, forming his own style. Painting styles are thick and thin. Rough brush originated from Shen Zhou and Zhenwu, and used the ancient wood and bamboo stone method of Zhao Mengfu. The pen and ink are vigorous and dripping, the dry pen rubbings, and the calligraphy flies white, showing the hierarchy and charm in the rough bamboo slips; Zhao Mengfu and Wang Meng used meticulous brushwork. Dense scenery, less space and depth, regular shape, angular, and sometimes deformed. The brushwork is delicate, slightly rough, and childlike in mastery. The colors are green and heavy, with a faint crimson between them, and elegance is seen in freshness. This meticulous landscape road is a true color painting, which has the characteristics of decoration, lyricism, childlike innocence and closeness to the people, and also lays the basic characteristics of the "five schools".
Li Yingzhen, a beginner in calligraphy, has learned from the masterpieces of the previous generation, and has his own accomplishments in seal cutting, official script, regular script, calligraphy and cursive script. Especially good at running script and small letters, warm and beautiful, rigorous statutes and vivid ideas. Although there is no vigorous momentum, it has the charm of Jin and Tang calligraphy and has its own certain style. Small letters are euphemistic and slow-paced, which complements his painting style and is known as "the first in Ming Dynasty".
Wen Zhiming is famous for being good at all kinds of calligraphy in history, especially at running script and small letters. Wang Shizhen commented in Yi Yan Yuan Yan: "Wen Zhiming, who is waiting for a letter, is famous for its small characters in the sea, and all his disciples are familiar with it. His unique seal is not inferior to others, but it has also become a useful product. The book "Thousand Characters" is four-body, and the script is exquisite. There are "Huang Ting" and "legacy education" brushwork, and the style is light and moist. It can be called the jade version of Shengjiao, and the official script is also wonderful. The seal script is Yang Bing-style, while the regular script has a small method, which is commendable. "
Wen Zhiming's calligraphy is warm and graceful, steady and mature, rigorous in statutes and vivid in conception. Although there is no vigorous momentum, it has the charm of calligraphy in Jin and Tang Dynasties. His book style is less angry, and in his freehand brushwork, he often reveals a gentle and elegant atmosphere. Perhaps the ups and downs of his official career have killed his spirit of death, but he is a late bloomer and his style is becoming more and more calm. Wen Zhiming is a leading figure in wu school after Shen Zhou, with many disciples, which formed the largest painting school in Wumen area at that time.
Painting achievement
Initial project
In Wen Zhiming's early works, we can see his delicate and accurate memory and strong organizational ability. Detailed description with ordinary lines is not only exquisite, but also the subtle gray parts are vivid once the fuzzy effect is used. Thick ink is generally only used for emphasis, and the color is much lighter. The result of this will be classified as the painting style in the late Song Dynasty according to the picture of a lonely boat in the wind and rain or the picture of a tree in a spring mountain in Mi Fei style. But at the same time, this picture can't even talk about the turquoise old saying used in "Spring Trees after Rain" or the snow scene skills in "Xishan Zita Law". Painters who were active in Suzhou at that time, especially disciples who had taught in Shen Zhou, were highly respected in the Yuan Dynasty. Imitation of Wang Meng's Landscape is the earliest of a series of works with the same theme created by Wen Zhiming based on his own life experience. In Lin Dong Xia Tu, we can see Ni Zan's style. The shadow of Zhenwu can also be seen in the slender sketch "Autumn Mountain Map"; The existing Tianping tourist map (1508) in Shanghai is yellow. The sharpness, conciseness and ancient style in the masterpiece Listening to Spring Pictures are all close to Zhao Mengfu's style.
At this time, Wen Zhiming's landscape painting has two typical styles: "rough and scattered" and "fine and scattered". His rough brushwork landscape mainly adopts Shen Zhou and Zhenwu, expressing hierarchy and charm in rough brushwork; Meticulous landscapes are taken from Zhao Mengfu and Wangmeng, with exquisite brushwork and dense scenery. The colors are mostly blue-green or light crimson, which is elegant and quiet and has strong decorative significance. Wen Zhiming has a Wen Ya temperament, especially advocating elegant, delicate and subtle painting style, and his works are mainly meticulous landscapes. This is obviously different from Shen Zhou's bold and unconstrained painting style. There has always been a saying in the collection circle that "rough writing is implicit", and his rough landscapes are more popular with collectors because of their small number.
Later works
In Wen Zhiming's later works, turquoise method and shallow descent method are combined. There are two kinds of green mountains and green waters in Wen Zhiming, one is thicker and the other is lighter. The former is like Imitating Red Cliff in Zhao Bosu, Trees in Spring, Trees in Xiao Chun, etc. The latter has many works, such as Preface to Lanting Collection, Spring Trees in Rain, Hutong Cottage in Huxi, etc. Wen Zhiming inherited Zhao Mengfu's coloring method in landscaping. Zhao Mengfu's coloring method is no longer the gaudy coloring method compared with the courtyard painting in Song Dynasty, and he himself criticized the colorful coloring method in Song Dynasty. Nevertheless, some exquisite green landscapes in Zhao Mengfu still retain the colors of courtyard paintings in the Song Dynasty. Wen Zhiming completely got rid of the gaudy painting style of courtyards in Song Dynasty in the color setting of green landscape. Judging from the works, Wen skillfully combines the green method with the shallow method, making the works both beautiful and elegant and full of pen and ink interest. Wen Zhiming is a scholar painter who attaches great importance to color effect. He made great contributions to the coloring of Chinese painting and created a new style of green landscape painting in Ming Dynasty.
Judging from the existing works, there are many works with pen and ink as the main performance object, which reflects Wen's preference for pen and ink in Yuan Dynasty. In his paintings, he not only uses one-fourth brushwork and ink painting method, but also skillfully combines brushwork, composition and modeling of various schools. From the point of view of the painting creator, the study of Yuan people's pen and ink and formal beauty is quite profound, and his various pen and ink characteristics and modeling techniques have been perfectly inherited and transformed in his paintings.
Calligraphy achievement
Wen Zhiming's calligraphy is a model of Bofei's specialization. Wen Zhiming has the highest attainments in lowercase letters. The main examples are Wang Xizhi's Huang Tingjing, Le Yi Lun, Zhong You Proclamation and Wang Xianzhi's Sonnets. And they can melt into the low-key brushwork of the Tang Dynasty and form their own "gentle and pure" style.
Wen Zhiming's running script can be roughly divided into two styles: one is a running script sketch created according to the meaning of Wang Xizhi's preface to the holy teachings; The first one is a large printed letter written in a yellow valley. Before he formed these two styles, he also went through the stage of learning. He not only searched Wang Xizhi's calligraphy posts as much as possible, but also studied Yan Zhenqing's competing for a seat, offering a memorial to his nephew, Liu Zhong's postscript, Yingzhou's post, Su Dongpo's Poem on the Former Red Cliff (which was supplemented by Su Ti) and Huang Gu's Poem on Jingfubo Temple. Sometimes, like Zhu Yunming, he writes his own poems in the style of Su, Huang and Mi. Of course, he didn't stay at this stage, but learned from experience, sublated the ancient method, and finally got his own brushwork that suited his nature.
Wen Zhiming's cursive script not only learned from the two kings, but also learned from the weeds of Huai Su and Huanggu. The former kind of grass is the most common one, which is often incorporated into his running script. There are few works of Crazy Grass, only three works written by him at the age of 43, 50 and 5 1 respectively. At the age of 43, Ying You asked me to write "Lin Dong Xia Tu Poetry" (now in new york Art Museum), a poem by Huang Gu, a poem by Crazy Grass and a poem by Su Ti. There are seventeen lines of wild grass, which are composed of valleys and crazy elements. At the age of 50, after learning Zhuzhici, a weed in the valley, he wrote a cursive scroll for the brushwork (now in Wuxi Museum). At the age of 565,438+0, the book "Autumn Seven Rhymes" (now in Shanghai Museum) on August 6th has stripped the weeds in the valley, which is almost in line with Huai Su's providence. Compared with Zhu Zhishan who is good at Weeds, this painting is not inferior. After this volume, Li Deng wrote a postscript: Calligraphers imitate, although they can devote themselves wholeheartedly to it, the so-called step-by-step trend, but the grass sage can not imitate, how can we see it? Dangerous waves are used to escape. And with imitation, God is good first. Therefore, it can be realistic, and the so-called elegance is the latter.
Wen Zhiming's official script works are not many, but he is quite complacent. Mainly studied Zhong You and Liang Hu. He sometimes uses official script as a postscript, such as Postscript Fan Anshi Lake Poem Volume and Postscript Li Bai's Poem in Kanglizishan Book. It is also often used as a four-body thousand-character text (positive, grass, official, seal); Sometimes it starts with a big official document. His official script in big characters is quite different from that in small characters. In addition, he also collected Han Li's "The Rhyme of Han Li" (Zhu Yunming's school rhyme, collected by the National Library), which shows that he worked hard on official script and spared no effort to promote this style. Although Wen Zhiming's official script is not his best style, it is also a typical official script style of Ming Dynasty, which may be related to this. Compared with other characters, Wen Zhiming's seal script is a weakness. However, in the Ming Dynasty, when writing seal script was quiet, his seal script was still quite rare and precious. Because Wen Zhiming often writes thousands of words every day, the seal script of Yi Mao Yuan Yan also has its basic skills.
Ceng Yun, Wen Jia, "A Brief Introduction to the ancients": "Fair birth to Yamuyuan Zhao Wenmin, everything has many teachers. The writer's public knowledge, poetry, words, essays, books and paintings, although the same as Zhao, is pure and pure. " It can be seen that he is not only unique in poetry, calligraphy and painting, but also good at calligraphy, which is superior to Wu, Wang, Li, Shen, Zhu and other predecessors. So he can join the Wu School of Calligraphy after Zhu Yunming.
Poetry achievement
Wen Zhiming was one of the "Ten Friends in Dongzhuang" and "Four Talents in Wuzhong" in the early stage, and was "elegant for decades" in the later stage. The literati poets in the Song Dynasty and the middle and late Tang Dynasty brought out the best in each other, such as the neatness of Lu's poems, the literati interest of Su's poems, the elegance of white poems and the profundity of Liu Shi. In addition, Wen Zhiming's personality and interest are also integrated into his poems, forming a poetic style of "appealing to both refined and popular tastes, and being elegant and graceful at the time".
First, in elegant poems, the elegance of literary poems naturally affects the arrangement of structure and diction in his poems to a certain extent, and it is also elegant. In literary poetry, its structure is rigorous and its sentence patterns are neat, which embodies the characteristics of ordering. Zheng Ming studies Lu You, and both of them like to use antithesis in their poems. In literature and poetry, antithetical sentences abound, and there are four commonly used antithetical sentences: numeral pairs, reduplicated word pairs, color pairs and names and places pairs.
Secondly, the poetic style of "Yi Yun" and "Yi Yun" in literary poetry are mainly reflected in the beauty of seclusion and elegance. Wen Zhiming has a strong seclusion complex, which is naturally revealed in his poems. His seclusion makes his poems show elegant expressive force. In addition, Wen Zhiming's elegance and seclusion make his poems break away from the secular world and have a feeling of out-of-touch. Some of his poems are elegant and free. Such as "Drunk Fairy Map".
To sum up, Wen Zhiming's poetic style is elegant and graceful, and Wuzhong's regional characteristics are distinct and elegant, which is in sharp contrast with Wuzhong's popular poems at that time. Influenced by the vulgar culture in Wuzhong, Wen Zhiming also wrote some poems with vulgar characters, but mainly elegant poems. Under the prosperous Tang Dynasty, according to the standards of the Seven Schools at that time, the style of literary poetry was not high, but the elegant and free spirit embodied in some of his poems made his poems get rid of the feminine style, but the proportion was not large; At the same time, literature and poetry can't be measured by the standards of the Seven-School School, but should be viewed from a dialectical perspective, which has its unique aesthetic value.
Residual collection
Wen Zhiming's collection of books, paintings, calligraphy and painting is extremely rich. In the collection of ancient books, most of them are rare books, and there are 10 kinds in the Song Dynasty, including Zhouyi, Zitongzhijian, Shihongfang, Xu Chong Zhide, Du Gongbu Caotang Poetry, and Selected Books of Baishi, with nearly a thousand volumes. There are many books in the library. Today, we know that there are Yulan Hall, Xinyi Hall, Cuizhuzhai, Meihua Bookstore, Meixi Jingshe, Pan Yushan Residence, Yantiao Hall, Wuyan Room, Innocent Hall and Huigui Hall. There are also seals on the books, such as Zhuwu, Wuyanshi, Jiangzuo and Zhiyun. After his death, his sons Wen Peng and Wen Jia were able to preserve their books, paintings and calligraphy.