Many people feel that the study of history is beyond their reach. So how should we learn history well? In fact, just make a review outline. The following is the three compulsory courses for high school history that I have compiled for you. Outline, I hope it will be helpful to everyone, welcome to read!
Three Outlines for High School History Compulsory Courses
Unit 1: The Evolution of Mainstream Thoughts in Traditional Chinese Culture
p>1. The contention of a hundred schools of thought and the formation of Confucianism
1. The contention of a hundred schools of thought
1. Historical background: Chinese society underwent major changes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
①. The well-field system tended to disintegrate, the feudal system tended to collapse, and scholars were reused and put forward their own class opinions;
②. The establishment of private schools broke the situation where the aristocrats monopolized education, and formed various Zibaijia.
2. Main schools
①. Taoism: Laozi advocates that the origin of the world is Tao, following nature and governing by doing nothing, a small country with few people, and the interdependence and mutual transformation of all things in the world.
Zhuangzi believed that everything in the world is relative and that one can gain spiritual freedom by giving up the concept of difference.
②. Legalism: Han Feizi advocated ruling the country by law and establishing a centralized system [in line with the historical development trend of establishing a unified autocratic state]. ③. Mohism: Mozi advocated universal love, non-aggression, and respecting the virtuous.
④. Confucianism: Confucius advocated benevolence, governing the people with virtue, self-denial and restoration of propriety, teaching without distinction;
Mencius advocated the implementation of benevolent government, the people should be valued over the king, and nature is inherently good; Xunzi It advocates benevolent and righteous governance, the rule of the king, the boat and the people, and the inherent evil in nature.
3. Historical significance: It was the first ideological emancipation movement in Chinese history; it was an important stage in the development of Chinese academic culture and ideological and moral ethics;
It laid the foundation for the development of Chinese ideological and cultural development.
2. The formation and development of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period
1. Formation: In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius founded the Confucian school.
2. Development: During the Warring States Period, Mencius and Xunzi summarized and transformed Confucianism and absorbed the positive and reasonable elements of other schools,
making the Confucian system more complete and more adaptable to society. In order to meet the needs of the late Warring States Period, Confucianism developed into a major sect among hundreds of scholars.
2. Depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect only Confucianism
1. Dong Zhongshu’s New Confucian system
1. Formation background
①. In the early days of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the social crisis intensified: the power of the vassal states expanded, land annexation was violent, and the Huns were infested.
②. The Taoist thought of governing by doing nothing does not adapt to the development situation of strengthening centralization and national unity. Positive and promising political thought has become the need of the times. ③. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted virtuous strategies and selected talents.
2. Representative works: "Spring and Autumn Period", "Three Strategies of Heaven and Man"
3. Ideological propositions: the unification of the Spring and Autumn Period; deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting only Confucianism; divine power of kings ; The connection between heaven and man, the unity of heaven and man; the three cardinal principles and the five constant principles.
4. Historical significance: His ideas met the need to strengthen centralization and national unity;
After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented it, Confucianism became the mainstream of orthodox thought and Chinese traditional culture .
2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "deposed hundreds of schools of thought and respected only Confucianism"
1. Purpose: to strengthen centralization and consolidate national unity.
2. Measures: Employ Confucianists to participate in politics, use the Five Classics of Confucianism as textbooks (Poems, Books, Rites, Yi and Spring and Autumn Period), and establish Taixue and County Studies.
3. Influence: Confucianism has become the mainstream of orthodox thought and Chinese traditional culture.
3. Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties
1. Background: The development of Buddhism and Taoism began to challenge the status of Confucianism; the trend of the unification of the three religions since the Han and Tang Dynasties was promoted;
During the Song Dynasty, social conflicts were acute, and the ruling class needed new ruling ideas.
2. Representative figures and their claims
1. Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism: Heavenly principles are the origin of all things in the universe (core idea); investigation of things leads to knowledge (epistemology); Zhu Xi particularly emphasized the existence of Heavenly principles , Destroy human desires.
2. Lu Wang’s Mind Theory: The heart is the origin of all things in the universe, and the heart is the principle (core idea); it leads to conscience and the unity of knowledge and action (epistemology).
3. Similarities and differences between the two
①. Same: both inherit the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius, advocate that reason is the origin of all things in the universe, maintain the monarchy with general ethics, and value the role of subjective will. . ②. Differences:
a. Different definitions of heavenly principles: Cheng and Zhu believed it was external principles (objective idealism), while King Lu believed it was internal heart (subjective idealism). b. The methods of understanding principles are different: Cheng and Zhu advocated the investigation of things to achieve knowledge, while King Lu advocated the unity of knowledge and action (obtaining the principles of nature through introspection of the heart).
3. The influence of Neo-Confucianism 1. Negative influence: using general ethics to restrain people, maintaining the monarchy, and killing people's natural desires.
2. Positive impact: Paying attention to integrity and moral character has played a positive role in shaping the character of the Chinese nation.
4. Active Confucianism during the Ming and Qing dynasties
1. Background: In the late feudal society, the feudal system was decadent and social contradictions were acute; economically, capitalism sprouted, Jiangnan The economic strength of industry and commerce
has increased; culturally, cultural autocracy has suppressed ideas.
2. Representative figures and their opinions
①. Li Zhi, a deviant heretic: believed that the standards of right and wrong should change according to the changes of the times, and opposed the right and wrong of Confucius as the standard;
Challenging orthodox thinking, criticizing Taoists' proposition of "preserving natural principles and destroying human desires", and emphasizing people's legitimate selfish desires.
②. Huang Zongxi: Exposed the autocratic monarchy as a great harm to the world; proposed the democratic idea of ??"the world is the master and the king is the guest"; advocated that both industry and commerce are the foundation. ③. Gu Yanwu: Put forward the idea of ??applying management to the world, and advocated seeking true knowledge through practice; he treated the subjugation of the country and the subjugation of the world differently (everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world). ④. Wang Fuzhi’s materialistic thoughts: He believes that the world is material and matter is knowable; matter is in motion and motion is absolute.
3. Historical influence: The critical inheritance of traditional Confucianism by three progressive thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties revitalized my country's traditional culture.
Unit 2: The Origin and Development of Western Humanism
The spiritual connotation of humanism: emphasizing human value and its decisive role, advocating a spirit of skepticism, and opposing superstition.
1. The origin of Western humanistic thought
1. The School of Sophists
1. Background: the prosperity of ancient Greek industry and commerce and the development of democratic politics, civilians Improved status and active participation in politics.
2. Ideological proposition: Taking people and human society as the theme of exploration; special emphasis on human value; opposing superstition and emphasizing freedom;
Advocating that the law should reflect human nature and individuals should have own moral standards.
3. Representative figure: Protagoras, who advocated that human beings are the measure of all things (evaluation: emphasized the value of human beings and reflected the essence of the humanistic spirit).
4. Historical influence: 1. Positive influence: The Sophist Movement was the first ideological liberation movement in the West, and its ideas were the initial embodiment of Western humanism.
② Negative impact: Overemphasis on individualism opens the door to extreme individualism.
2. Socrates
1. Stands against excessive democratic politics and advocates that thoughtful people are the measure of all things;
Advocates for knowledge and morality Unity proposes the idea that virtue is knowledge; it attaches great importance to education and believes that education is equally important to virtue.
2. Evaluation: His thoughts are an important manifestation of human spiritual awakening, making philosophy truly a science that studies "human beings".
3. Quote: Know yourself, virtue is knowledge.
4. Similarities and differences between the Sophist School and Socratic thought:
① Same: both take people and human society as their research objects, and both emphasize the value of human beings.
②. Difference: The Sophist School advocates absolute democratic politics, while Socrates opposes excessive democratic politics;
The Sophist School values ??freedom and ignores morality, while Socrates values ??morality. and advocated the reconstruction of moral values.
3. Plato (work: "Utopia")
Advocates: A clear division of labor for everyone based on wisdom and morality, and rule by "virtuous men" with a sense of justice and rationality Country;
Encourage people to think independently and rationally [laying the foundation for the development of rationalism].
4. Aristotle (the most knowledgeable person in ancient Greece)
1. Claims: Human beings are superior in the entire nature [increasing the status of "human beings"] . 2. Quote: I love my teacher, but I love the truth even more.
2. The Renaissance and the Reformation
1. The Renaissance (essence: an ideological emancipation movement of a bourgeois nature)
1. Historical background: Capitalism The emergence of the budding and emerging bourgeoisie; Italy has retained a large number of cultural relics of ancient Greece and Rome;
Advanced intellectuals are dissatisfied with the suppression of ideas by religious theology.
2. Core idea: humanism. (Meaning: Advocating to be human-centered rather than God-centered, requiring affirmation of human value and dignity.)
3. Main features: Under the banner of reviving ancient Greek and Roman culture and with the help of religious themes, Humanity opposes theology.
4. Representative figures and their works (these works all embody the spirit of humanism.)
①. Three literary heroes: Dante's "Divine Comedy": the first to criticize the ugly phenomena of the church , a pioneer of the Renaissance. Boccaccio's "Decameron": criticized the ascetic thought of the church and advocated the development of human personality.
Petrarch's "Songbook": the first to propose the replacement of theology with humanities, known as the "father of humanism".
②. The Three Masters of Art: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Raphael's "The Madonna" reflects the affection between mother and child in the world through religious themes. ③ British Shakespeare's "Hamlet" praises the greatness and nobility of human beings and embodies the spirit of humanism.
5. Historical influence: It began to shake the dominance of theology, liberated people's minds, and promoted the development of literature, art and natural science. 2. The Reformation
1. Historical background: the promotion of the Renaissance Movement; the Catholic Church’s brutal oppression of Europe, especially Germany.
2. Kicking off: In 1517, Martin Luther used the "Ninety-Five Theses" to oppose the Pope's peddling of indulgences.
3. Characteristics: Reform religious doctrines, deny the Holy See, and propose a humanistic view of religion.
4. Martin Luther’s proposition: Belief in God can save the soul; believers have the right to read and interpret the Bible directly; simplify religious rituals;
The power of the state is higher than that of the church .
5. Historical influence: The formation of three major Protestant religions that were not controlled by the Roman Pope began to break people's superstition of the Roman Church and liberated people's minds.
3. The Enlightenment (originated in England in the 17th century and reached its climax in France in the 18th century. It is essentially an ideological liberation movement of a bourgeois nature.) 1. Historical background
1. With the development of capitalism, the emerging bourgeoisie grew stronger and launched a struggle against feudal autocracy and the shackles of church ideology;
2. Britain completed the bourgeois revolution and established a constitutional monarchy, which had a huge impact;
3. The Renaissance movement made ideological preparations, and the development of natural science challenged the church.
2. Core idea: rationalism. (Meaning: Refers to people’s ability to think for themselves and use their own intelligence to recognize, judge and understand things.
) 3. Main features: It not only clearly opposes feudal autocracy and the Catholic Church, but also proposes a vision for the future ideal society.
4. Representative figures and their ideas
1. Voltaire [leader]: Opposed monarchy and advocated constitutional monarchy; criticized the Catholic Church and advocated natural human rights and everyone before the law Equality
2. Montesquieu:
①. Advocacy: Proposed the doctrine of separation of powers [advocating that administrative power should be vested in the king, indicating that he supported the implementation of a constitutional monarchy]; the law should reflect rationality . ②. The representative work "On the Spirit of Law": denied the rationality of the feudal autocratic system and laid the theoretical foundation of the bourgeoisie on the state and law.
3. Rousseau: Proposed the theory of social contract and popular sovereignty; believed that the root of human inequality is the private ownership of property.
4. Kant (made a classic summary of the Enlightenment): believed that the core of the Enlightenment was that people should think independently and make rational judgments;
Advocated that people should be free but also self-disciplined ; Advocating that sovereignty lies with the people.
5. Historical influence
1. It spread the idea of ??freedom and equality and impacted European feudal rule. It was an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement;
2. Driven by it, the Great Revolution broke out in France, overthrew the autocratic dynasty and established bourgeois rule;
3. It inspired the people of colonies and semi-colonies to fight for national independence and promoted the historical development process of mankind.
Unit 3: Science, Technology, Culture and Art in Ancient China
1. Four Great Inventions
1. Papermaking: first invented in the early Western Han Dynasty, Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty After technological improvements, Caihou paper was invented, which was introduced to Europe by the Arabs.
2. Printing: Block printing appeared during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in the Northern Song Dynasty. Color overprinting technology began to be used in the Song Dynasty.
3. Gunpowder: Invented by ancient alchemists, it began to be used in military affairs in the late Tang Dynasty, and was widely used in military affairs in the Song Dynasty. 4. Compass: Sinan was the earliest guiding instrument, and the compass began to be used in the Northern Song Dynasty. In navigation.
5. The contribution of the four great inventions to the development of world civilization
① Papermaking promoted the development of European culture;
② Gunpowder promoted European gunpowder The development of weapons led to the decline of the feudal knight class;
③. The use of the compass promoted ocean navigation and geographical discoveries, and promoted the formation of the world market;
④. Movable type printing Art promoted the Renaissance and religious reform, promoted ideological emancipation and social progress.
2. Ancient Chinese Literature (new literary forms are the product of changes in the times and a reflection of economic and political development)
1. Poetry 1. "The Book of Songs": collected from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period The poems in the middle period were mainly four-character poems, which laid the foundation for realism in Chinese classical literature.
2. Songs of Chu: There are many "xi" at the end of sentences, and "Li Sao" has a romantic style.
3. Han Fu: Produced in the era of feudal unification; it is characterized by half poetry and half prose, exaggerated techniques and gorgeous words.
Representatives include "Zixu Fu" by Sima Xiangru in the Western Han Dynasty; "Er Jing Fu" by Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
4. Tang poetry:
① Reasons for prosperity: The open and prosperous social environment of the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examinations were dominated by poetry.
②. Representative figures: Wang Bo and Chen Ziang in the early Tang Dynasty; Li Bai and Du Fu in the prosperous Tang Dynasty; Bai Juyi in the middle Tang Dynasty criticized the current shortcomings and advocated that poetry should reflect reality. ③. Categories of Tang poetry: frontier fortress poetry is majestic and heroic, heroic and unrestrained; landscape poetry has a profound artistic conception, embodying painting in poetry; allegorical poetry is plain and simple, criticizing the current ills.
5. Words:
①. Origin: Tang Dynasty.
② Features: uneven length, easy to express emotions.
③. Category: graceful and bold.
④ Reasons for the prosperity of Song poetry: With the development of commerce and the prosperity of cities, the citizen class expanded; the characteristics of poetry were more suitable for the needs of the citizen class;
The social conflicts between the two Song Dynasties were acute.
6. Sanqu: It was produced in the Song Dynasty and is characterized by its popularity and vividness; Yuanqu is composed of Sanqu and Yuan drama.
2. Novels
1. Origin and development
① During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, strange novels such as "Sou Shen Ji" and short stories of the Tang Dynasty were produced Novel legend, a rap novel in the Song Dynasty; ②. Four famous works of the Ming and Qing Dynasties: "A Dream of Red Mansions" is a full-length novel in ancient China.
2. Reasons for the prosperity of novels in the Ming and Qing dynasties
① Economically: With the prosperity of industry and commerce and the emergence of capitalism, the citizen class expanded;
②. Politically: The centralization of monarchy and autocratic power has entered a strengthening stage.
3. The development trend of ancient Chinese literature: civilianization (secularization, popularization).
3. Ancient Chinese calligraphy, painting and opera art
1. Calligraphy art
1. Evolution of Chinese characters: A complete system was formed in the Shang Dynasty, and the order of evolution was Jia, Zhuan and Li The evolution trend of raw cursive script is from complex to simple.
2. The development stage of calligraphy: Before the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was a spontaneous stage, and after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was a conscious stage.
3. Characteristics of calligraphy:
①. Cursive script: smooth vertical and horizontal lines with extremely high aesthetic value.
②. Regular script: strict structure and practical value.
③. Running script: It combines the rules of regular script and the indulgence of cursive script, has both aesthetic and practical value, and is both elegant and popular.
2. Painting Art
1. Traditional Chinese painting Characteristics: Pay attention to freehand brushwork and expressiveness, and pursue "getting carried away".
2. The development history of traditional Chinese painting
①. From infancy to maturity during the Warring States Period → During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, figure paintings had both form and spirit → During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, foreign styles were incorporated;
②. The rise of painting in the Song Dynasty. The highlight of the painting world at that time was genre painting (reflecting the popularization trend of the development of painting at that time);
③. The achievements of literati painting in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were outstanding, and the best reflection of the style of literati painting was freehand painting. (It is characterized by the emphasis on borrowing objects to express emotions and the pursuit of verve and interest)
3. Opera art
1. Development process
① The emergence of professional artists: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period Actors.
②. Mature opera art: Yuan Zaju.
③. The formation of Jiangsu Kun Opera: Ming Dynasty.
④. Peking Opera, the quintessence of Chinese culture: formed during the Daoguang period (the confluence of Hui and Han) and matured during the Tongguang period.
2. Local operas: Qin Opera, Yue Opera, Sichuan Opera, Cantonese Opera, Huangmei Opera. Unit 4 The development of science in the world since modern times
1. The revolution in physics
1. The creation of modern experimental science (Galileo in the early 17th century)
① , Reasons: The rise of capitalism and the promotion of the Renaissance movement.
②. Characteristics: Pay attention to observation and experiment.
③. Status: It laid the foundation for the later creation and development of classical mechanics.
2. The creation of classical mechanics
① Background: Promoted by the Renaissance Movement, Galileo laid the foundation for the creation of modern experimental science.
②. Founding: In 1687, Newton published the book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", proposing the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of object motion.
③. Features: Based on experiments and using mathematics as the form of expression.
④. Status: It is of decisive significance in explaining and predicting physical phenomena and marks the formation of modern natural science.
3. The creation of the theory of relativity (Einstein in the early 20th century)
① Background: Classical mechanics cannot explain new problems in physics in the 19th century.
② Characteristics: It denies the absolute space-time view of Newtonian mechanics; at the same time, it develops Newtonian mechanics and summarizes it in relativistic mechanics.
③. Status: It makes up for the shortcomings of classical mechanics in understanding the macroscopic world;
Together with quantum theory, it forms the basis of modern physics and changes the perspective and way people understand the world. .
4. The creation of quantum theory (Planck proposed the quantum hypothesis in 1900, announcing the birth of quantum theory, and quantum mechanics was formally established in the 1930s)
①. Background: People’s understanding of matter Understanding deep into the inside of atoms, classical mechanics cannot explain the movement of microscopic particles.
② Status: It makes up for the shortcomings of classical mechanics in understanding the microscopic world;
Together with the theory of relativity, it forms the basis of modern physics and changes the perspective and way people understand the world.
2. The establishment of the theory of biological evolution (the establishment was marked by the publication of "The Origin of Species" by Darwin in 1859)
1. Background:
①, x theology Creationism’s constraint on biology.
②. The impact of the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Enlightenment on x-theology, and the pursuit of practical rationality became a trend.
③. The occurrence of the bourgeois revolution and the industrial revolution broadened people's horizons and made people more open-minded.
④. The establishment of the cell theory in the 19th century laid the foundation for research in life sciences.
⑤. In the early 19th century, Lamarck proposed the idea of ??early biological evolution.
2. Basic proposition: natural selection, survival of the fittest.
3. Status: It fundamentally changed the views of most people at that time on the biological world and the status of human beings in the biological world;
It effectively challenged the creation theory of feudal theology.
3. From steam engines to the Internet
1. Industrial Revolution (Industrial Revolution)
1. Conditions: The development of the British capitalist system and colonial expansion led to overseas The expansion of market demand, the development of handicraft industry and science and technology.
2. Watt invented the improved steam engine: the single-acting steam engine was invented in the 1860s, and the linkage steam engine was invented in the 1780s.
3. Impact:
①. Promoted mankind to enter the steam age,
②. Promoted the emergence of factories, industrial cities and industrial countries;
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③. Promoted the formation of the world market;
④. Promoted changes in people's lifestyles (such as traveling by means of transportation such as ships or trains).
2. The Second Industrial Revolution [Electrical Revolution]
1. Background: Promoted by the Industrial Revolution; in 1831, Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which laid the theory for the invention of the generator. Base.
2. Major inventions: the invention and use of generators and electric motors, the maturity of long-distance power transmission and transformation technology, and the creation of internal combustion engines.
3. Impact:
①. Promoted mankind to enter the electrical age;
②. Promoted the process of industrialization and urbanization;
③. Promoted the emergence of monopoly organizations and the arrival of the era of imperialism;
④. Promoted the growth of the power of the bourgeoisie, allowing it to begin to establish its dominance over the world;
⑤ , and promoted great changes in people's lifestyles (such as traveling by car or plane and other means of transportation, household appliances).
3. Information technology revolution
1. Background: The invention of the electronic computer in the United States in 1946 laid the foundation of modern information technology; promoted by the Cold War.
2. The establishment and development of the Internet: It was established in the United States in 1969 and developed into a global information network in the 1990s.
3. Impact:
①. Promoted mankind to enter the information age;
② Promoted the process of economic globalization;
③. Promote the new development of traditional industries and changes in economic growth models.
④. Promoted great changes in people's lifestyles (such as online shopping);
⑤. To a certain extent, it has had a negative impact on young people (addicted to the Internet).
Unit 5: The trend of ideological emancipation in modern China
1. From learning from foreigners to develop skills to reform and reform
1. Learning from foreigners to develop skills
1. The idea of ??learning from the foreigners and developing skills to control them
① Background: After the Opium War, China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
②. Proposed: In 1842, Wei Yuan compiled "Hai Guo Tu Zhi" based on "Four Continents". (Affirmed the military advancement of the West)
③. Significance: It guided people to pay attention to the world situation and played an important role in enlightening the ideological emancipation at that time.
2. Theory of Chinese Style and Western Use
① Background: After the Second Opium War, the Qing government faced internal and external troubles, and the Westernization Movement was formed.
②. Meaning: "Zhongti" means affirming the feudal system and emphasizing feudal ethics as the foundation of the country;
"Western use" means advocating the adoption of advanced Western science technology.
③. Purpose: to maintain feudal rule.
④. Practice: Westernization Movement
a. Content: establishing national industries, planning coastal defense, establishing new schools, and selecting overseas students to go abroad.
b. Significance: It is the beginning of China's modernization, stimulates the emergence of Chinese national capitalism, and has a certain resistance to foreign economic aggression.
2. Reform and Reform Thoughts
1. Early Reform and Reform Thoughts
① Background: the deepening of the national crisis, the development of the Westernization Movement, and Chinese national capitalism produce.
② Representatives: Wang Tao and Zheng Guanying.
③. Advocacy: Economically, it advocates the development of national industry and commerce and conducting commercial wars with foreign countries; Politically, it advocates reform and the implementation of a constitutional monarchy;
Culturally, it advocates the establishment of schools and learning of Western natural science knowledge. .
④. Limitation: A complete theoretical system has not been formed.
2. Reform ideas in the 1890s
① Background: The deepening of the national crisis and the further development of China’s national capitalism.
②. Representative figures and their opinions:
a. Kang Youwei: Author of "New Learning Apocrypha" and "Confucius' Reform", which fundamentally shook the feudal rulers' opposition The theoretical basis of the reform.
b. Liang Qichao: Published the "General Discussion on Reform", advocating the establishment of a parliament and the establishment of a parliament and the establishment of a reform plan.
c. Yan Fu: He advocated that the country belongs to the people, and princes, generals and ministers are the public servants of the people; introduced Western evolution theory.
③. Practice: the Reform Movement of 1898.
④. Significance: It played a role in ideological enlightenment and promoted the awakening of the people. It was the first ideological emancipation trend in modern China.
2. The New Culture Movement and the Spread of Marxism
1. The New Culture Movement
1. Background:
1. Xinhai Revolution x monarchy, democratic ideas further spread;
②. During World War I, Chinese capitalism developed rapidly, and the bourgeoisie strongly demanded the implementation of democratic politics;
③. Yuan Shikai attempted to restore the monarchy , set off a countercurrent in the ideological and cultural field to respect Confucius and restore ancient times. (Direct reason)
2. Prologue: In 1915, Chen Duxiu founded "Youth Magazine" in Shanghai. (later renamed "New Youth")
3. Two places: New Youth is the main position, and Peking University is the main base of activities.
4. Representatives:
①. Chen Duxiu: Published "Advice to Youth" to advocate democracy and science.
②. Cai Yuanpei: Proposed the school policy of “freedom of thought and inclusiveness”.
③. Lu Xun: Published vernacular novels to expose the "cannibalistic" nature of feudal ethics.
④. Hu Shi: Published "A Preliminary Discussion on Literary Reform", advocating the replacement of classical Chinese with vernacular.
5. Li Dazhao: Published "My View of Marxism", which introduced Marxism in a relatively comprehensive manner and took the lead in raising the banner of socialism.
5. Content: Promote democracy and science, oppose autocracy and superstition; promote new morality, oppose old morality; promote new literature, oppose old literature.
6. Significance: ①. Spread the idea of ??democratic science, shaken the dominance of feudal thought, and unprecedentedly liberated the minds of people, especially young people;
②. Promoted Marx The spread of socialism laid the ideological foundation for the founding of the Communist Party of China.
2. The spread of Marxism in China
1. Reason: The failure of China’s bourgeois reform and revolution; the development of China’s capitalism has made the working class more powerful;
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The promotion of the New Culture Movement and the May 4th Movement; the influence of the October Revolution; the promotion of advanced intellectuals such as Li Dazhao.
2. Ways: writing articles and publishing, establishing organizations, and establishing schools.
3. Significance: It laid the ideological foundation for the establishment of the Communist Party of China.
How to improve history scores
1. High school students should study history in stages. In the first and second years of high school, there is no need to be demanding about the depth of knowledge, but the breadth of knowledge should be valued. The richness of extracurricular knowledge has a great impact on the study of history. Read more extracurricular books related to history and pay attention to the cultivation of ancient Chinese proficiency and language sense.
2. Most of the knowledge sources for high school students come from the classroom, and high school students also have methods of listening to lectures. If you want to improve your history scores, it is very important to preview before class. Preview can give you a general understanding of historical knowledge, and you can also be more targeted in studying history during class. During class, you can record the key points and difficulties in Take notes and review based on the textbook and notes after class.
3. In the process of learning history, high school students will inevitably have many questions that they do not understand. At this time, high school students can communicate more with their teachers. Every history teacher has been teaching history for many years and has his or her own unique experience. High school students can talk to their teachers about issues they don’t understand.
4. History is a subject with strong memory, but it is not enough to just memorize historical knowledge points. We should also focus on the ability to analyze and understand historical facts. If you want to improve your history scores, you must memorize them on the basis of understanding, and further understand and apply them on the basis of memory. This is very important in the future study of the history subject.
5. If high school students want to improve their history scores, they must mobilize their enthusiasm for learning history. When learning history, you must first clarify the purpose of learning history and understand the importance of history, so that you can exert your motivation and enthusiasm for learning. The second is to correct your learning attitude and study in a planned way.
Ways to learn history well
1. A certain understanding is required. Many times, historical knowledge points do not need to be memorized, but need to be understood. Our ability to understand a certain historical event or historical figure often does not rely on memorization. However, for beginners, reading the text in the book alone is not enough to truly understand these historical contents. We can understand with the help of maps, tables, paintings, and adapted stories.
2. Application of historical comparative method. Comparative analysis is widely used in many disciplines. Historical comparative analysis can better help you understand and analyze historical phenomena, historical events, historical figures, and their role and influence.
Such as the comparison between ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Egyptian civilization; the comparison between the systems of the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty; the comparison of the bourgeois revolutions in Britain, France, the United States and Germany.
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★ Summary of the three compulsory knowledge points in high school history 2020
★ Summary of the three compulsory knowledge points in high school history
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★ Summary of the three required knowledge points in high school history
★ Three compulsory knowledge points in high school history
★ Summary of the three compulsory knowledge points in high school history
★ Summary of the three compulsory knowledge points in high school history 2020